Description : ._________ cells are associated with immunity while_____________ cells are part of___________ immunity. a. B; cell-mediated; T; innate b. T; humoral; B; cellular c. T; cell-mediated; B; humoral d. T; humoral; B; nonspecific
Last Answer : c. T; cell-mediated; B; humoral
Description : The following statement(s) is/are true concerning cellular defense mechanisms. a. Macrophages function solely as antigen processing cells in the initial reaction to exposure to an antigen b. Macrophages ... in only small numbers within the tissue and enter an area of infection through diapedesis
Last Answer : Answer: b, d A wide variety of cell types serve to provide host defense at several levels. Macrophages act as the initial antigen processing cell that serves to ... through diapedesis after chemotactic stimuli are excluded by macrophages, bacterial breakdown products, and complement activation
Description : In the body's immune system, _____ are the major producers of secreted antibodies. a. macrophages b. plasma cells c. T cells d. B cells
Last Answer : b. plasma cells
Description : Immunosuppressive agents used in preventing transplant rejection primarily affect a. macrophages. b. neutrophils. c. dendritic cells. d. T cells.
Last Answer : d. T cells.
Description : TH1 cells activate a. B cells. b. Killing of pathogens in macrophages. c. Cytotoxic T cells. d. Humoral immunity.
Last Answer : d. Humoral immunity
Description : The initiation of a humoral immune response involves a complex interaction of the antigen, cells and intercellular messengers. Which of the following statement(s) concerning the initiation of the ... various cellular components of the immune system d. An antigen must be a living microorganism
Last Answer : Answer: a, b Stimulation of the immune system occurs after a variety of antigen-presenting cells (B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells) act to engulf ... polysaccharides), most antigens require coordinated efforts of the various cellular components of the immune system
Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the cell function of phagocytosis? a. Phagocytosis is a mechanistically distinct process of endocytosis performed by special cells to take ... known as clathrin d. Phagocytosis is performed only by white blood cells and tissue macrophages
Last Answer : Answer: a Phagocytosis is a specialized form of endocytosis by which large particles are internalized by specialized cells primarily macrophages and neutrophils. To be phagocytosed, particles ... the lumen of the thyroid follicle, thereby releasing the thyroid hormones, thyroxine triiodothyronine
Description : In case of infection, following is the first line of defense B A. Antibodies B. Macrophages C. Red blood cells D. Platelets
Last Answer : Macrophages
Description : In case of infection, following is the first line of defense B A. Antibodies B. Macrophages C. Red blood cells D. Platelet
Description : . MHC class I proteins would be found on___________ whereas MHC class II proteins would be found on_____________ a. Nucleated Cells; Plasma Cells b. Nucleated Cells; Macrophages c. Dendritic Cells; Neutrophils d. Only White Blood Cells; Red Blood Cells
Last Answer : b. Nucleated Cells; Macrophages
Description : A _____ is a protein receptor on the surface of macrophages, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells that allow them to recognize foreign cell markers. a. Toll-like receptor (TLR) b. pathogen-associated c. Membrane attack complex (MAC) d. Natural killer cells (NK)
Last Answer : b. pathogen-associated
Description : ________ bind to_________ on microbial invaders. a. Toll-like receptors; PAM Ps b. Mast cells; histamine c. Toll-like receptors; complement d. Macrophages; defensins
Last Answer : a. Toll-like receptors; PAM Ps
Description : Macrophages are professional antigen- presenting cells. The protein molecule through which theypresent antigen in human is A.actin B.interleukin C.HLA D.CD8
Last Answer : D.CD8
Description : The role of the M cell is to A- .trap virus in mucus and prevent entry B- induce apoptosis in virus-infected small intestinal epithelia cells C- pass bacteria or virus to underlying macrophages for ... and presentation of antigen D- they use their cilia to propel mucus out of the small intestine
Last Answer : pass bacteria or virus to underlying macrophages for processing and presentation of antigen
Description : Macrophages are professional antigen- presenting cells. The protein molecule through whichthey present antigen in human is A- actin B- nterleukin C- HLA D- .CD8
Last Answer : .CD8
Description : Which one of the following statements is NOT true of innate immunity? a. It is an early-warning system against pathogens. b. It is a form of immunity found only in vertebrates. c. It is a nonspecific response. d. It responds within minutes to many infections.
