A _____ is a protein receptor on the surface of macrophages, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells that allow them to recognize foreign cell markers. a. Toll-like receptor (TLR) b. pathogen-associated c. Membrane attack complex (MAC) d. Natural killer cells (NK)

A _____ is a protein receptor on the surface of macrophages,
dendritic cells, and endothelial cells that allow them to recognize
foreign cell markers.
a. Toll-like receptor (TLR)
b. pathogen-associated
c. Membrane attack complex (MAC)
d. Natural killer cells (NK)
by

1 Answer

Answer :

b. pathogen-associated
by

Related questions

Virus infected cells produce a set of cytokine proteins called _____ that "alert" surrounding cells to the viral threat. a. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) b. Interferon. c. Toll Like Receptors (TLR) d. Acute Phase Proteins

Description : Virus infected cells produce a set of cytokine proteins called _____ that "alert" surrounding cells to the viral threat. a. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) b. Interferon. c. Toll Like Receptors (TLR) d. Acute Phase Proteins

Last Answer : b. Interferon.

_____ cells have antibodies on their surface that perform receptor functions by binding to antigen (epitope).a. T b. B c. NK d. A-C are correct

Description : _____ cells have antibodies on their surface that perform receptor functions by binding to antigen (epitope). a. T b. B c. NK d. A-C are correct

Last Answer : b. B

Natural killer (NK) cells kill by secreting a. Lysozymes. b. Granzymes. c. Defensins. d. Interferons.

Description : Natural killer (NK) cells kill by secreting a. Lysozymes. b. Granzymes. c. Defensins. d. Interferons.

Last Answer : b. Granzymes.

Immunosuppressive agents used in preventing transplant rejection primarily affecta. macrophages. b. neutrophils. c. dendritic cells. d. T cells.

Description : Immunosuppressive agents used in preventing transplant rejection primarily affect a. macrophages. b. neutrophils. c. dendritic cells. d. T cells.

Last Answer : d. T cells.

. MHC class I proteins would be found on___________ whereas MHC class II proteins would be found on_____________ a. Nucleated Cells; Plasma Cells b. Nucleated Cells; Macrophages c. Dendritic Cells; Neutrophils d. Only White Blood Cells; Red Blood Cells

Description : . MHC class I proteins would be found on___________ whereas MHC class II proteins would be found on_____________ a. Nucleated Cells; Plasma Cells b. Nucleated Cells; Macrophages c. Dendritic Cells; Neutrophils d. Only White Blood Cells; Red Blood Cells

Last Answer : b. Nucleated Cells; Macrophages

________ bind to_________ on microbial invaders. a. Toll-like receptors; PAM Ps b. Mast cells; histamine c. Toll-like receptors; complement d. Macrophages; defensins

Description : ________ bind to_________ on microbial invaders. a. Toll-like receptors; PAM Ps b. Mast cells; histamine c. Toll-like receptors; complement d. Macrophages; defensins

Last Answer : a. Toll-like receptors; PAM Ps

On the outside of the plasma membrane, _____ act as signals or markers to help cells recognize one another?

Description : On the outside of the plasma membrane, _____ act as signals or markers to help cells recognize one another?

Last Answer : carbohydrates

Which of the following statements is not true regarding Mycobacterium tuberculosis and/or the disease it causes? A.The pathogen contains mycolic acid in its cell wall B.The pathogen can live inside macrophages C.Antibodies to the pathogen are protective D.None of these

Description : Which of the following statements is not true regarding Mycobacterium tuberculosis and/or the disease it causes? A.The pathogen contains mycolic acid in its cell wall B.The pathogen can live inside macrophages C.Antibodies to the pathogen are protective D.None of these

Last Answer : C.Antibodies to the pathogen are protective

Which of the following statements is not true regarding Mycobacterium tuberculosis and/or the disease it causes? A.The pathogen contains mycolic acid in its cell wall B.The pathogen can live inside macrophages C.Antibodies to the pathogen are protective D.None of these

