Which of the following stresses is used for identifying the quality of structural steel? (A) Ultimate stress (B) Yield stress (C) Proof stress (D) None of the abov

Which of the following stresses is used for identifying the quality of structural steel?
(A) Ultimate stress
(B) Yield stress
(C) Proof stress
(D) None of the above
by

1 Answer

Answer :

Answer: Option B
by

Related questions

In general in the design of a section by limit method, it is assumed that [ A ] the stress in steel to reach its yield limit before concrete failure [ B ] the stress in concrete to reach its permissible limit before to reach yield stress in steel [ C ] stresses in both concrete and steel reach their permissible values simultaneously [ D ] none of the above are correct

Description : In general in the design of a section by limit method, it is assumed that [ A ] the stress in steel to reach its yield limit before concrete failure [ B ] the stress in concrete to ... in both concrete and steel reach their permissible values simultaneously [ D ] none of the above are correct

Last Answer : [ A ] the stress in steel to reach its yield limit before concrete failure

In general in the design of a section by limit method, it is assumed that [ A ] the stress in steel to reach its yield limit before concrete failure [ B ] the stress in concrete to reach its permissible limit before to reach yield stress in steel [ C ] stresses in both concrete and steel reach their permissible values simultaneously [ D ] none of the above are correct

Description : In general in the design of a section by limit method, it is assumed that [ A ] the stress in steel to reach its yield limit before concrete failure [ B ] the stress in concrete to ... in both concrete and steel reach their permissible values simultaneously [ D ] none of the above are correct

Last Answer : [ A ] the stress in steel to reach its yield limit before concrete failure

Non-ferrous metals and hard steels do not exhibit a definite yield point, when pulled in the testing machine and hence for these cases, a better measure of their elastic properties is defined by the __________ stress. (A) Ultimate (B) Yield point (C) Proof (D) None of these

Description : Non-ferrous metals and hard steels do not exhibit a definite yield point, when pulled in the testing machine and hence for these cases, a better measure of their elastic properties is defined by the __________ stress. (A) Ultimate (B) Yield point (C) Proof (D) None of these

Last Answer : (C) Proof

Examine the following statements: (i) Factor of safety for steel should be based on its yield stress, (ii) Factor of safety for steel should be based on its ultimate stress, (iii) Factor of safety for concrete should be based on its yield stress, (iv) Factor of safety for concrete should be based on its ultimate stress. The correct statements are (A) (i) and (iii) (B) (i) and (iv) (C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (ii) and (iv

Description : Examine the following statements: (i) Factor of safety for steel should be based on its yield stress, (ii) Factor of safety for steel should be based on its ultimate stress, (iii) Factor of safety for concrete should be based on ... (iii) (B) (i) and (iv) (C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (ii) and (iv

Last Answer : Answer: Option B

Consider the following salient points in a stress-strain curve of a mild steel bar: 1. Yield point 2. Braking point 3. Yield plateau 4 . Proportionality limit 5. Ultimate point The correct sequence in which they occur while testing the mild steel bar in tension from initial zero strain to failure is (a) 4, 1, 2, 3 and 5 (b) 1, 4, 3, 5 and 2 (c) 4, 1, 3, 5 and 2 (d) 1, 4, 2, 3 and 5

Description : Consider the following salient points in a stress-strain curve of a mild steel bar: 1. Yield point 2. Braking point 3. Yield plateau 4 . Proportionality limit 5. Ultimate point The correct sequence in which they occur while testing the mild ... , 5 and 2 (c) 4, 1, 3, 5 and 2 (d) 1, 4, 2, 3 and 5

Last Answer : (c) 4, 1, 3, 5 and 2

Stress strain curve of high tensile steel (A) Has a definite yield point (B) Does not show definite yield point but yield point is defined by 0.1% proof stress (C) Does not show definite yield point but yield point is defined by 0.2% proof stress (D) Does not show definite yield point but yield point is defined by 2% proof stress,

Description : Stress strain curve of high tensile steel (A) Has a definite yield point (B) Does not show definite yield point but yield point is defined by 0.1% proof stress (C) Does not show definite yield ... proof stress (D) Does not show definite yield point but yield point is defined by 2% proof stress,

Last Answer : Answer: Option C

The ultimate tensile strength of structural mild steel is about (A) 160 N/mm² (B) 260 N/mm² (C) 420 N/mm² (D) 520 N/mm2

Description : The ultimate tensile strength of structural mild steel is about (A) 160 N/mm² (B) 260 N/mm² (C) 420 N/mm² (D) 520 N/mm

Last Answer : Answer: Option C

The most critical consideration in the design of a rolled steel column carrying axial loads is the (a) Percentage elongation at yield and the net cross-sectional area (b) Critical bending strength and axial yield strength of material (c) Buckling strength based on the net area of the section and percentage elongation at ultimate load (d) Compressive strength based on slenderness ratio and gross cross-sectional area.

