The AIDS viruses specifically attack which kind of cell? a) B cells b) helper T cells c) killer T cells d) macrophages

The AIDS viruses specifically attack which kind of cell? a) B cells b) helper T cells c) killer T cells d) macrophages
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ANSWER: B -- HELPER T CELLS
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The initiation of a humoral immune response involves a complex interaction of the antigen, cells and intercellular messengers. Which of the following statement(s) concerning the initiation of the humoral immune response is/are correct? a. Helper T lymphocytes stimulate B lymphocytes through secretion of cytokines such as interleukin 4 and 6 b. A number of cells can aid in presenting the antigen to the helper T cell including B lymphocytes and macrophages c. All antigens require coordinated efforts of the various cellular components of the immune system d. An antigen must be a living microorganism

Description : The initiation of a humoral immune response involves a complex interaction of the antigen, cells and intercellular messengers. Which of the following statement(s) concerning the initiation of the ... various cellular components of the immune system d. An antigen must be a living microorganism

Last Answer : Answer: a, b Stimulation of the immune system occurs after a variety of antigen-presenting cells (B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells) act to engulf ... polysaccharides), most antigens require coordinated efforts of the various cellular components of the immune system

Predominant cell types in typical chronic inflammation are all of the following EXCEPT: A A. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes B. Macrophages C. T helper lymphocytes D. NK cells

Description : Predominant cell types in typical chronic inflammation are all of the following EXCEPT: A A. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes B. Macrophages C. T helper lymphocytes D. NK cells

Last Answer : Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A _____ is a protein receptor on the surface of macrophages, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells that allow them to recognize foreign cell markers. a. Toll-like receptor (TLR) b. pathogen-associated c. Membrane attack complex (MAC) d. Natural killer cells (NK)

Description : A _____ is a protein receptor on the surface of macrophages, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells that allow them to recognize foreign cell markers. a. Toll-like receptor (TLR) b. pathogen-associated c. Membrane attack complex (MAC) d. Natural killer cells (NK)

Last Answer : b. pathogen-associated

Predominant cell types in typical chronic inflammatory reactions include all of the following EXCEPT: A A. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes B. Macrophages C. T helper lymphocytes D. None of these

Description : Predominant cell types in typical chronic inflammatory reactions include all of the following EXCEPT: A A. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes B. Macrophages C. T helper lymphocytes D. None of these

Last Answer : Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

The following statement(s) is/are true concerning HIV infection. a. Initial screening with ELISA is highly sensitive but can be associated with a false positive rate of 25% b. Treatment with azidothymidine (AZD) appears to prolong survival when administered early in the disease c. Predisposition to infection in HIV infection is primarily due to reduction in the number of helper T cells d. Common infections in patients with AIDS are Pneumocystis, carinii pneumonia, CMV pneumonitis, Cryptococcus meningitis, and disseminated infection due to atypical mycobacteria

Description : The following statement(s) is/are true concerning HIV infection. a. Initial screening with ELISA is highly sensitive but can be associated with a false positive rate of 25% b. ... , carinii pneumonia, CMV pneumonitis, Cryptococcus meningitis, and disseminated infection due to atypical mycobacteria

Last Answer : Answer: b, c, d Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a syndrome caused by the human retrovirus (HIV-1) that infects T lymphocytes and causes severe immunosuppression. Individuals who ... to prolong survival when administered early in the course of disease and is considered routine therapy

At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS? (a) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an infected person (b) When the infected retro virus enters host cells (c) When HIV damages large number of helper T  - lymphocytes (d) When the viral DNA is produced by reverse transcriptase

Description : At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS? (a) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an infected person (b) When the infected retro virus enters host cells (c) ... large number of helper T  - lymphocytes (d) When the viral DNA is produced by reverse transcriptase

Last Answer : (c) When HIV damages large number of helper T  - lymphocytes

Colostrum, the yellowish fluid, secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation is very essential to impart immunity to the new born infants because it contains (a) immunoglobulin A (b) natural killer cells (c) monocytes (d) macrophages.

Description : Colostrum, the yellowish fluid, secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation is very essential to impart immunity to the new born infants because it contains (a) immunoglobulin A (b) natural killer cells (c) monocytes (d) macrophages.

