Define standing wave ratio. 

1 Answer

Answer :

Standing wave ratio is defined as the ratio of maximum voltage (Vmax) to minimum voltage (Vmin). Standing wave ratio is also defined as the ratio of maximum current (Imax) to minimum current (Imin).

Related questions

Description : For transmission line, the incident voltage Ei = 6V, and Er = 3V. Calculate: (1) Reflection coefficient (2) Standing wave ratio

Last Answer : (1)Reflection coefficient  (2) Standing wave ratio (1)Reflection coefficient Reflection coefficient R=Er/Ei  =3/6  R=0.5 (2) Standing wave ratio SWR=Ei+Er/Ei-Er  =6+3/6-3  SWR =3

Description : Define VSWR with refernce to standing waves.

Last Answer : Voltage Standing Wave Ratio: The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is the ratio of max voltage to min voltage. VSWR= VMAX /VMIN

Description : Define critical frequency w.r. to wave propagation.

Last Answer : Define critical frequency w.r. to wave propagation.

Description : Define electromagnetic wave and polarization.

Last Answer : Electromagnetic wave:-An electromagnetic wave such as light consists of a coupled oscillating electric field and magnetic field which are always perpendicular; by convention Polarization:-polarization" of electromagnetic waves refers to the direction of the electric field.

Description : Draw waveform for standing waves on an open and shorted line. Prove that impedance is inverted at every quarter wavelength interval.

Last Answer : Waveform- Explanation When the transmission line is short circuited voltage is zero and current is maximum.The variation is according to the wavelength. When the ... The pattern repeats for every half wavelength. Thus impedance is inverted at every quarter wavelength interval.

Description : Explain standing waves with load terminal open circuited and short circuited. 

Last Answer : Standing waves with load terminal open circuited   Standing waves: The forward and reflected waves on the incorrectly terminated transmission line produce an interference pattern known as Standing ... , the load impedance will not be equal to the transmission line (characteristic)impedence.

Description : Define modulation index in FM. What is maximum value of deviation ratio.

Last Answer : Modulation Index of FM: It is defined as the ratio of Frequency Deviation (δ) to the modulating signal frequency (fm). (OR)  

Description : A load of 200 ohm is used to match 300 ohm transmission line to achieve SWR=1. Find out the required characteristic impedance of a quarter of a quarter wave transformer connected directly to the load.

Last Answer : Solution :

Description : Explain virtual height with respect to wave propagation with neat sketch.

Last Answer : In ionization layer the incident wave refracts and bends down gradually than sharply.   The incident and refracted rays follow paths that are exactly the same as they would have been if reflection had taken place from a surface located at a greater height called virtual height of this layer. 

Description : Explain ground wave propogation with neat sketch. 

Last Answer : Sketch-   Explanationi) It consists of direct wave which travels near the ground from Transmitter to Receiver. ii) The electromagnetic wave leaves the transmitting antenna & remains close to earth surface ... . The ground wave is the path chosen when frequency in between 30 KHz & 3 MHz 

Description : Compare ground wave propagation. Sky wave propagation and space wave propagation.

Last Answer : Sr. N o Parameter Ground Wave Propagation Sky Wave Propagation Space wave Propagation 1 Frequency Range 30 kHz to 3 MHz  3 MHz to 30 MHz frequencies above 30 MHz 2 ... These waves have line of sight propagation, ... 6 Fading Problem less Severe Less

Description : Why electromagnetic waves are said to be transverse wave ? Explain.

Last Answer : The electromagnetic waves are oscillations which propagate through free space. In electromagnetic waves the direction of electric field, magnetic field & propagation are mutually perpendicular. Hence electromagnetic waves are called as transverse wave.

Description : How quarter wave transformer is used for impedance matching. 

Last Answer : In all applications of transmission line, it is required that the load be matched to line, Which requires tuning out the unwanted load reactance and the transformation of resulting impedance to the required value ... Step down transformer If ZL <Zo then it acts as a Step up transformer  

Description : Describe the term virtual height with the help of diagram showing ionized layer and the path of wave.

Last Answer : Virtual height: -The incident wave returns back to the earth due to refraction. In this process it bends down gradually and not sharply, but the incident and reflected rays follow exactly ... . It is also defined as the maximum height that the hypothetical reflected wave would have reached. 

Description : Compare ground wave and space wave propagation on the basis of: (i) Frequency range (ii) Method of propagation.

Last Answer : Compare ground wave and space wave propagation on the basis of: (i) Frequency range (ii) Method of propagation.

Description : Describe the effect of ionosphere on sky wave propagation.

Last Answer : The Ionosphere is the upper portion of the atmosphere. The ultra violet radiation from the sun will ionize the upper layer of the atmosphere. In this layer free electrons and positive and negative ions are ... layer. Its Frequency Range is from 3 MHz to 30 MHz Polarization: Vertical.  

Description : List and explain the properties of quarter wave transformer.