Description : Which of the following statements is not true regarding Mycobacterium tuberculosis and/or the disease it causes? A.The pathogen contains mycolic acid in its cell wall B.The pathogen can live inside macrophages C.Antibodies to the pathogen are protective D.None of these

Last Answer : C.Antibodies to the pathogen are protective

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning ischemia reperfusion injury? a. During ischemia, ATP degradation results in increased plasma and intracellular levels of hypoxanthine and xanthene b. Oxygen free radicals such as the superoxide radical are involved in the expression of the proinflammatory phenotype of endothelial cells, macrophages and neutrophils c. The intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAN-1) contributes to injury and disruption of the endothelial lining, with extensive capillary leak and resultant interstitial edema d. Animal models have demonstrated that passive immunization with antibodies to neutrophil adhesive complex lessen the ischemic/reperfusion microvascular injury

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning ischemia reperfusion injury? a. During ischemia, ATP degradation results in increased plasma and intracellular levels of ... immunization with antibodies to neutrophil adhesive complex lessen the ischemic/reperfusion microvascular injury

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c, d During the ischemia and hypoperfusion phase, degradation of ATP stores essential to maintain cell integrity and significant loss of diffusible ... either the neutrophil adhesive complex or the endothelial selectins dramatically lessens ischemia/reperfusion microvascular injury

The AIDS viruses specifically attack which kind of cell? a) B cells b) helper T cells c) killer T cells d) macrophages

Description : The AIDS viruses specifically attack which kind of cell? a) B cells b) helper T cells c) killer T cells d) macrophages

Last Answer : ANSWER: B -- HELPER T CELLS

Predominant cell types in typical chronic inflammation are all of the following EXCEPT: A A. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes B. Macrophages C. T helper lymphocytes D. NK cells

Description : Predominant cell types in typical chronic inflammation are all of the following EXCEPT: A A. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes B. Macrophages C. T helper lymphocytes D. NK cells

Last Answer : Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

All forms of immunity depend on an exposure to antigens and a subsequent response by _____ cells. a. basophil b. neutrophil c. NK d. T

Description : All forms of immunity depend on an exposure to antigens and a subsequent response by _____ cells. a. basophil b. neutrophil c. NK d. T

Last Answer : d. T

Which of the following is correct for CD8 T cells? A- CD8 T cells only recognize virus-infected cells B- CD8 T cell receptor recognizes epitopes that are also commonly recognized by B cells C- In the thymus, CD8 T cells undergo positive selection only, whereas CD4 T cells undergo negative selection only D- CD8 T cells can kill individual virus-infected cells in a contact dependent fashion

Description : Which of the following is correct for CD8 T cells? A- CD8 T cells only recognize virus-infected cells B- CD8 T cell receptor recognizes epitopes that are also commonly recognized by B cells ... selection only D- CD8 T cells can kill individual virus-infected cells in a contact dependent fashion

Last Answer : CD8 T cells can kill individual virus-infected cells in a contact dependent fashion

The following are true about antigen presenting cells (APC): a. Langerhan's cells are the antigen presenting cells of the epidermis b. CD8+ cells only recognize antigen presenting cells bearing MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class I c. tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF ) can turn endothelial cells into antigen presenting cells d. all above

Description : The following are true about antigen presenting cells (APC): a. Langerhan's cells are the antigen presenting cells of the epidermis b. CD8+ cells only recognize antigen presenting cells bearing ... necrosis factor alpha (TNF ) can turn endothelial cells into antigen presenting cells d. all above

Last Answer : all above

_____ is the scientific study of how the immune system functions in the body to prevent or destroy foreign material, including pathogen a. Epidemiology b. Microbiology c. Immunology d. Toxicology

Description : _____ is the scientific study of how the immune system functions in the body to prevent or destroy foreign material, including pathogen a. Epidemiology b. Microbiology c. Immunology d. Toxicology

Last Answer : c. Immunology

The immune system originates with a primordial cell of the fetus known as the _____ stem cella. T b. dendritic c. monocyte d. hematopoietic 18: Which one of the f.