Last Answer : (a) immunoglobulin A

Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to AIDS? (a) The HIV can be transmitted through eating food together with an infected person. (b) Drug addicts are least susceptible to HIV infection.(c) AIDS patients are being fully cured cent per cent with proper care and nutrition. (d) The causative HIV retrovirus enters helper T-lymphocytes thus reducing their numbers.

Description : Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to AIDS? (a) The HIV can be transmitted through eating food together with an infected person. (b) Drug addicts are least ... and nutrition. (d) The causative HIV retrovirus enters helper T-lymphocytes thus reducing their numbers.

Last Answer : (d) The causative HIV retrovirus enters helper T-lymphocytes thus reducing their numbers.

HIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying (a) helper T-lymphocytes (b) thrombocytes (c) B-lymphocytes (d) leucocytes.

Description : HIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying (a) helper T-lymphocytes (b) thrombocytes (c) B-lymphocytes (d) leucocytes.

Last Answer : (a) helper T-lymphocytes

Helper T cells release all the following except (A) Interleukins (B) Colony stimulating factors (C) Perforins (D) Tumour necrosis factor

Description : Helper T cells release all the following except (A) Interleukins (B) Colony stimulating factors (C) Perforins (D) Tumour necrosis factor

Last Answer : Answer : C

Human immunodeficiency virus destroys (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) B cells (D) Plasma cells

Description : Human immunodeficiency virus destroys (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) B cells (D) Plasma cells

Last Answer : Answer : B

Helper T cells release (A) Interleukins (B) Colony stimulating factors (C) Tumour necrosis factor (D) All of these

Description : Helper T cells release (A) Interleukins (B) Colony stimulating factors (C) Tumour necrosis factor (D) All of these

Last Answer : Answer : B

CD 3 complex and p 56lck proteins are present in (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

Description : CD 3 complex and p 56lck proteins are present in (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

Last Answer : Answer : D

CD 4 is a transmembrane glycoprotein present in (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Description : CD 4 is a transmembrane glycoprotein present in (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Last Answer : Answer : A

CD 8 is a transmembrane glycoprotein present in (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Description : CD 8 is a transmembrane glycoprotein present in (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Last Answer : Answer : C

MHC Class II proteins, in conjunction with antigens, are recognised by (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Description : MHC Class II proteins, in conjunction with antigens, are recognised by (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Last Answer : Answer : B

MHC class I proteins, in conjunction with antigens are recognised by (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Description : MHC class I proteins, in conjunction with antigens are recognised by (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Last Answer : Answer : A

The most abundant T cells are (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Description : The most abundant T cells are (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Last Answer : Answer : B

Booster immunizations are used to raise the antibody level by stimulating the _____ cells to induce the secondary antibody response. a. helper T b. B c. memory d. plasma

Description : Booster immunizations are used to raise the antibody level by stimulating the _____ cells to induce the secondary antibody response. a. helper T b. B c. memory d. plasma

Last Answer : c. memory

The cytotoxic T cells have a_____ co-receptor while the helper T cells have a _____ co-receptor. a. CD8. CD4 b. CD4, CD8 c. MHCI, MHCII d. MHCII, MHCI

Description : The cytotoxic T cells have a_____ co-receptor while the helper T cells have a _____ co-receptor. a. CD8. CD4 b. CD4, CD8 c. MHCI, MHCII d. MHCII, MHCI

Last Answer : a. CD8. CD4

_____ T cells prevent autoreactive T cells from attacking self. a. Memory b. Helper c. Regulatory d. Effector

Description : _____ T cells prevent autoreactive T cells from attacking self. a. Memory b. Helper c. Regulatory d. Effector

Last Answer : c. Regulatory

Performs and granzymes are found in a. Helper T cells. b. Antigen-presenting cells. c. Cytotoxic T cells. d. B cells.

Description : Performs and granzymes are found in a. Helper T cells. b. Antigen-presenting cells. c. Cytotoxic T cells. d. B cells.

Last Answer : c. Cytotoxic T cells.