Last Answer : Properties of quarter wave transformer: 1. Impedance transfomation: it provides impedance transformation upto the highest frequencies and is compatible with transmission line. 2. Impedance inversion: if ZL is ... or step up transformer,depending on whether ZL IS greater than or less than ZO.

Description : Explain the transverse electromagnetic waves in wave propagation.

Last Answer : 1. The electromagnetic waves are oscillations, which propagate through free space. 2. Em wave travel in free space at the speed of light. 3. Figure shows the simple EM wave, in which the direction of ... electromagnetic waves (TEM). Diagram:- Transverse electromagnetic wave(TEM) OR

Description : Draw the radiation pattern for Dipole antenna: (i) Half wave dipole (ii) Folded dipole.

Last Answer : The radiation pattern for Half wave dipole antenna The radiation pattern for Folded dipole antenna.

Description : Explain the following in wave propagation: 1) Actual height 2) Virtual height

Last Answer : 1) Actual height:- The height attained by the wave during propagation through the ionosphere is known as Actual height. 2)Virtual height: -The incident wave returns back to the earth due to ... It is also defined as the maximum height that the hypothetical reflected wave would have reached.

Description : Draw and label the circuit diagram of ratio detector 

Last Answer : Draw and label the circuit diagram of ratio detector  

Description : Explain with a neat diagram of ratio detector. Why limiter stage is not used before ratio detector.

Last Answer : With diode D2 reversed , O is positive with respect to b, so that Vab is a sum voltage rather than the difference it was in the discriminator it is now possible to connect a large capacitor ... of limiter stage due to large capacitor C5 .Hence, limiter stage is not used in ratio detector.  

Description : Define the following terms related to antennas; (i) Antenna resistance (ii) Directivity (iii) Antenna gain (iv) Power density

Last Answer : Antenna Resistance - The resistance of an antenna has two components: 1. Its radiation resistance due to conversion of power into electromagnetic waves 2. The resistance due to actual losses in the ... the transmitter power divided by the surface area of a sphere (4πR2) at that distance.

Description : Define and explain the term beam width related to antenna with a sketch.

Last Answer : Definition: The beam width of an antenna is described as the angles created by comparing the half power point (3dB) on the main radiation lobe to its maximum power point. As an example the beam width ... max voltage at center of lobe (these point are known as half power points.) Sketch-  

Description : Define sensitivity with graph.

Last Answer : Define sensitivity with graph.

Description : Define PAM, PWM, and PPM. Draw waveforms.

Last Answer : Pulse amplitude modulation is defined as a process of varying the amplitude of the carrier pulse in accordance to the modulating signal variations. Pulse width modulation is defined as a ... of varying the position of the carrier pulse, in accordance to the modulating signal variations.

Description : Define the transmission line? Draw it‟s general equivalent circuit.

Last Answer : Transmission line: A conductor or conductors designed to carry electricity or an electrical signal over large distances with minimum losses and distortion.  Equivalent circuit:

Description : Define: 1)Frequency 2)Bandwidth 3)Wavelength 4)Time period

Last Answer : Frequency: Frequency is the number of cycles per second. Bandwidth: A range of frequencies within a given band, in particular that used for transmitting a signal. Wavelength: Wavelength can be defined as ... for one complete cycle of vibration to pass a given point.  OR Time period=1/frequency

Description : State the types of electromagnetic polarization? Define any one of it.

Last Answer : Transverse electromagnetic wave:- The polarization of a plane EM wave is simply the orientation of the electric field vector with respect to the surface (i.e. looking at the horizon) If ... the field strength varies with change in polarization the wave is said to have an elliptical polarization 

Description : Define modulation? State the desirable value of modulation index of AM.

Last Answer : Modulation: It is the process in which any of these Parameters (Amplitude, Frequency, Phase) of high frequency signal (carrier signal) are varied in accordance with low frequency signal(modulating signal) For an AM, modulation index range is 0 to 1.

Description : Define stub. Explain single and double stub in brief with neat sketch.

Last Answer : Stub:- Stub is the piece of short circuited transmission line which is used to tune out the reactance of the load when connected across the transmission line as close as possible ... but lengths are independently adjustable. The double stub matching provides wide range of impedance matching. 

Description : Define fading? List the causes.

Last Answer : The fluctuation in signal strength at a receiver, which is mainly due to the interference of two waves which left the same source but arrived at the destination by different paths, is known ... , such as irrigation, or from multiple transmission paths, irregular earth surfaces, and varying terrains.

Description : Define the term baluns and explain where is it used?

Last Answer : A type of electrical transformer used to connect an unbalanced circuit to a balanced oneORA balun is a type of transformer: it's used to convert an unbalanced signal to a balanced ... :- In audio applications, baluns convert between high-impedance unbalanced and low impedance balanced lines.

Description : Define selectivity and sensitivity of AM Receiver. 

Last Answer : Selectivity:-It needs to accept signals of the wanted frequency and reject other unwanted frequencies. Sensitivity:-The sensitivity of a radio receiver is its ability to amplify weak signals. It is ... the receiver input terminals to give a standard output power, measured at the output terminals. 

