What is an antibiotic? (1) A chemical compound produced by a living organism that inhibits the growth of other organisms (2) Acompound synthesised by a living organism that inhibits the growth of microbes (3) Asynthetic compound inhibiting the growth of other organisms (4) Asynthetic compound inhibiting the growth of bacteria

What is an antibiotic? (1) A chemical compound produced by a living organism that inhibits the growth of other organisms (2) Acompound synthesised by a living organism that inhibits the growth of microbes (3) Asynthetic compound inhibiting the growth of other organisms (4) Asynthetic compound inhibiting the growth of bacteria
by

1 Answer

Answer :

(4) Asynthetic compound inhibiting the growth of bacteria Explanation: Antibiotics, also known as antimicrobial drugs, are drugs that fight infections caused by bacteria. Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin, in 1927. The term "antibiotic" originally referred to a natural compound produced by a fungus or another microorganism that kills bacteria which cause disease in humans or animals. Some antibiotics may be synthetic compounds (not produced by microorganisms) that can also kill or inhibit the growth of microbes.
by
selected

Related questions

What is an antibiotic ? (1) A chemical compound produced by a living organism that inhibits the growth of other organisms (2) A compound synthesised by a living organism that inhibits the growth of microbes (3) A synthetic compound inhibiting the growth of other organisms (4) A synthetic compound inhibiting the growth of bacteria

Description : What is an antibiotic ? (1) A chemical compound produced by a living organism that inhibits the growth of other organisms (2) A compound synthesised by a living organism that inhibits the ... compound inhibiting the growth of other organisms (4) A synthetic compound inhibiting the growth of bacteria

Last Answer : A synthetic compound inhibiting the growth of bacteria

An antibiotic is - (1) achemical synthesized by a human cell against a microorganism (2) a chemical synthesised by amicro-organism against another micro-organisms (3) a substance produced by blood cells against bacteria (4) a substance produced by blood cells against infection.

Description : An antibiotic is - (1) achemical synthesized by a human cell against a microorganism (2) a chemical synthesised by amicro-organism against another micro-organisms (3) a substance produced by blood cells against bacteria (4) a substance produced by blood cells against infection.

Last Answer : (2) a chemical synthesised by amicro-organism against another microorganisms Explanation: An antibacterial is an agent that inhibits bacterial growth or kills bacteria. The term is often used ... by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution.

An antibiotic is (1) a chemical synthesized by a human cell against a microorganism (2) a chemical synthesised by a micro-organism against another micro-organisms (3) a substance produced by blood cells against bacteria (4) a substance produced by blood cells against infection.

Description : An antibiotic is (1) a chemical synthesized by a human cell against a microorganism (2) a chemical synthesised by a micro-organism against another micro-organisms (3) a substance produced by blood cells against bacteria (4) a substance produced by blood cells against infection.

Last Answer : a chemical synthesised by a micro-organism against another micro-organisms

The following statement(s) is/are true concerning initial microbiologic diagnostic techniques. a. Appropriate expeditious transport of specimens to the microbiology laboratory is essential for obtaining accurate clinical information b. The use of potassium hydroxide in preparing a specimen slide for light microscopy will be useful in identification of anaerobic bacteria c. Antibiotic sensitivity is determined by exposing the specific microorganism to varying amounts of antibiotic with the concentration of the antibiotic inhibiting growth referred to as the MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) d. Serum levels of antimicrobial agents should achieve in excess of a 4-to 8-fold increase over the MIC to be considered clinically efficacious.

Description : The following statement(s) is/are true concerning initial microbiologic diagnostic techniques. a. Appropriate expeditious transport of specimens to the microbiology laboratory is essential for obtaining accurate ... a 4-to 8-fold increase over the MIC to be considered clinically efficacious.