Description : The most critical consideration in the design of a rolled steel column carrying axial loads is the (a) Percentage elongation at yield and the net cross-sectional area (b) Critical bending ... at ultimate load (d) Compressive strength based on slenderness ratio and gross cross-sectional area.

Last Answer : (d) Compressive strength based on slenderness ratio and gross cross-sectional area.

If the depth of actual neutral axis of a doubly reinforced beam (A) Is greater than the depth of critical neutral axis, the concrete attains its maximum stress earlier (B) Is less than the depth of critical neutral axis, the steel in the tensile zone attains its maximum stress earlier (C) Is equal to the depth of critical neutral axis; the concrete and steel attain their maximum stresses simultaneously (D) All the above

Description : If the depth of actual neutral axis of a doubly reinforced beam (A) Is greater than the depth of critical neutral axis, the concrete attains its maximum stress earlier (B) Is less ... critical neutral axis; the concrete and steel attain their maximum stresses simultaneously (D) All the above

Last Answer : Answer: Option D

The longitudinal shearing stresses acting on the surface between the steel and concrete are called. (a) Bond stress (b) Tensile stresses (c) Compressive stresses (d) None of these

Description : The longitudinal shearing stresses acting on the surface between the steel and concrete are called. (a) Bond stress (b) Tensile stresses (c) Compressive stresses (d) None of these

Last Answer : (a) Bond stress

If the depth of actual neutral axis is greater than the depth of critical neutral axis, then [ A ] Concrete attains its permissible stress earlier [ B ] Steel attains its permissible stress earlier [ C ] Both concrete and steel reaches its permissible stresses simultaneously [ D ] None of the above

Description : If the depth of actual neutral axis is greater than the depth of critical neutral axis, then [ A ] Concrete attains its permissible stress earlier [ B ] Steel attains its permissible stress earlier [ C ] Both concrete and steel reaches its permissible stresses simultaneously [ D ] None of the above

Last Answer : [ A ] Concrete attains its permissible stress earlier

(A) Percentage elongation (B) Yield strength (C) Ultimate strength (D) Area under stress-strain diagram

Description : (A) Percentage elongation (B) Yield strength (C) Ultimate strength (D) Area under stress-strain diagram

Last Answer : (B) Yield strength

Factor of safety for fatigue loading is the ratio of (a) elastic limit to the working stress (b) Young's modulus to the ultimate tensile strength (c) endurance limit to the working stress (d) elastic limit to the yield point

Description : Factor of safety for fatigue loading is the ratio of (a) elastic limit to the working stress (b) Young's modulus to the ultimate tensile strength (c) endurance limit to the working stress (d) elastic limit to the yield point

Last Answer : (c) endurance limit to the working stress

According to the ASME code, maximum allowable shear stress is taken as X% of yield strength or Y% of ultimate strength. a) X=30 Y=18 b) X=30 Y=30 c) X=18 Y=18 d) X=18 Y=30

Description : According to the ASME code, maximum allowable shear stress is taken as X% of yield strength or Y% of ultimate strength. a) X=30 Y=18 b) X=30 Y=30 c) X=18 Y=18 d) X=18 Y=30

Last Answer : a) X=30 Y=18

According to the ASME code, maximum allowable shear stress is taken as X% of yield strength or Y% of ultimate strength. a) X=30 Y=18 b) X=30 Y=30 c) X=18 Y=18 d) X=18 Y=30

Description : According to the ASME code, maximum allowable shear stress is taken as X% of yield strength or Y% of ultimate strength. a) X=30 Y=18 b) X=30 Y=30 c) X=18 Y=18 d) X=18 Y=30