Description : The immune system originates with a primordial cell of the fetus known as the _____ stem cell. a. T b. dendritic c. monocyte d. hematopoietic 18: Which one of the f

Last Answer : d. hematopoietic

Which of the following is NOT a lymphocyte? a. B-cells b. T-cell c. NK cells d. Basophils

Description : Which of the following is NOT a lymphocyte? a. B-cells b. T-cell c. NK cells d. Basophils

Last Answer : d. Basophils

Acquired immunity usually involves protein receptors on B and T cells that recognize discrete regions of the antigen called _____. a. haptens b. epitopes c. antibodies d. protein receptors

Description : Acquired immunity usually involves protein receptors on B and T cells that recognize discrete regions of the antigen called _____. a. haptens b. epitopes c. antibodies d. protein receptors

Last Answer : b. epitopes

An emerging pathogen associated with contaminated water is _____. a. typhoid fever b. cholera c. shigellosis d. Vibrio vulnificus

Description : An emerging pathogen associated with contaminated water is _____. a. typhoid fever b. cholera c. shigellosis d. Vibrio vulnificus

Last Answer : d. Vibrio vulnificus

The formation of _____ by_____ directly lyses and kills pathogens. a. Membrane Attack Complexes, complement b. Inflammation, lymph nodes c. antibodies, plasma cells d. Plasma cells, B cells

Description : The formation of _____ by_____ directly lyses and kills pathogens. a. Membrane Attack Complexes, complement b. Inflammation, lymph nodes c. antibodies, plasma cells d. Plasma cells, B cells

Last Answer : a. Membrane Attack Complexes, complement

The early response in asthma is due to activity. a. Cytotoxic T Cell b. Basophil c. TH2 Cell And NI( Cell d. Dendritic Cells

Description : The early response in asthma is due to activity. a. Cytotoxic T Cell b. Basophil c. TH2 Cell And NI( Cell d. Dendritic Cells

Last Answer : c. TH2 Cell And NI( Cell

are single-stranded DNA molecules that can recognize and bind to a distinctive nucLeotide sequence of a pathogen. a. Prophages b. Plasmids c. Cloning vectors d. DNA probes

Description : are single-stranded DNA molecules that can recognize and bind to a distinctive nucLeotide sequence of a pathogen. a. Prophages b. Plasmids c. Cloning vectors d. DNA probes

Last Answer : d. DNA probes

Macrophages are professional antigen- presenting cells. The protein molecule through which theypresent antigen in human is A.actin B.interleukin C.HLA D.CD8

Description : Macrophages are professional antigen- presenting cells. The protein molecule through which theypresent antigen in human is A.actin B.interleukin C.HLA D.CD8

Last Answer : D.CD8

Macrophages are professional antigen- presenting cells. The protein molecule through whichthey present antigen in human is A- actin B- nterleukin C- HLA D- .CD8

Description : Macrophages are professional antigen- presenting cells. The protein molecule through whichthey present antigen in human is A- actin B- nterleukin C- HLA D- .CD8

Last Answer : .CD8

In the body's immune system, _____ are the major producers of secreted antibodies. a. macrophages b. plasma cells c. T cells d. B cells

Description : In the body's immune system, _____ are the major producers of secreted antibodies. a. macrophages b. plasma cells c. T cells d. B cells

Last Answer : b. plasma cells

Colostrum, the yellowish fluid, secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation is very essential to impart immunity to the new born infants because it contains (a) immunoglobulin A (b) natural killer cells (c) monocytes (d) macrophages.

Description : Colostrum, the yellowish fluid, secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation is very essential to impart immunity to the new born infants because it contains (a) immunoglobulin A (b) natural killer cells (c) monocytes (d) macrophages.