Last Answer : Answer: a, c, d Because most surgical infections are polymicrobial, specimens should be cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, as well as fungi. Although aerobic and aerotolerant ... fold increase over MIC during the peak serum level have been demonstrated to be clinically efficacious

The term antibiotic was coined by _________to refer to antimicrobial substances naturally derived from _______. a. Waksman; bacteria and fungi b. Domagk; other living organisms c. Fleming; fungi and bacteria d. Ehrlich; bacteria

Description : The term antibiotic was coined by _________to refer to antimicrobial substances naturally derived from _______. a. Waksman; bacteria and fungi b. Domagk; other living organisms c. Fleming; fungi and bacteria d. Ehrlich; bacteria

Last Answer : c. Fleming; fungi and bacteria

The following is true of vancomycin except: A. It is a bactericidal antibiotic active primarily against gram positive bacteria B. It acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis C. It is an alternative to penicillin for enterococcal endocarditis D. It can cause deafness as a dose related toxicity

Description : The following is true of vancomycin except: A. It is a bactericidal antibiotic active primarily against gram positive bacteria B. It acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis C. It is an alternative to penicillin for enterococcal endocarditis D. It can cause deafness as a dose related toxicity

Last Answer : B. It acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis

A substance produced by a living organism and capable of anti￾microbial activity is called a/an (A) Antibiotic (B) Antiseptic (C) Disinfectant (D) None of these

Description : A substance produced by a living organism and capable of anti￾microbial activity is called a/an (A) Antibiotic (B) Antiseptic (C) Disinfectant (D) None of these

Last Answer : (A) Antibiotic

A pheromone is A) an endorphin released within the anterior pituitary. B) a growth factor related to the production of tumors. C) a product of a neurosecretory cell that acts on neighboring cells. D) a chemical released by one animal to affect the behavior of another animal. E) a regulatory hormone that stimulates or inhibits the release of hormones produced by other endocrine glands.

Description : A pheromone is A) an endorphin released within the anterior pituitary. B) a growth factor related to the production of tumors. C) a product of a neurosecretory cell that acts on ... ) a regulatory hormone that stimulates or inhibits the release of hormones produced by other endocrine glands.

Last Answer : D) a chemical released by one animal to affect the behavior of another animal.

Selective media facilitate growth of only one kind of organism.Saboraud medium is used to selectively isolate A- coliform bacteria B- gram positive bacteria C- .yeasts D- acid fast organisms

Description : Selective media facilitate growth of only one kind of organism.Saboraud medium is used to selectively isolate A- coliform bacteria B- gram positive bacteria C- .yeasts D- acid fast organisms

Last Answer : .yeasts

Antibiotic (A) Inhibits/destroys the growth of microorganisms(B) Is used as a pain reliever(C) Is an antimalarial(D) Is an anaesthetic

Description : Antibiotic (A) Inhibits/destroys the growth of microorganisms (B) Is used as a pain reliever (C) Is an antimalarial (D) Is an anaestheticc

Last Answer : (A) Inhibits/destroys the growth of microorganisms

Which one of the following experiments suggests that simplest living organisms could not have originated spontaneously from non-living matter? (a) Larvae could appear in decaying organic matter. (b) Microbes did not appear in stored meat. (c) Microbes appeared from unsterilised organic matter. (d) Meat was not spoiled, when heated and kept sealed in a vessel.

Description : Which one of the following experiments suggests that simplest living organisms could not have originated spontaneously from non-living matter? (a) Larvae could appear in decaying organic matter. (b) Microbes did not ... matter. (d) Meat was not spoiled, when heated and kept sealed in a vessel.

Last Answer : (d) Meat was not spoiled, when heated and kept

______ is chemical produced by fungus which inhibit the growth of other harmful microorganisms. a) antibiotic b)antibodies c)vaccine d)immunity

Description : ______ is chemical produced by fungus which inhibit the growth of other harmful microorganisms. a) antibiotic b)antibodies c)vaccine d)immunity

Last Answer : a) antibiotic

Pasteurisation of milk means (A) Removal of fatty and albuminous substance from it (B) Killing of organisms present in it by heating it at controlled temperature without changing its natural characteristics (C) Inhibiting the growth of micro-organisms without killing them (D) None of these

Description : Pasteurisation of milk means (A) Removal of fatty and albuminous substance from it (B) Killing of organisms present in it by heating it at controlled temperature without changing its natural characteristics (C) Inhibiting the growth of micro-organisms without killing them (D) None of these

Last Answer : (B) Killing of organisms present in it by heating it at controlled temperature without changing its natural characteristics

