The immune system normally discriminates between which types of antigens. a) B and T cells b) self and non-self c) humoral and cell-mediated d) primary and secondary

The immune system normally discriminates between which types of antigens. a) B and T cells b) self and non-self c) humoral and cell-mediated d) primary and secondary
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ANSWER: B -- SELF AND NON-SELF
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The initiation of a humoral immune response involves a complex interaction of the antigen, cells and intercellular messengers. Which of the following statement(s) concerning the initiation of the humoral immune response is/are correct? a. Helper T lymphocytes stimulate B lymphocytes through secretion of cytokines such as interleukin 4 and 6 b. A number of cells can aid in presenting the antigen to the helper T cell including B lymphocytes and macrophages c. All antigens require coordinated efforts of the various cellular components of the immune system d. An antigen must be a living microorganism

Description : The initiation of a humoral immune response involves a complex interaction of the antigen, cells and intercellular messengers. Which of the following statement(s) concerning the initiation of the ... various cellular components of the immune system d. An antigen must be a living microorganism

Last Answer : Answer: a, b Stimulation of the immune system occurs after a variety of antigen-presenting cells (B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells) act to engulf ... polysaccharides), most antigens require coordinated efforts of the various cellular components of the immune system

____ becomes activated to eliminate "nonself" cells, such as virus- infected cells or cancer cells. a. Humoral immune response b. Cell-mediated immune response c. Complement d. Inflammation

Description : ____ becomes activated to eliminate "nonself" cells, such as virus- infected cells or cancer cells. a. Humoral immune response b. Cell-mediated immune response c. Complement d. Inflammation

Last Answer : b. Cell-mediated immune response

Grafted kidney may be rejected in a patient due to (a) passive immune response (b) innate immune response (c) humoral immune response (d) cell-mediated immune response.

Description : Grafted kidney may be rejected in a patient due to (a) passive immune response (b) innate immune response (c) humoral immune response (d) cell-mediated immune response.

Last Answer : (d) cell-mediated immune response.

Which of the following immune responses is responsible for rejection of kidney graft? (a) Cell-mediated immune response (b) Auto-immune response (c) Humoral immune response (d) Inflammatory immune response

Description : Which of the following immune responses is responsible for rejection of kidney graft? (a) Cell-mediated immune response (b) Auto-immune response (c) Humoral immune response (d) Inflammatory immune response

Last Answer : (a) Cell-mediated immune response

Acquired immunity consists of humoral immunity maintained by _____ and _____, and cell-mediated immunity controlled by _____ a. T cells, complement, B cells b. T cells, Interleukin, B cells c. B cells, antibodies, T cells d. B cells, histamine, T cells

Description : Acquired immunity consists of humoral immunity maintained by _____ and _____, and cell-mediated immunity controlled by _____ a. T cells, complement, B cells b. T cells, Interleukin, B cells c. B cells, antibodies, T cells d. B cells, histamine, T cells

Last Answer : c. B cells, antibodies, T cells

._________ cells are associated with immunity while_____________ cells are part of___________ immunity. a. B; cell-mediated; T; innate b. T; humoral; B; cellular c. T; cell-mediated; B; humoral d. T; humoral; B; nonspecific

Description : ._________ cells are associated with immunity while_____________ cells are part of___________ immunity. a. B; cell-mediated; T; innate b. T; humoral; B; cellular c. T; cell-mediated; B; humoral d. T; humoral; B; nonspecific

Last Answer : c. T; cell-mediated; B; humoral

What type of immune cell may control IgE-mediated hypersensitivities? a. Suppressor T cells b. Plasma cells c. Cytotoxic T cells d. Neutrophils

Description : What type of immune cell may control IgE-mediated hypersensitivities? a. Suppressor T cells b. Plasma cells c. Cytotoxic T cells d. Neutrophils

Last Answer : a. Suppressor T cells

_____ responds to, distinguishes between and remembers specific pathogens it has encountered. a. Acquired immunity b. Innate immunity c. Humoral immunity d. Cell-mediated immunity

Description : _____ responds to, distinguishes between and remembers specific pathogens it has encountered. a. Acquired immunity b. Innate immunity c. Humoral immunity d. Cell-mediated immunity

Last Answer : a. Acquired immunity

Cyclosporine has the following attributes except: A. It selectively suppresses humoral immunity without affecting cell mediated immunity B. It is more active as immunosuppressant when administered before antigen exposure than after it C. It is not toxic to the bone marrow D. Its major toxicity is kidney damage

