Normal anatomyThe esophagus is a narrow, muscular tube that leads from the mouth to the stomach. The esophagus carries food from the mouth to the stomach. A sphincter at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach prevents reflux of food and acid from the stomach into the esophagus.IndicationWhen the lower esophageal sphincter doesn't function properly, acid and food can reflux up from the stomach into the esophagus. This can lead to pain (heartburn) and damage to the lower esophagus. This damage can cause strictures (narrowing) of the esophagus, and eventually, cancer of the esophagus. Frequently, dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter is associated with a hiatal hernia, in which the lower esophagus and upper part of the stomach slips up into the chest.IncisionThe first step in managing esophageal reflux disease involves medical treament. Anti-acid medications can neutralize acid that refluxes into the esophagus and prevent damage to the eophagus. If these medications do not eliminate symptoms, surgery may be necessary. The primary surgical treatment of esophageal reflux is called esophageal fundoplication. Fundoplication can be performed through an upper midline incision, or using a laparoscopic procedure.Procedure, part 1Currently, the laparoscopic procedure is being performed more frequently. Long narrow instruments are passed through small incisions in the abdomen, and the surgery is viewed using a long narrow camera passed through one of these incisions.Procedure, part 2There are a number of different types of fundoplication procedures, which all involve wrapping a part of the upper stomach around the esophagus and re-creating the lower esophageal sphincter. The most commonly performed fundoplication procedure is called Nissen's fundoplication. Fundoplication generally has excellent results, and cures reflux disease without the need for life-long anti-acid medications.Reviewed ByReview Date: 12/10/2010A.D.A.M. Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, and David R. Eltz. Previously reviewed by George F. Longstreth, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, San Diego, California (8/1/2009).