Last Answer : (a) immunoglobulin A

Which of the following statements is false regarding B cells? A- B cells can undergo class switching and produce a different antibody type B- B one marrow stem cells migrate to the thymus and develop into B cells C- B cells synthesize antibodies and put them on their cell surface D- B cells that recognize high concentrations of antigens (self) in the absence of other signals

Description : Which of the following statements is false regarding B cells? A- B cells can undergo class switching and produce a different antibody type B- B one marrow stem cells migrate to the thymus and ... D- B cells that recognize high concentrations of antigens (self) in the absence of other signals

Last Answer : B one marrow stem cells migrate to the thymus and develop into B cells

Which does NOT occur in a cell stimulated by a steroid hormone? A) The steroid hormone enters the cell by crossing the plasma membrane. B) The hormone binds to a receptor molecule in the cytoplasm. C) The second messenger cyclic AMP is stimulated by the hormone-receptor complex. D) The hormone-receptor complex binds the chromatin and activates certain genes. E) DNA is transcribed, mRNA is translated, and the result is protein synthesis.

Description : Which does NOT occur in a cell stimulated by a steroid hormone? A) The steroid hormone enters the cell by crossing the plasma membrane. B) The hormone binds to a receptor molecule in the ... activates certain genes. E) DNA is transcribed, mRNA is translated, and the result is protein synthesis.

Last Answer : C) The second messenger cyclic AMP is stimulated by the hormone-receptor complex. D) The hormone-receptor complex binds the chromatin and activates certain genes.

T cell receptors (or TCR) on CD4+ T cells A.recognize peptides not associated with MHC molecules B.recognize peptides associated with MHC class I molecules C.recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules D.are secreted out into the environment to bind antigens

Description : T cell receptors (or TCR) on CD4+ T cells A.recognize peptides not associated with MHC molecules  B.recognize peptides associated with MHC class I molecules  C.recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules  D.are secreted out into the environment to bind antigens

Last Answer : C.recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules

cell receptors (or TCR) on CD4+ T cells A-recognize peptides not associated with MHC molecules B- recognize peptides associated with MHC class I moleculesC- recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules D- are secreted out into the environment to bind antigens

Description : cell receptors (or TCR) on CD4+ T cells A-recognize peptides not associated with MHC molecules B- recognize peptides associated with MHC class I moleculesC- recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules D- are secreted out into the environment to bind antigens

Last Answer : recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules

The _____ cell contains on its surface a CD4 receptor site that enhances binding to the macrophage. a. Helper T b. molecular patterns (PAMPs) c. plasma d. B

Description : The _____ cell contains on its surface a CD4 receptor site that enhances binding to the macrophage. a. Helper T b. molecular patterns (PAMPs) c. plasma d. B

Last Answer : a. IgG

Which is associated with a steroid hormone? A) cyclic AMP B) the second messenger system C) production of new proteins D) activation of proteins present in an inactive form E) binding of a protein to a surface receptor on the plasma membrane

Description : Which is associated with a steroid hormone? A) cyclic AMP B) the second messenger system C) production of new proteins D) activation of proteins present in an inactive form E) binding of a protein to a surface receptor on the plasma membrane

Last Answer : C) production of new proteins

Which of the following statements regarding endothelial cells in acute inflammation are true? a. Endothelial cells are characterized by phenotypic homogeneity b. Specific patterns of receptor expression regulate leukocyte adherence c. Endothelial cell nitric oxide generation regulates regional blood flow and leukocyte adhesion d. Endothelial cells may be capable of phagocytosis

Description : Which of the following statements regarding endothelial cells in acute inflammation are true? a. Endothelial cells are characterized by phenotypic homogeneity b. Specific patterns of receptor expression ... blood flow and leukocyte adhesion d. Endothelial cells may be capable of phagocytosis

Last Answer : Answer: b, c, d Endothelial cells are increasingly recognized to be phenotypically heterogeneous. Specific receptor molecules are expressed at various sites where they help to direct lymphocytes and ... rather, they possess the ability to direct and focus many aspects of an inflammatory event