MHC class I proteins are present on the surface of (A) B cells only (B) T cells only (C) Macrophages only(D) All cells

Description : MHC class I proteins are present on the surface of (A) B cells only (B) T cells only (C) Macrophages only(D) All cells

Last Answer : Answer : D

Early granulation tissue is BEST characterized by the presence of: C A. Plasma cells and macrophages B. T lymphocytes and eosinophils C. Capillary buds and fibroblasts D. None of these

Description : Early granulation tissue is BEST characterized by the presence of: C A. Plasma cells and macrophages B. T lymphocytes and eosinophils C. Capillary buds and fibroblasts D. None of these

Last Answer : Capillary buds and fibroblast

Immunosuppressive agents used in preventing transplant rejection primarily affecta. macrophages. b. neutrophils. c. dendritic cells. d. T cells.

Description : Immunosuppressive agents used in preventing transplant rejection primarily affect a. macrophages. b. neutrophils. c. dendritic cells. d. T cells.

Last Answer : d. T cells.

In the body's immune system, _____ are the major producers of secreted antibodies. a. macrophages b. plasma cells c. T cells d. B cells

Description : In the body's immune system, _____ are the major producers of secreted antibodies. a. macrophages b. plasma cells c. T cells d. B cells

Last Answer : b. plasma cells

TH1 cells activatea. B cells. b. Killing of pathogens in macrophages. c. Cytotoxic T cells. d. Humoral immunity.

Description : TH1 cells activate a. B cells. b. Killing of pathogens in macrophages. c. Cytotoxic T cells. d. Humoral immunity.

Last Answer : d. Humoral immunity

Which of the following is a cellular barrier in the innate defense system? a. macrophages b. Erythrocytes c. B-cellsd. T-cells

Description : Which of the following is a cellular barrier in the innate defense system? a. macrophages b. Erythrocytes c. B-cells d. T-cells

Last Answer : a. macrophages

What is the function of the helper T cell?

Description : What is the function of the helper T cell? 

Last Answer : The helper T cells assist the immune process by helping other cells in the immune system to achieve an efficient immune response. In antibody- mediated immunity, the helper T cell helps recognize ... cytotoxic T cells. These cells are critical to both antibody mediated and cell- mediated immunity. 

The _____ cell contains on its surface a CD4 receptor site that enhances binding to the macrophage. a. Helper T b. molecular patterns (PAMPs) c. plasma d. B

Description : The _____ cell contains on its surface a CD4 receptor site that enhances binding to the macrophage. a. Helper T b. molecular patterns (PAMPs) c. plasma d. B

Last Answer : a. IgG

Cytokines are low-molecular-weight polypeptides exerting a wide variety of biologic effects at both local and systemic levels. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the production and actions of cytokines? a. Cytokines are produced solely by macrophages b. Cytokines act only on other cells within the same local environment c. Cytokines may have both protective and deleterious effects on the host d. Each specific cytokine is produced by a single cell type

Description : Cytokines are low-molecular-weight polypeptides exerting a wide variety of biologic effects at both local and systemic levels. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the production and ... effects on the host d. Each specific cytokine is produced by a single cell type

Last Answer : Answer: c Macrophages, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and other cells secrete a large number of different compounds, termed cytokines, that are most probably evolved for the purpose of ... host defenses, exerting both salutatory and deleterious effects on the host, has become increasingly evident

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the cell function of phagocytosis? a. Phagocytosis is a mechanistically distinct process of endocytosis performed by special cells to take up larger particles such as bacteria or erythrocytes b. Lymphocytes are the primary blood cell involved with this process c. The process involves a coating of the cytoplasmic surface known as clathrin d. Phagocytosis is performed only by white blood cells and tissue macrophages

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the cell function of phagocytosis? a. Phagocytosis is a mechanistically distinct process of endocytosis performed by special cells to take ... known as clathrin d. Phagocytosis is performed only by white blood cells and tissue macrophages

Last Answer : Answer: a Phagocytosis is a specialized form of endocytosis by which large particles are internalized by specialized cells primarily macrophages and neutrophils. To be phagocytosed, particles ... the lumen of the thyroid follicle, thereby releasing the thyroid hormones, thyroxine triiodothyronine

The role of the M cell is toA- .trap virus in mucus and prevent entry B- induce apoptosis in virus-infected small intestinal epithelia cells C- pass bacteria or virus to underlying macrophages for processing and presentation of antigen D- they use their cilia to propel mucus out of the small intestine