Compared to older tetracyclines, doxycycline produces a lower incidence of superinfection diarrhoea because (a) It is completely absorbed in the small intestines so that drug concentration in the colonic contents is low (b) It is inactivated by the gut microflora (c) It is not active against the microbes of the normal gut flora (d) It is a potent tetracycline and inhibits the superinfection causing microbes as well

Description : Compared to older tetracyclines, doxycycline produces a lower incidence of superinfection diarrhoea because (a) It is completely absorbed in the small intestines so that drug concentration in the colonic ... (d) It is a potent tetracycline and inhibits the superinfection causing microbes as well

Last Answer : Ans: A

Compared to older tetracyclines, doxycycline produces a lower incidence of superinfection diarrhoea because: A. It is completely absorbed in the small intestines so that drug concentration in the colonic contents is low B. It is inactivated by the gut microflora C. It is not active against the microbes of the normal gut flora D. It is a potent tetracycline and inhibits

Description : Compared to older tetracyclines, doxycycline produces a lower incidence of superinfection diarrhoea because: A. It is completely absorbed in the small intestines so that drug concentration in the colonic contents ... the microbes of the normal gut flora D. It is a potent tetracycline and inhibits

Last Answer : A. It is completely absorbed in the small intestines so that drug concentration in the colonic contents is low

What poisonous substances naturally produced by bacteria plants snakes insects and other living organisms?

Description : What poisonous substances naturally produced by bacteria plants snakes insects and other living organisms?

Last Answer : what provides the best protection against gamma rays

If a chemical has a phenol coefficient (PC) of 63, it means the chemical a. ‗Is Better Than One With A PC Of 22., b. Will Kill 63P/O Of Bacteria. c. Kills Microbes At 63°C.d. Will Kill All Bacteria In 63 Minutes.

Description : If a chemical has a phenol coefficient (PC) of 63, it means the chemical a. ‗Is Better Than One With A PC Of 22., b. Will Kill 63P/O Of Bacteria. c. Kills Microbes At 63°C. d. Will Kill All Bacteria In 63 Minutes.

Last Answer : a. ‗Is Better Than One With A PC Of 22.,

The hormone somatostatin is resposible for inhibiting the motility and absobtion in the digestive tract. It also inhibits the release of insuline and

Description : The hormone somatostatin is resposible for inhibiting the motility and absobtion in the digestive tract. It also inhibits the release of insuline and

Last Answer : The hormone somatostatin is resposible for inhibiting the motility and absobtion in the digestive tract. It also ... Alph B. Beta C. Delta D. F cells

Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by: A. Binding to 30S ribosome and inhibiting attachment of aminoacyl tRNA B. Binding to 50S ribosome and preventing peptide bond formation C. Binding to 50S ribosome and blocking translocation of peptide chain D. Binding to both 30S and 50S ribosome and inducing misreading of mRNA code

Description : Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by: A. Binding to 30S ribosome and inhibiting attachment of aminoacyl tRNA B. Binding to 50S ribosome and preventing peptide bond formation C. Binding to ... chain D. Binding to both 30S and 50S ribosome and inducing misreading of mRNA code

Last Answer : B. Binding to 50S ribosome and preventing peptide bond formation

Diazoxide is an effective hypotensive, but is not used in the long-term treatment of hypertension because: A. It impairs glucose tolerance by inhibiting insulin release B. It inhibits uric acid excretion C. It causes marked Na+ and water retention leading to development of tolerance D. All of the above

Description : Diazoxide is an effective hypotensive, but is not used in the long-term treatment of hypertension because: A. It impairs glucose tolerance by inhibiting insulin release B. It inhibits uric acid ... causes marked Na+ and water retention leading to development of tolerance D. All of the above

Last Answer : D. All of the above

The following is true of bupropion except: A. It inhibits dopamine reuptake along with inhibiting noradrenaline reuptake B. It produces sedation as a side effect C. It is being used as an aid for smoking cessation D. It is likely to produce seizures in overdose

Description : The following is true of bupropion except: A. It inhibits dopamine reuptake along with inhibiting noradrenaline reuptake B. It produces sedation as a side effect C. It is being used as an aid for smoking cessation D. It is likely to produce seizures in overdose

Last Answer : B. It produces sedation as a side effect

Phytohormones are (a) chemical regulating flowering (b) chemical regulating secondary growth (c) hormones regulating growth from seed to adulthood (d) regulators synthesised by plants and influencing physiological processes.