Description : Define pre-emphasis. State its need. Draw the circuit of pre-emphasis.

Last Answer : Definition- The artificial boosting of higher modulating frequencies to reduce the effect of noise is called as pre-emphasis. Need:- The artificial boosting of higher audio modulating ... by increasing the amplitude of modulating signal at higher frequencies. Circuit diagram 

Description : Define pulse modulation. State its types. 

Last Answer : Pulse Modulation - consists essentially of sampling analog information signals and then converting those samples into discrete pulses. OR It consists essentially of sampling analog information signals and then converting those ... PAM - PWM - PPM  ii) Digital Pulse Modulation - PCM - DM - ADM 

Description : Define the following terms: (i) Polarization (ii) Antenna gain (iii)Antenna resistance (iv)Directivity

Last Answer : i) Polarization:- It is defined as the direction of electric field vector in the EM wave radiated by the transmitting antenna. ii) Antenna Gain:- Antenna gain is defined as the ratio of ... in only one direction in which the radiation is maximum. That is directivity = Max. directive gain

Description : Define: (i) Image frequency and (ii) Double spotting

Last Answer : i)Image frequency:- Image Frequency is defined as the signal frequency plus twice the intermediate frequency. It is denoted as fsi = fs+2fi Where, fs = Signal Frequency fi =intermediate frequency ... It is due to the poor front end selectivity i.e., inadequate image frequency rejection.

Description : Define the terms: 1) Maximum usable frequency 2) Fading

Last Answer : 1)Maximum usable frequency:- Maximum usable frequency is defined as the limiting frequency ,when the angle of incidence is other than the normal . OR The highest frequency that can be used for sky ... which left the same source but arrived at the destination by different paths is known as fading.

Description : Define modulation index in AM and give its formula.

Last Answer : In AM wave, the modulation index (m) is defined as the ratio of the amplitude of the modulating signal (Vm ) to the amplitude of carrier signal (Vc). m = Vm / Vc

Description : Define: Base band signal with one example.

Last Answer : The electrical equivalent of the original information signal is known as the Baseband signal. Example:-The information or the input signal to a communication system can be analog i.e., sound, picture or it can be digital e.g. the computer data.

Description : Draw practical set-up and explain the procedure to measure selectivity of radio receiver.

Last Answer : Procedure to measure selectivity of radio receiver: Throughout the measurement the receiver is kept tuned to desired frequency 950 Khz. Now the generator output frequency is deviated below ... the generator output voltage is adjusted to get a standard 50 miliwatt receiver output power.

Description : Draw the structure and state applications of: i) Ferrite loop (rod) antenna ii) Horn antenna

Last Answer : Horn antenna: Application:- i) Used at microwave frequency. ii) Used in satellite tracking.  Ferrite loop antenna: Application:- In Am radio receiver to receive MW and SW band signals. In FM radio receiver

Description : Calculate the characteristics impedance for a transmission line having L=0.5 mH/Km, C=0.08 µF and negligible R and G.

Last Answer : L=0.5 mH/Km C=0.08 µF

Description : State the need of stub. Explain single stub and double stub matching.

Last Answer : Stub:- Stub is the piece of short circuited transmission line which is used to tune out the reactance of the load when connected across the transmission line as close as possible. ... but lengths are independently adjustable. The double stub matching provides wide range of impedance matching.  

Description : Explain the working of amplitude limiter in FM receiver with circuit diagram.

Last Answer : Amplitude limiter: The function of amplitude limiter is to remove all amplitude variation of FM carrier voltage that may occur due to atmospheric disturbances. Use of amplitude limiter makes the system less noisy  Circuit Diagram:

Description : Explain duct propagation with neat sketch.

Last Answer : Duct propagation is a special type and used for very high microwave frequencies. New phenomenon which occurs in super-refraction, also known as ducting. As the height above earth increases, ... in the standard atmosphere. The Duct propagation is used for very high frequencies in GHz range.

Description : A superheterodyne radio receiver with an IF of 455KHZ is turned to 1000KHZ. Find: (i) Image frequency (ii) Local oscillator frequency

Last Answer : Given Intermediate Frequency fi=455KHz Signal frequency =fs=1000KHz Local oscillator frequency fo=fs+fi  Fo=1000KHz+455KHz  =1455KHz Image frequency is the input frequency which produces the same intermediate frequency fsi=fs+2fi  =1000KHz+2*455KHz  =1910KHz 

Description : Draw circuit diagram of transistor reactance modulator. Explain its working.

Last Answer : Explanation- A reactance modulator is illustrated in figure. It is basically a standard commonemitter class A amplifier. Resistors R1 and R2 from a voltage divider to bias ... frequency, whereas a lower capacitance increases the frequency. The circuit produces direct frequency modulations.

Description : State and explain the concept of transmission bandwidth.

Last Answer : Bandwidth is defined as the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal We may also define the bandwidth as the frequency range over which as information signal is transmitted. Bandwidth is the ... to 15 KHZ. Therefore the bandwidth is(f2-f1) BW= f2 - f1= 15000-20=14980Hz