Description : The role of the M cell is to A- .trap virus in mucus and prevent entry B- induce apoptosis in virus-infected small intestinal epithelia cells C- pass bacteria or virus to underlying macrophages for ... and presentation of antigen D- they use their cilia to propel mucus out of the small intestine

Last Answer : pass bacteria or virus to underlying macrophages for processing and presentation of antigen

Protein which renders a cell less susceptible to attack by viruses is called - (1) Actomyosin (2) Chloromycetin (3) Hybridoma (4) Inferon

Description : Protein which renders a cell less susceptible to attack by viruses is called - (1) Actomyosin (2) Chloromycetin (3) Hybridoma (4) Inferon

Last Answer : (4) Inferon Explanation: Interferons are proteins which render the cells less susceptible to attack by viruses. Interferons are proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites or tumor cells.

Protein which renders a cell less susceptible to attack by viruses is called— (1) Actomyosin (2) Chloromycetin (3) Hybridoma (4) Inferon

Description : Protein which renders a cell less susceptible to attack by viruses is called— (1) Actomyosin (2) Chloromycetin (3) Hybridoma (4) Inferon 

Last Answer : Inferon

To activate a bound helper T lymphocyte, the macrophage produces a. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) b. granzymes c. Interferon

Description : To activate a bound helper T lymphocyte, the macrophage produces a. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) b. granzymes c. Interferon

Last Answer : a. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Which of these is specifically responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? a) T cells b) B cells c) platelets d) All of the above

Description : Which of these is specifically responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? a) T cells b) B cells c) platelets d) All of the above

Last Answer : ANSWER: B -- B CELLS

What is the common in AIDS, mumps and poliomyelitis? (1) Young children get affected most readily (2) No effective vaccine has yet been developed for them (3) These are caused by viruses (4) Their germs can be transmit-ted through blood transfusions

Description : What is the common in AIDS, mumps and poliomyelitis? (1) Young children get affected most readily (2) No effective vaccine has yet been developed for them (3) These are caused by viruses (4) Their germs can be transmit-ted through blood transfusions

Last Answer : (3) These are caused by viruses Explanation: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Mumps ( ... acute, viral, infectious disease spread from person top erson, primarily via the fecal-oral route.

Select the wrong statement. (a) The term ‘contagium vivum fluidum’ was coined by M. W. Beijerinck. (b) Mosaic disease in tobacco and AIDS in human being are caused by viruses. (c) The viroids were discovered by D.J. Ivanowsky. (d) W.M. Stanley showed that viruses could be crystallised.

Description : Select the wrong statement. (a) The term ‘contagium vivum fluidum’ was coined by M. W. Beijerinck. (b) Mosaic disease in tobacco and AIDS in human being are caused by viruses. (c) The viroids were discovered by D.J. Ivanowsky. (d) W.M. Stanley showed that viruses could be crystallised.

Last Answer : (c) The viroids were discovered by D.J. Ivanowsky

What is the common in AIDS, mumps and poliomyelitis? (1) Young children get affected most readily (2) No effective vaccine has yet been developed for them (3) These are caused by viruses (4) Their germs can be transmitted through blood transfusions

Description : What is the common in AIDS, mumps and poliomyelitis? (1) Young children get affected most readily (2) No effective vaccine has yet been developed for them (3) These are caused by viruses (4) Their germs can be transmitted through blood transfusions

Last Answer : These are caused by viruses

MHC class II proteins are present on the surface of (A) All cells (B) B lymphocytes only (C) Macrophages only (D) Macrophages and B lymphocytes

Description : MHC class II proteins are present on the surface of (A) All cells (B) B lymphocytes only (C) Macrophages only (D) Macrophages and B lymphocytes

Last Answer : Answer : D

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning ischemia reperfusion injury? a. During ischemia, ATP degradation results in increased plasma and intracellular levels of hypoxanthine and xanthene b. Oxygen free radicals such as the superoxide radical are involved in the expression of the proinflammatory phenotype of endothelial cells, macrophages and neutrophils c. The intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAN-1) contributes to injury and disruption of the endothelial lining, with extensive capillary leak and resultant interstitial edema d. Animal models have demonstrated that passive immunization with antibodies to neutrophil adhesive complex lessen the ischemic/reperfusion microvascular injury