Description : Phytohormones are (a) chemical regulating flowering (b) chemical regulating secondary growth (c) hormones regulating growth from seed to adulthood (d) regulators synthesised by plants and influencing physiological processes.

Last Answer : (d) regulators synthesised by plants and influencing physiological processes.

When a substance is added to a liquid medium which inhibits the growth of unwanted bacteriaand favors the growth of wanted bacteria, it is known as A- differential medium B- enriched medium C- enrichment medium D-selective medium

Description : When a substance is added to a liquid medium which inhibits the growth of unwanted bacteriaand favors the growth of wanted bacteria, it is known as A- differential medium B- enriched medium C- enrichment medium D-selective medium

Last Answer : enrichment medium

Which one of the folling is also khow as solution? (1) Acompound (2) Ahomogeneous mixture (3) A heterogeneous mixture (4) A suspension

Description : Which one of the folling is also khow as solution? (1) Acompound (2) Ahomogeneous mixture (3) A heterogeneous mixture (4) A suspension

Last Answer : (2) Ahomogeneous mixture Explanation: In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, ... solvent. The solution more or less takes on the characteristics of the solvent including its phase.

Serpasil is (a) a tranquilizer (b) an antibiotic (c) produced by micro-organisms (d) a mordant dye

Description : Serpasil is (a) a tranquilizer (b) an antibiotic (c) produced by micro-organisms (d) a mordant dye

Last Answer : Ans:(a)

Which of the following groups of organisms digest their food before it actually enters the organism? (1) Bacteria and Protozoa (2) Bacteria and Fungi (3) Fungi and Protozoa (4) Mucor and Rhizopus

Description : Which of the following groups of organisms digest their food before it actually enters the organism? (1) Bacteria and Protozoa (2) Bacteria and Fungi (3) Fungi and Protozoa (4) Mucor and Rhizopus

Last Answer : Bacteria and Fungi 

If you suddenly gained the power to see bacteria and other microbes, what would you do differently in your life?

Description : If you suddenly gained the power to see bacteria and other microbes, what would you do differently in your life?

Last Answer : He knows about the spice

Which antibiotic inhibits peptide bond formation

Description : Which antibiotic inhibits peptide bond formation

Last Answer : Which antibiotic inhibits peptide bond formation A. Streptomycin B. Tetracycline C. Chloramphenicol D. Neomycin

The antibiotic which inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase is (A) Mitomycin C (B) Actinomycin d (C) Streptomycin (D) Puromycin

Description : The antibiotic which inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase is (A) Mitomycin C (B) Actinomycin d (C) Streptomycin (D) Puromycin

Last Answer : Answer : B

Which antibiotic inhibits interaction between tRNA and mRNA during bacterial protein synthesis? (a) Tetracycline (b) Erythromycin (c) Neomycin (d) Streptomycin

Description : Which antibiotic inhibits interaction between tRNA and mRNA during bacterial protein synthesis? (a) Tetracycline (b) Erythromycin (c) Neomycin (d) Streptomycin

Last Answer : (d) Streptomycin

.Which antibiotic inhibits interaction between tRNA and mRNA during bacterial protein synthesis? (a) Tetracycline (b) Erythromycin (c) Neomycin (d) Streptomycin

Description : .Which antibiotic inhibits interaction between tRNA and mRNA during bacterial protein synthesis? (a) Tetracycline (b) Erythromycin (c) Neomycin (d) Streptomycin

Last Answer : (c) Neomycin

Select the antibiotic which inhibits drug metabolizing isoenzyme CYP3A4 resulting in potentially fatal drug interaction with terfenadine: A. Erythromycin B. Clindamycin C. Gentamicin D. Vancomycin

Description : Select the antibiotic which inhibits drug metabolizing isoenzyme CYP3A4 resulting in potentially fatal drug interaction with terfenadine: A. Erythromycin B. Clindamycin C. Gentamicin D. Vancomycin