Bacillus subtilis makes a good "bacterial factory" in genetic engineering because _____. a. it normally retains the products it makes b. it is not a human pathogen c. contains endotoxins in it's cell wall d. traditionally ferments sugars

Description : Bacillus subtilis makes a good "bacterial factory" in genetic engineering because _____. a. it normally retains the products it makes b. it is not a human pathogen c. contains endotoxins in it's cell wall d. traditionally ferments sugars

Last Answer : b. it is not a human pathogen

The role of the M cell is toA- .trap virus in mucus and prevent entry B- induce apoptosis in virus-infected small intestinal epithelia cells C- pass bacteria or virus to underlying macrophages for processing and presentation of antigen D- they use their cilia to propel mucus out of the small intestine

Description : The role of the M cell is to A- .trap virus in mucus and prevent entry B- induce apoptosis in virus-infected small intestinal epithelia cells C- pass bacteria or virus to underlying macrophages for ... and presentation of antigen D- they use their cilia to propel mucus out of the small intestine

Last Answer : pass bacteria or virus to underlying macrophages for processing and presentation of antigen

Dolichol phosphate is A- a complex lipid involved in docking vesicles with the plasma membrane B- the anchor on which sugars assemble before transfer to proteins C- a chaperone used in protein folding D- a product of phospholipase C activation

Description : Dolichol phosphate is A- a complex lipid involved in docking vesicles with the plasma membrane B- the anchor on which sugars assemble before transfer to proteins C- a chaperone used in protein folding D- a product of phospholipase C activation

Last Answer : the anchor on which sugars assemble before transfer to proteins

What type of immune defensive cell is found in the sublayers of the epidermis? a. Keratinocyte b. Dendritic (Langerhans) cell c. Neutrophil d. Basophil

Description : What type of immune defensive cell is found in the sublayers of the epidermis? a. Keratinocyte b. Dendritic (Langerhans) cell c. Neutrophil d. Basophil

Last Answer : b. Dendritic (Langerhans) cell

Which is not an antigen-presenting cell (or APC)? A- B cell B- .Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (or PMN) C- Dendritic cell D- All of the above

Description : Which is not an antigen-presenting cell (or APC)? A- B cell B- .Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (or PMN) C- Dendritic cell D- All of the above

Last Answer : .Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (or PMN)

Natural killer cells are involved in A- .tumour rejection B- .allograft rejection C- non-specific killing of virus transformed target cells D- all of these

Description : Natural killer cells are involved in A- .tumour rejection B- .allograft rejection C- non-specific killing of virus transformed target cells D- all of these

Last Answer : all of these

The cytotoxic T cells have a_____ co-receptor while the helper T cells have a _____ co-receptor. a. CD8. CD4 b. CD4, CD8 c. MHCI, MHCII d. MHCII, MHCI

Description : The cytotoxic T cells have a_____ co-receptor while the helper T cells have a _____ co-receptor. a. CD8. CD4 b. CD4, CD8 c. MHCI, MHCII d. MHCII, MHCI

Last Answer : a. CD8. CD4

Which of the following proteins would not need localization signal? A- A nuclear protein B- A cytosolic protein C- A protein bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane D- A cell surface protein

Description : Which of the following proteins would not need localization signal? A- A nuclear protein B- A cytosolic protein C- A protein bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane D- A cell surface protein

Last Answer : A cytosolic protein

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning cell membrane receptors? a. The largest family of cell surface receptors are the G-protein-linked receptors b. Activities of the G-protein involve binding and hydrolysis of ATP c. The G protein receptor generates an intracellular messenger commonly through the use adenylate cyclase d. Tyrosine kinase receptors are considered G-protein-linked receptors

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning cell membrane receptors? a. The largest family of cell surface receptors are the G-protein-linked receptors b. Activities of the ... through the use adenylate cyclase d. Tyrosine kinase receptors are considered G-protein-linked receptors