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning ischemia reperfusion injury? a. During ischemia, ATP degradation results in increased plasma and intracellular levels of ... immunization with antibodies to neutrophil adhesive complex lessen the ischemic/reperfusion microvascular injury

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c, d During the ischemia and hypoperfusion phase, degradation of ATP stores essential to maintain cell integrity and significant loss of diffusible ... either the neutrophil adhesive complex or the endothelial selectins dramatically lessens ischemia/reperfusion microvascular injury

The following statement(s) is/are true concerning cellular defense mechanisms. a. Macrophages function solely as antigen processing cells in the initial reaction to exposure to an antigen b. Macrophages may become activated and secrete cytokines c. Macrophages serve as phagocytic cells in the tissues but not within the bloodstream d. Polymorphonucleocytes (PMNS) are normally present in only small numbers within the tissue and enter an area of infection through diapedesis

Description : The following statement(s) is/are true concerning cellular defense mechanisms. a. Macrophages function solely as antigen processing cells in the initial reaction to exposure to an antigen b. Macrophages ... in only small numbers within the tissue and enter an area of infection through diapedesis

Last Answer : Answer: b, d A wide variety of cell types serve to provide host defense at several levels. Macrophages act as the initial antigen processing cell that serves to ... through diapedesis after chemotactic stimuli are excluded by macrophages, bacterial breakdown products, and complement activation

The cells that are directly concerned with phagocytosis of foreign bodies in the reticuloendothelial system are (a) reticular cells (b) monocytes (c) eosinophils and Basophils (d) macrophages

Description : The cells that are directly concerned with phagocytosis of foreign bodies in the reticuloendothelial system are (a) reticular cells (b) monocytes (c) eosinophils and Basophils (d) macrophages

Last Answer : Ans:(b)

In case of infection, following is the first line of defense B A. Antibodies B. Macrophages C. Red blood cells D. Platelets

Description : In case of infection, following is the first line of defense  B A. Antibodies B. Macrophages C. Red blood cells D. Platelets

Last Answer : Macrophages

In case of infection, following is the first line of defense B A. Antibodies B. Macrophages C. Red blood cells D. Platelet

Description : In case of infection, following is the first line of defense  B A. Antibodies B. Macrophages C. Red blood cells D. Platelet

Last Answer : Macrophages

The following are true about atherosclerosis: C A. it often occurs in the heart chamber B. foamy macrophages are not seen in the lesion C. smooth muscle cells proliferation in the intima of vessel D. no deposition of lipid occurs in wall of blood vessel

Description : The following are true about atherosclerosis: C A. it often occurs in the heart chamber B. foamy macrophages are not seen in the lesion C. smooth muscle cells proliferation in the intima of vessel D. no deposition of lipid occurs in wall of blood vessel

Last Answer : smooth muscle cells proliferation in the intima of vessel

Epithelioid cells within granulomas are derived from which of the following? B A. Plasma cells B. Macrophages C. Lymphocytes D. Neutrophils

Description : Epithelioid cells within granulomas are derived from which of the following? B A. Plasma cells B. Macrophages C. Lymphocytes D. Neutrophils

Last Answer : Macrophages

Epithelioid cells within granulomas are derived from which of the following? B A. Plasma cells B. Macrophages C. Lymphocytes D. None of these

Description : Epithelioid cells within granulomas are derived from which of the following? B A. Plasma cells B. Macrophages C. Lymphocytes D. None of these

Last Answer : Macrophages

Heart failure cells, i.e.. macrophages loaded with haemosiderin, are most likely found in C A. Ascites fluid in congestive heart failure B. Pulmonary alveoli in mitral stenosis C. Left ventricular myocardium following infarction and reperfusion D. None of these

Description : Heart failure cells, i.e.. macrophages loaded with haemosiderin, are most likely found in C A. Ascites fluid in congestive heart failure B. Pulmonary alveoli in mitral stenosis C. Left ventricular myocardium following infarction and reperfusion D. None of these

Last Answer : Ascites fluid in congestive heart failure B. Pulmonary alveoli in mitral stenosis C. Left ventricul