Last Answer : b. It is a form of immunity found only in vertebrates.
Description : Which of the following are antimicrobial defense mechanisms in the urethra? a. size and length of the urethra b. shedding of cells in the mucosal lining and bacteria with urination c. normally basic urine d. A-C are correct
Last Answer : b. shedding of cells in the mucosal lining and bacteria with urination
Description : What is the difference between innate defense and acquired defense? -Biology
Last Answer : answer:
Description : Why is innate defense different from acquired defense ?
Last Answer : The innate defense is the body's defenses that are self-contained and fight germs. Over time, these defense-regulating genes are activated. This defense is on whether any germs enter the ... medicine, is made in this process. Most acquired defenses against the bites of various poisonous organisms.
Description : What is innate defense ?
Last Answer : Our body is innately immune to germs , called innate defenses.
Description : The stomach is a chemical barrier to infection because the stomach a. Contains bile. b. Harbors helicobacterpylori, a member of the host microbiota. c. Possesses defensive cells. d. Has an acid ph.
Last Answer : d. Has an acid ph.
Description : _____ responds to, distinguishes between and remembers specific pathogens it has encountered. a. Acquired immunity b. Innate immunity c. Humoral immunity d. Cell-mediated immunity
Last Answer : a. Acquired immunity
Description : Which of the following statements is not true regarding Mycobacterium tuberculosis and/or the disease it causes? A.The pathogen contains mycolic acid in its cell wall B.The pathogen can live inside macrophages C.Antibodies to the pathogen are protective D.None of these
Last Answer : C.Antibodies to the pathogen are protective
Description : Which one of the following applies to the disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? a. It is a type of cytotoxic hypersensitivity. b. It is often accompanied by a butterfly rash. c. It is due to an overreaction of T lymphocytes. d. It is the result of a cellular hypersensitivity.
Last Answer : d. It is the result of a cellular hypersensitivity.
Description : Hashimoto disease and Graves‘ disease are similar in that both a. Affect the thyroid gland. b. Affect the red blood cells. c. Are forms of cellular hypersensitivity? d. Are accompanied by histamine release.
Last Answer : b. Affect the red blood cells.
Description : During the course of a cellular hypersensitivity a. Antibodies react with antigens in tissues. b. Serotonin and histamine are released by cells. c. Immune complexes form on blood vessel surfaces. d. A skin thickening called an induration may form.
Last Answer : b. Serotonin and histamine are released by cells.
Description : If cells can use oxygen in cellular respiration it is called _____. a. Anaerobic Respiration b. Alcoholic Fermentation c. Acid Fermentation d. Aerobic Respiration
Last Answer : c. Acid Fermentation
Description : Which of the following statements supports the cell theory? a. all living things are made of cells b. all living things have a chromosome in the nucleus c. all living things have cellular metabolism in the mitochondria d. A-C are correct
Last Answer : a. all living things are made of cells
Description : Short-lived immunity acquired from mother to fetus across placenta or through mother’s milk to the infant is categorised as (a) active immunity (b) passive immunity (c) cellular immunity (d) innate non-specific immunity.