Last Answer : Answer: a, c All water-soluble regulatory molecules bind to the cell surface receptor proteins. Binding of the appropriate ligand evokes an intracellular signal which usually regulates ... are adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP, and the polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C

The ability of a pathogen to penetrate tissues, cause damage and spread is _____. a. Pathogenicity b. Invasion c. Adhesiveness d. Infectiousness

Description : The ability of a pathogen to penetrate tissues, cause damage and spread is _____. a. Pathogenicity b. Invasion c. Adhesiveness d. Infectiousness

Last Answer : b. Invasion

An acute disease becomes _____ when the body is incapable of ridding itself of the pathogen, while a local disease becomes ______ when it disseminates to deeper organs and tissues. a. Contagious; Systemic b. Contagious; Secondaryc. Chronic; Systemic d. Chronic; Secondary

Description : An acute disease becomes _____ when the body is incapable of ridding itself of the pathogen, while a local disease becomes ______ when it disseminates to deeper organs and tissues. a. Contagious; Systemic b. Contagious; Secondary c. Chronic; Systemic d. Chronic; Secondary

Last Answer : c. Chronic; Systemic

The site where a pathogen enters the body is commonly called the _____ while the number of pathogens necessary to establish an infection is the _____. a. Penetration Point; Dose b. Penetration Point; Acme c. Portal Of Entry; Dose d. Portal Of Entry; Acme

Description : The site where a pathogen enters the body is commonly called the _____ while the number of pathogens necessary to establish an infection is the _____. a. Penetration Point; Dose b. Penetration Point; Acme c. Portal Of Entry; Dose d. Portal Of Entry; Acme

Last Answer : c. Portal Of Entry; Dose

A microarray can be used to _____. a. identify if a patient has been infected by a pathogen b. produce human insulin c. insert a viral gene into a plant to prevent viral infection d. A-C are correct

Description : A microarray can be used to _____. a. identify if a patient has been infected by a pathogen b. produce human insulin c. insert a viral gene into a plant to prevent viral infection d. A-C are correct

Last Answer : a. identify if a patient has been infected by a pathogen

Increasing evidence has implicated gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS endotoxin) as the portion of the gram-negative bacterial cell membrane responsible for many, if not all the toxic effects that occur during gram-negative bacterial sepsis. The following statement(s) is/are true concerning LPS and the host response. a. The LPS molecule can in itself cause physiologic responses similar to that seen during gram-negative bacterial sepsis b. LPS triggers host macrophages to release a variety of cytokines including TNF-a, IL-1a, and IL-1b, IL-6, and IFN-a c. Excessive cytokine production is not associated with detrimental consequences d. TNFa and IL-1b appear to be the primary mediators within the host, exerting deleterious effects on the host when excessive amounts reach the syst

Description : Increasing evidence has implicated gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS endotoxin) as the portion of the gram-negative bacterial cell membrane responsible for many, if not all the ... host, exerting deleterious effects on the host when excessive amounts reach the systemic circulation

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, d The LPS molecule exerts diverse effects on the mammalian host. Immunologic responses to LPS include nonspecific polyclonal B-cell proliferation, macrophage activation and ... deleterious effects on the host only after large amounts are secreted and reach the systemic circulation

TH1 cells activatea. B cells. b. Killing of pathogens in macrophages. c. Cytotoxic T cells. d. Humoral immunity.

Description : TH1 cells activate a. B cells. b. Killing of pathogens in macrophages. c. Cytotoxic T cells. d. Humoral immunity.

Last Answer : d. Humoral immunity

Which of the following is a cellular barrier in the innate defense system? a. macrophages b. Erythrocytes c. B-cellsd. T-cells

Description : Which of the following is a cellular barrier in the innate defense system? a. macrophages b. Erythrocytes c. B-cells d. T-cells

Last Answer : a. macrophages