Last Answer : A. Erythromycin

Select the antibiotic which inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by interfering with translocation of elongating peptide chain from acceptor site back to the peptidyl site of the ribosome so that ribosome does not move along the mRNA and the peptide chain is prematurely terminated: A. Chloramphenicol B. Erythromycin C. Tetracycline D. Streptomycin

Description : Select the antibiotic which inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by interfering with translocation of elongating peptide chain from acceptor site back to the peptidyl site of the ribosome so that ... chain is prematurely terminated: A. Chloramphenicol B. Erythromycin C. Tetracycline D. Streptomycin

Last Answer : B. Erythromycin

$ Morphology deals with the study of external characters of the organisms ! Physiology deals with the study the various functions of a living organism

Description : $ Morphology deals with the study of external characters of the organisms ! Physiology deals with the study the various functions of a living organism

Last Answer : $ Morphology deals with the study of external characters of the organisms ! Physiology deals with the study the ... D. If both As and R are wrong.

Biosphere refers to – (1) the area of the land inhabited by living organism (2) the part of ocean inhabited by plants and animals (3) the portion of the earth, including the oceans, the land, the soil and the atmosphere inhabited by living organisms (4) the atmosphere surrounding the living organisms

Description : Biosphere refers to - (1) the area of the land inhabited by living organism (2) the part of ocean inhabited by plants and animals (3) the portion of the earth, including the oceans ... land, the soil and the atmosphere inhabited by living organisms (4) the atmosphere surrounding the living organisms

Last Answer : (3) the portion of the earth, including the oceans, the land, the soil and the atmosphere inhabited by living organisms Explanation: The biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings ... up of the parts of Earth where life exists. It is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems.

Biosphere refers to (1) the area of the land inhabited by living organism (2) the part of ocean inhabited by plants and animals (3) the portion of the earth, including the oceans, the land, the soil and the atmosphere inhabited by living organisms (4) the atmosphere surrounding the living organisms

Description : Biosphere refers to (1) the area of the land inhabited by living organism (2) the part of ocean inhabited by plants and animals (3) the portion of the earth, including the oceans, the land, the soil and the atmosphere inhabited by living organisms (4) the atmosphere surrounding the living organisms

Last Answer : the portion of the earth, including the oceans, the land, the soil and the atmosphere inhabited by living organisms

What is the thermal death time? a. The Time Necessary To Kill Bacteria At A Specific Temperature b. The Temperature Necessary To Kill Microbes In A Specific Time c. The Average Amount Of Time To Kill Microbial Cells d. It Is The Same As The Thermal Death Point

Description : What is the thermal death time? a. The Time Necessary To Kill Bacteria At A Specific Temperature b. The Temperature Necessary To Kill Microbes In A Specific Time c. The Average Amount Of Time To Kill Microbial Cells d. It Is The Same As The Thermal Death Point

Last Answer : a. The Time Necessary To Kill Bacteria At A Specific Temperature

_______ is suspension of dead or weakened microbes. a) vaccine b)antibodies c)antibiotics d)bacteria

Description : _______ is suspension of dead or weakened microbes. a) vaccine b)antibodies c)antibiotics d)bacteria

Last Answer : a) vaccine

What do bacteria have in common with a cell with other living organisms?

Description : What do bacteria have in common with a cell with other living organisms?

Last Answer : What is the answer ?

In the light of recent classification of living organisms into three domains of life (bacteria, archaea and eukarya), which one of the following statements is true about archaea? (a) Archaea completely differ from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (b) Archaea completely differ from prokaryotes. (c) Archaea resemble eukarya in all respects. (d) Archaea have some novel features that are absent in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Description : In the light of recent classification of living organisms into three domains of life (bacteria, archaea and eukarya), which one of the following statements is true about archaea? (a) Archaea ... respects. (d) Archaea have some novel features that are absent in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Last Answer : (d) Archaea have some novel features that are absent in other prokaryotes and eukaryote

Which vitamin is synthesised in the body by intestinal bacteria? -Do You Know?