Last Answer : a) X=30 Y=18

Theories of elastic failure while dealing with brittle materials consider the failure criterion as (a) Ultimate stress (b) Yield stress (c) Both ultimate and yield stress (d) None

Description : Theories of elastic failure while dealing with brittle materials consider the failure criterion as (a) Ultimate stress (b) Yield stress (c) Both ultimate and yield stress (d) None

Last Answer : (a) Ultimate stress

Theories of elastic failure while dealing with ductile materials consider the failure criterion as (a) Ultimate stress (b) Yield stress (c) Both ultimate and yield stress (d) None

Description : Theories of elastic failure while dealing with ductile materials consider the failure criterion as (a) Ultimate stress (b) Yield stress (c) Both ultimate and yield stress (d) None

Last Answer : (b) Yield stress

Factor of safety in machine design is defined as the ratio of ultimate stress to __________ stress. (A) Working (B) Bearing (C) Yield (D) None of these

Description : Factor of safety in machine design is defined as the ratio of ultimate stress to __________ stress. (A) Working (B) Bearing (C) Yield (D) None of these

Last Answer : Option A

According to ASME code, maximum allowable shear stress is taken as X% of yield strength or Y% of ultimate strength. a) X=30 Y=18 b) X=30 Y=30 c) X=18 Y=18 d) X=18 Y=30

Description : According to ASME code, maximum allowable shear stress is taken as X% of yield strength or Y% of ultimate strength. a) X=30 Y=18 b) X=30 Y=30 c) X=18 Y=18 d) X=18 Y=30

Last Answer : a) X=30 Y=18

When the steel is subjected to normalising, its __________ decreases. (A) Yield point (B) Ductility (C) Ultimate tensile strength (UTS)

Description : When the steel is subjected to normalising, its __________ decreases. (A) Yield point (B) Ductility (C) Ultimate tensile strength (UTS)

Last Answer : (B) Ductility

Characteristic strength of steel has been defined as [ A ] 0.1 % proof stress [ B ] 0.2 % proof stress [ C ] 0.4 % proof stress [ D ] Equal to proof stress

Description : Characteristic strength of steel has been defined as [ A ] 0.1 % proof stress [ B ] 0.2 % proof stress [ C ] 0.4 % proof stress [ D ] Equal to proof stress

Last Answer : [ B ] 0.2 % proof stress

The proof stress in steel is the stress corresponding to the strain of [ A ] 0.2 [ B ] 0.02 [ C ] 0.002 [ D ] 0.0002

Description : The proof stress in steel is the stress corresponding to the strain of [ A ] 0.2 [ B ] 0.02 [ C ] 0.002 [ D ] 0.0002

Last Answer : [ C ] 0.002

Answer: b, c The body contains fuel reserves which it can mobilize and utilize during times of starvation or stress. By far the greatest energy component is fat, which is calorically dense since it provides about 9 calories/gram. Body protein comprises the next largest mass of utilizable energy, but amino acids yield only about 4 kcal/gram. Unlike fat reserves, body protein is not a storage form of energy but rather serves as a structural functional component of the body; loss of body protein, if severe, is associated with functional consequences. Glycogen stored in muscle and liver and free glucose have a trivial caloric value of less than 1000 kcal for a 70 kg male

Description : Answer: b, c The body contains fuel reserves which it can mobilize and utilize during times of starvation or stress. By far the greatest energy component is fat, which is calorically dense since it ... liver and free glucose have a trivial caloric value of less than 1000 kcal for a 70 kg male

Last Answer : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the indications and administration of nutritional support to cancer patients? a. Preoperative nutritional support should be provided to all ... total parenteral nutrition solutions maintain integrity of the small bowel e. None of the above

The design yield stress of steel according to IS: 4561978 is: (A) 0.37 fy (B) 0.57 fy (C) 0.67 fy (D) 0.87 fy Where fy is the characteristic yield strength of steel

Description : The design yield stress of steel according to IS: 4561978 is: (A) 0.37 fy (B) 0.57 fy (C) 0.67 fy (D) 0.87 fy Where fy is the characteristic yield strength of steel

Last Answer : Answer: Option D

Design yield stress for steel in tension and compression is [ A ] 0.65 fy [ B ] 0.87 fy [ C ] 0.75 fy [ D ] None of the above