Last Answer : (b) passive immunity
Description : MHC class I proteins are present on the surface of (A) B cells only (B) T cells only (C) Macrophages only(D) All cells
Last Answer : Answer : D
Description : Predominant cell types in typical chronic inflammation are all of the following EXCEPT: A A. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes B. Macrophages C. T helper lymphocytes D. NK cells
Last Answer : Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Description : Early granulation tissue is BEST characterized by the presence of: C A. Plasma cells and macrophages B. T lymphocytes and eosinophils C. Capillary buds and fibroblasts D. None of these
Last Answer : Capillary buds and fibroblast
Description : The AIDS viruses specifically attack which kind of cell? a) B cells b) helper T cells c) killer T cells d) macrophages
Last Answer : ANSWER: B -- HELPER T CELLS
Description : : _____ is an exaggerated or inappropriate immune defense that is causing the problems in an affected individual. a. Hypersensitivity b. Autoimmune disease c. AIDS d. HIV
Last Answer : a. Hypersensitivity
Description : Which is not a major defense mechanism in the stomach? A.Proteolytic enzymes B.Low pH C.Dense normal flora D.All of these
Last Answer : C.Dense normal flora
Description : The first line of host defense is the barrier presented to the external environment. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning host barriers? a. Sebaceous glands secrete ... of the upper gastrointestinal tract d. Gut peristalsis serves to prevent microbial adherence and invasion
Last Answer : Answer: b, c, d The skin, mucus membranes, and epithelial layers of various organs of the body constitute effective physical barriers against microbial invasion. In certain portions of the ... very low pH within the stomach and gut peristalsis both serve to prevent microbial adherence and invasion
Description : Under certain circumstances, the gut may become a source of sepsis and serve as the motor of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Microbial translocation is the process by which microorganisms ... intestinal mucosal permeability c. Decreased host defense mechanisms d. Lack of enteral feeding
Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c, d 99 Translocation is promoted in three general ways: 1) altered permeability of the intestinal mucosa as caused by shock, sepsis, distant injury, or cell toxins; 2) ... trauma patient d. Fifty percent of non-nitrogen caloric requirements should be provided in the form of fat
Description : The complement system consists of a series of serum proteins that exist in a quiescent or very low-level state of activation in the uninfected host. Which of the following ... certain complement components serve as chemoattractants to additional cellular components of the host defense mechanism
Last Answer : Answer: a, c, d Complement activation can occur through either classic or alternate (properdin) pathways, both of which eventuate in deposition of terminal complement pathway components on the ... and release of lysosomal enzymes that can directly damage certain target tissues, such as the lung
Description : Which of the following is a barrier to entry of pathogens? a. the skin b. tears c. nasal mucosa d. A-C are correct
Last Answer : d. A-C are correct
Description : Viruses derived from fragments of cellular genetic material and macromolecules forms the basis of the a. Cellular Origins Hypothesis. b. Independent Entities Hypothesis. c. Rna World Hypothesis. d. Regressive Evolution Hypothesis.
Last Answer : a. Cellular Origins Hypothesis.
Description : A plaque is a a. Change In Cell Structure Due To Viral Infection. b. Viral Cell Inclusion. c. Clear Zone Within A Lawn Of Bacteria. d. Cellular Aggregation Of Phage Heads.
Last Answer : c. Clear Zone Within A Lawn Of Bacteria.
Description : If an antibiotic binds to a 50S subunit, what cellular process will be inhibited? a. DNA replication b. Intron excision c. Translation d. Transcription
Last Answer : c. Translation
Description : Where is the most ATP produced in cellular respiration? a. Fermentation b. Electron Transport Chain c. Glycolysis d. Citric Acid Cycle
Last Answer : b. Electron Transport Chain
Description : The most significant reason why fungi are not in the kingdom Plantae is that fungiA- .are chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs B- have unicellular and multi-cellular forms C- are prokaryotes D- are eukaryotes
Last Answer : .are chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs
Description : Intracellular enzymes A-synthesize cellular material only B- .synthesize cellular material and perform catabolic reaction C- synthesize cellular material and perform anabolic reaction D- only provide energy to the cell
Last Answer : .synthesize cellular material and perform catabolic reaction
Description : If an enzyme‘s active site becomes deformed, inhibition was likely responsible. a. Metabolic b. Competitive c. Noncompetitive d. Cellular
Last Answer : c. Noncompetitive
Description : Severe combined immunodeficiency disease refers to a condition wherein a patient a. Cannot produce T and B cells. b. Interferon. c. Antigen-presenting cells. d. Hydrogen peroxide in phagocytes
Last Answer : a. Cannot produce T and B cells.
Description : What immunodeficiency disorder is associated with a tack of T and B cells and complete immune dysfunction? a. DiGeorge syndrome b. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease c. Chronic granulomatous disease d. Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
Last Answer : b. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease
Description : What type of immune cell may control IgE-mediated hypersensitivities? a. Suppressor T cells b. Plasma cells c. Cytotoxic T cells d. Neutrophils
Last Answer : a. Suppressor T cells