Description : Which vitamin is synthesised in the body by intestinal bacteria? -Do You Know?

Last Answer : answer:

1. Where did India first win the Olympic Hockey gold? 2. FIFA World Cup 2018 would be held in which country? 3. Which vitamin is synthesised in the body by intestinal bacteria? 4. Which region experiences three cropping season for rice in India (Rice Bowl of India) ? 5. With reference to Indian freedom struggle which event occurred earliest?

Description : 1. Where did India first win the Olympic Hockey gold? 2. FIFA World Cup 2018 would be held in which country? 3. Which vitamin is synthesised in the body by intestinal bacteria? 4. ... distance from the sun (Apehelion)? 20. Which structure was constructed by Emperor Akbar in Fatehpur Sikri?

Last Answer : Answer : 1. Amsterdam 2. Russia 3. Vitamin K 4. Brahmaputra valley 5. Lucknow Pact6. Kurnool 7. Colloidal silver bromite 8. Agricultural credit 9. Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat 10. Chera 11. Paris 12. Blue and ... Rupyaka 16. Completely inelastic 17. London 18. 4 : 2 : 1 19. July 4th 20. Panch Mahal

Why does milk curdle? (a) Due to fermentation of lactose (b) Due to reaction of microbes (c) Due to overheating (d) Due to fungus growth

Description : Why does milk curdle? (a) Due to fermentation of lactose (b) Due to reaction of microbes (c) Due to overheating (d) Due to fungus growth

Last Answer : Ans:(a)

Which of the following conditions are important for the growth of microbes? a. Temperature b. Gas c. pH d. Oxygen e. All the above

Description : Which of the following conditions are important for the growth of microbes? a. Temperature b. Gas c. pH d. Oxygen e. All the above

Last Answer : e. All the above

That sulfonamides act by inhibiting folate synthesis in bacteria is supported by the following findings except: A. Paraaminobenzoic acid antagonises the action of sulfonamides B. Methionine antagonises the action of sulfonamides C. Purines and thymidine present in pus antagonise the action of sulfonamides D. Bacteria that utilise folic acid taken up from the medium are insensitive to sulfonamides

Description : That sulfonamides act by inhibiting folate synthesis in bacteria is supported by the following findings except: A. Paraaminobenzoic acid antagonises the action of sulfonamides B. Methionine antagonises ... . Bacteria that utilise folic acid taken up from the medium are insensitive to sulfonamides

Last Answer : B. Methionine antagonises the action of sulfonamides

What do microbes share with living things?

Description : What do microbes share with living things?

Last Answer : Need answer

The principal nitrogenous excretory compound in humans is synthesised (a) in kidneys but eliminated mostly through liver (b) in kidneys as well as eliminated by kidneys (c) in liver and also eliminated by the same through bile (d) in the liver, but eliminated mostly through kidneys.

Description : The principal nitrogenous excretory compound in humans is synthesised (a) in kidneys but eliminated mostly through liver (b) in kidneys as well as eliminated by kidneys (c) in liver and also eliminated by the same through bile (d) in the liver, but eliminated mostly through kidneys.

Last Answer : (d) in the liver, but eliminated mostly through kidneys.

The first organic compound synthesised in the laboratory was (1) Urea (2) Uric acid (3) Lactic acid (4) Glucose

Description : The first organic compound synthesised in the laboratory was (1) Urea (2) Uric acid (3) Lactic acid (4) Glucose

Last Answer : Urea

The harmful substances produced by the microbes are known as – (1) Antibiotics (2) Pollutants (3) Hormones (4) Toxins

Description : The harmful substances produced by the microbes are known as – (1) Antibiotics (2) Pollutants (3) Hormones (4) Toxins

Last Answer : (4) Toxins Explanation: Toxins are substances created by plants and animals that are poisonous to humans. Most toxins that cause problems in humans are released by microor-ganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae or protozoa. For example, cholera is due to a bacterial toxin.

The harmful substances produced by the microbes are known as (1) Antibiotics (2) Pollutants (3) Hormones (4) Toxins

Description : The harmful substances produced by the microbes are known as (1) Antibiotics (2) Pollutants (3) Hormones (4) Toxins

Last Answer : Toxins