Description : Design yield stress for steel in tension and compression is [ A ] 0.65 fy [ B ] 0.87 fy [ C ] 0.75 fy [ D ] None of the above

Last Answer : [ B ] 0.87 fy

Design yield stress for steel in tension and compression is [ A ] 0.65 fy [ B ] 0.87 fy [ C ] 0.75 fy [ D ] None of the above

Description : Design yield stress for steel in tension and compression is [ A ] 0.65 fy [ B ] 0.87 fy [ C ] 0.75 fy [ D ] None of the above

Last Answer : [ B ] 0.87 fy

As per IS: 1139, permissible stress in compression steel reinforcement for High Yield strength deformed bars is [ A ] 140 N/mm2 [ B ] 190 N/mm2 [ C ] 230 N/mm2 [ D ] 415 N/mm2

Description : As per IS: 1139, permissible stress in compression steel reinforcement for High Yield strength deformed bars is [ A ] 140 N/mm2 [ B ] 190 N/mm2 [ C ] 230 N/mm2 [ D ] 415 N/mm2

Last Answer : [ B ] 190 N/mm2

First and the heaviest flower drop in fruit plants occurs due to : a. Structural defects in the flowers b. Lack of pollination c. Non fertilization d. All of the abov

Description : First and the heaviest flower drop in fruit plants occurs due to : a. Structural defects in the flowers b. Lack of pollination c. Non fertilization d. All of the abov

Last Answer : All of the abov

It is essential that the all possible yield line patterns have to be investigated to find the ------- ----- [ A ] Highest value of the ultimate load [ B ] Lowest value of the ultimate load [ C ] Average value of all the loads. [ D ] None of the above.

Description : It is essential that the all possible yield line patterns have to be investigated to find the ------------ [ A ] Highest value of the ultimate load [ B ] Lowest value of the ultimate load [ C ] Average value of all the loads. [ D ] None of the above.

Last Answer : [ B ] Lowest value of the ultimate load

The yield line ultimate moment is obtained when the yield line is --------------- to the direction of the reinforcement [ A ] Parallel [ B ] At right angles. [ C ] Passes through [ D ] Crosses at an angle of 45°

Description : The yield line ultimate moment is obtained when the yield line is --------------- to the direction of the reinforcement [ A ] Parallel [ B ] At right angles. [ C ] Passes through [ D ] Crosses at an angle of 45°

Last Answer : [ B ] At right angles.

A pressure conduit laid underground, may not be subjected to (A) Internal pressure of water (B) Pressure due to external load (C) Longitudinal temperature stress (D) Longitudinal stresses due to unbalanced pressure to bends

Description : A pressure conduit laid underground, may not be subjected to  (A) Internal pressure of water  (B) Pressure due to external load  (C) Longitudinal temperature stress  (D) Longitudinal stresses due to unbalanced pressure to bends 

Last Answer : (C) Longitudinal temperature stress 

The principal stresses at a point are 100, 100 and -200 kgf/cm2 , the octahedral shear stress at the point is: (A) 100 kg/cm2 (B) 200 kg/cm2 (C) 300 kg/cm2(D) 400 kg/cm2

Description : The principal stresses at a point are 100, 100 and -200 kgf/cm2 , the octahedral shear stress at the  point is:  (A) 100 kg/cm2 (B) 200 kg/cm2 (C) 300 kg/cm2 (D) 400 kg/cm2

Last Answer : (A) 100 kg/cm2

In non-cohesive soil in passive state of plastic equilibrium (A) Major principal stress is horizontal (B) Minor principal stress is vertical (C) Major principal stress is vertical (D) Minor and major principal stresses are equally inclined to the horizontal

Description : In non-cohesive soil in passive state of plastic equilibrium (A) Major principal stress is horizontal (B) Minor principal stress is vertical (C) Major principal stress is vertical (D) Minor and major principal stresses are equally inclined to the horizontal

Last Answer : (B) Minor principal stress is vertical

In active state of plastic equilibrium in a non cohesive soil with horizontal ground surface (A) Major principal stress is horizontal (B) Minor principal stress is vertical (C) Major principal stress is vertical (D) Minor and major principal stresses are equally inclined to horizontal

Description : In active state of plastic equilibrium in a non cohesive soil with horizontal ground surface (A) Major principal stress is horizontal (B) Minor principal stress is vertical (C) Major principal stress is vertical (D) Minor and major principal stresses are equally inclined to horizontal

Last Answer : Answer: Option C

The transverse reinforcements provided at right angles to the main reinforcement (A) Distribute the load (B) Resist the temperature stresses (C) Resist the shrinkage stress (D) All the above

Description : The transverse reinforcements provided at right angles to the main reinforcement (A) Distribute the load (B) Resist the temperature stresses (C) Resist the shrinkage stress (D) All the above

Last Answer : Answer: Option D

In a static fluid (A) Resistance to shear stress is small (B) Fluid pressure is zero (C) Linear deformation is small (D) Only normal stresses can exist

Description : In a static fluid (A) Resistance to shear stress is small (B) Fluid pressure is zero (C) Linear deformation is small (D) Only normal stresses can exist

Last Answer : Answer: Option D

The critical combination of stresses for corner region in cement concrete roads is (A) Load stress + warping stress frictional stress (B) Load stress + warping stress + frictional stress (C) Load stress + warping stress (D) Load stress + frictional stress

Description : The critical combination of stresses for corner region in cement concrete roads is (A) Load stress + warping stress frictional stress (B) Load stress + warping stress + frictional stress (C) Load stress + warping stress (D) Load stress + frictional stress

Last Answer : Answer: Option C

The purpose of reinforcement in pre-stressed concrete is (A) To provide adequate bond stress (B) To resist tensile stresses (C) To impart initial compressive stress in concrete (D) All of the above

Description : The purpose of reinforcement in pre-stressed concrete is (A) To provide adequate bond stress (B) To resist tensile stresses (C) To impart initial compressive stress in concrete (D) All of the above

Last Answer : Answer: Option C

Inc case of prestressed concrete members, the bursting stresses develop at (a) Bond zone (b) Maximum bending moment zone (c ) Maximum shear stress zone (d) Anchorage zone

Description : Inc case of prestressed concrete members, the bursting stresses develop at (a) Bond zone (b) Maximum bending moment zone (c ) Maximum shear stress zone (d) Anchorage zone

Last Answer : (d) Anchorage zone

Reinforced cement concrete is equally strong in taking (a) Tensile and compressive stress (b) Compressive and shear stresses. (c) Tensile, compressive and shear stresses. (d) Tensile and shear stresses.

Description : Reinforced cement concrete is equally strong in taking (a) Tensile and compressive stress (b) Compressive and shear stresses. (c) Tensile, compressive and shear stresses. (d) Tensile and shear stresses.

Last Answer : (c) Tensile, compressive and shear stresses.

A compound bar consists of two bars of equal length. Steel bar cross-section is 3500 mm2 and that of brass bar is 3000 mm2 . These are subjected to a compressive load 100,000 N. If Eb = 0.2 MN/mm2 and Eb = 0.1 MN/mm2 , the stresses developed are: (A) b = 10 N/mm2s = 20 N/mm2(B) b = 8 N/mm2s = 16 N/mm2(C) b = 6 N/mm2s = 12 N/mm2(D) b = 5 N/mm2s = 10 N/mm

Description : A compound bar consists of two bars of equal length. Steel bar cross-section is 3500 mm2 and that  of brass bar is 3000 mm2 . These are subjected to a compressive load 100,000 N. If Eb = 0.2  MN/mm2  and Eb = 0.1 ... 6 N/mm2 s  = 12 N/mm2 (D) b = 5 N/mm2 s  = 10 N/mm

Last Answer : (A) b = 10 N/mm2 s  = 20 N/mm

If permissible working stresses in steel and concrete are respectively 1400 kg/cm2 and 80 kg/cm2 and modular ratio is 18, in a beam reinforced in tension side and of width 30 cm and having effective depth 46 cm, the lever arms of the section, is (A) 37 cm (B) 38 cm (C) 39 cm (D) 40 cm

Description : If permissible working stresses in steel and concrete are respectively 1400 kg/cm2 and 80 kg/cm2 and modular ratio is 18, in a beam reinforced in tension side and of width 30 cm and having effective depth 46 cm, the lever arms of the section, is (A) 37 cm (B) 38 cm (C) 39 cm (D) 40 cm

Last Answer : Answer: Option D

A short column 20 cm × 20 cm in section is reinforced with 4 bars whose area of cross section is 20 sq. cm. If permissible compressive stresses in concrete and steel are 40 kg/cm2 and 300 kg/cm2 , the Safe load on the column, should not exceed (A) 4120 kg (B) 41,200 kg (C) 412,000 kg (D) None of these

Description : A short column 20 cm 20 cm in section is reinforced with 4 bars whose area of cross section is 20 sq. cm. If permissible compressive stresses in concrete and steel are 40 kg/cm2 and 300 kg/cm2 , the Safe load on ... should not exceed (A) 4120 kg (B) 41,200 kg (C) 412,000 kg (D) None of these

Last Answer : Answer: Option B

The section of a reinforced beam where most distant concrete fibre in compression and tension in steel attains permissible stresses simultaneously, is called (A) Balanced sectionB) Economic section (C) Critical section (D) All the above

Description : The section of a reinforced beam where most distant concrete fibre in compression and tension in steel attains permissible stresses simultaneously, is called (A) Balanced section B) Economic section (C) Critical section (D) All the above

Last Answer : Answer: Option D

The stresses developed in concrete and steel in reinforced concrete beam 25 cm width and 70 cm effective depth, are 62.5 kg/cm2 and 250 kg/cm2 respectively. If m = 15, the depth of its neutral axis is (A) 20 cm (B) 25 cm (C) 30 cm (D) 35 cm

Description : The stresses developed in concrete and steel in reinforced concrete beam 25 cm width and 70 cm effective depth, are 62.5 kg/cm2 and 250 kg/cm2 respectively. If m = 15, the depth of its neutral axis is (A) 20 cm (B) 25 cm (C) 30 cm (D) 35 cm

Last Answer : Answer: Option C

In a singly reinforced beam (A) Compression is borne entirely by concrete (B) Steel possesses initial stresses when embedded in concrete (C) Plane sections transverse to the centre line of the beam before bending remain plane after bending (D) Elastic moduli for concrete and steel have different values within the limits of deformation of the beam

Description : In a singly reinforced beam (A) Compression is borne entirely by concrete (B) Steel possesses initial stresses when embedded in concrete (C) Plane sections transverse to the centre line ... Elastic moduli for concrete and steel have different values within the limits of deformation of the beam

Last Answer : Answer: Option C

If the permissible compressive and tensile stresses in a singly reinforced beam are 50 kg/cm2 and 1400 kg/cm2 respectively and the modular ratio is 18, the percentage area At of the steel required for an economic section, is (A) 0.496 % (B) 0.596 % (C) 0.696 % (D) 0.796 %

Description : If the permissible compressive and tensile stresses in a singly reinforced beam are 50 kg/cm2 and 1400 kg/cm2 respectively and the modular ratio is 18, the percentage area At of the steel required for an economic section, is (A) 0.496 % (B) 0.596 % (C) 0.696 % (D) 0.796 %

Last Answer : Answer: Option C

In symmetrically reinforced sections, shrinkage stresses in concrete and steel are respectively (A) Compressive and tensile (B) Tensile and compressive (C) Both compressive (D) Both tensile

Description : In symmetrically reinforced sections, shrinkage stresses in concrete and steel are respectively (A) Compressive and tensile (B) Tensile and compressive (C) Both compressive (D) Both tensile

Last Answer : Answer: Option D

In a beam section, if the steel reinforcement is of such a magnitude that the permissible stresses in concrete and steel are developed simultaneously, the section is. (a) Balanced section (b) Economical section (c) Critical section (d) All the above

Description : In a beam section, if the steel reinforcement is of such a magnitude that the permissible stresses in concrete and steel are developed simultaneously, the section is. (a) Balanced section (b) Economical section (c) Critical section (d) All the above

Last Answer : (d) All the above

The application of elastic theory to the beams is based on the assumption that (a) At any cross-section, plane sections before bending remain plane after bending (b) All tensile stresses are taken up by reinforcement alone and none by the concrete. (c) Steel reinforcement is free from initial stresses when it is embedded in concrete. (d) All of the above

Description : The application of elastic theory to the beams is based on the assumption that (a) At any cross-section, plane sections before bending remain plane after bending (b) All tensile stresses are taken ... reinforcement is free from initial stresses when it is embedded in concrete. (d) All of the above

Last Answer : (d) All of the above