Description : Cyclosporine has the following attributes except: A. It selectively suppresses humoral immunity without affecting cell mediated immunity B. It is more active as immunosuppressant when administered before antigen exposure ... It is not toxic to the bone marrow D. Its major toxicity is kidney damage

Last Answer : A. It selectively suppresses humoral immunity without affecting cell mediated immunity

Which of the following terms refers to a form of white blood cell involved in immune response? a) Lymphocyte Both B and T lymphocytes respond to exposure to antigens. b) Granulocyte Granulocytes include basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils. c) Spherocyte A spherocyte is a red blood cell without central pallor, seen with hemolysis. d) Thrombocyte A thombocyte is a platelet.

Description : Which of the following terms refers to a form of white blood cell involved in immune response? a) Lymphocyte Both B and T lymphocytes respond to exposure to antigens. b) Granulocyte Granulocytes ... blood cell without central pallor, seen with hemolysis. d) Thrombocyte A thombocyte is a platelet.

Last Answer : a) Lymphocyte Both B and T lymphocytes respond to exposure to antigens.

According to which theory is the given statement correct ? Statement. B and T cells having receptors for self antigens, undergo programmed cell death

Description : According to which theory is the given statement correct ? Statement. B and T cells having receptors for self antigens, undergo programmed cell death

Last Answer : According to which theory is the given statement correct ? Statement. B and T cells having ... C. Wear and tear throry D. Immunological theory

The neurohormonal arm of the stress response is well defined. Less is known about the inflammatory arm mediated primarily by cytokines. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning this arm of the surgical stress response? a. Cytokines primarily work locally via direct cell-to-cell communication b. Cytokines are never detectable in the systemic bloodstream c. Cytokines are produced only by immune cells attracted to the site of injury d. Cytokine release may stimulate the release of other cytokines leading to an important cascade of events

Description : The neurohormonal arm of the stress response is well defined. Less is known about the inflammatory arm mediated primarily by cytokines. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true ... Cytokine release may stimulate the release of other cytokines leading to an important cascade of events

Last Answer : Answer: a, d Cytokines, which are produced at the site of injury by endothelial cells and by diverse immune cells throughout the body, also occupy a pivotal position in the stress response ... act as hormones and spill over into the systemic circulation and become detectable in the bloodstream

A high surface area to volume ratio in cells is important because it (a) Enables efficient transfer of wastes, nutrients and gases across the cell membrane (b) Prevents overproduction of cell proteins due to structural limitations (c) Allows many antigens on the surface for identification of self and non-self (d) Provides for better structural support to cope with external physical pressure

Description : A high surface area to volume ratio in cells is important because it (a) Enables efficient transfer of wastes, nutrients and gases across the cell membrane (b) Prevents overproduction of cell ... self and non-self (d) Provides for better structural support to cope with external physical pressure

Last Answer : Ans:(a)

Negative phase is observed in A- secondary humoral response B- primary humoral response C- both (a) and (b) D- none of the above

Description : Negative phase is observed in A- secondary humoral response B- primary humoral response C- both (a) and (b) D- none of the above

Last Answer : secondary humoral response

Transplantation of tissues/organs fails often due to non-acceptance by the patient’s body. Which type of immune response is responsible for such rejections? (a) Cell-mediated immune response (b) Hormonal immune response (c) Physiological immune response (d) Autoimmune response

Description : Transplantation of tissues/organs fails often due to non-acceptance by the patient’s body. Which type of immune response is responsible for such rejections? (a) Cell-mediated immune response (b) Hormonal immune response (c) Physiological immune response (d) Autoimmune response

Last Answer : (a) Cell-mediated immune response

Transplantation of tissues/organs fails often due to non-acceptance by the patient's body. Which type of immune-response is responsible for such rejections ? (1) Cell - mediated immune response (2) Hormonal immune response (3) Physiological immune response (4) Autoimmune response

Description : Transplantation of tissues/organs fails often due to non-acceptance by the patient's body. Which type of immune-response is responsible for such rejections ? (1) Cell - mediated immune response (2) Hormonal immune response (3) Physiological immune response (4) Autoimmune response

Last Answer : (1) Cell - mediated immune response

During the course of a cellular hypersensitivity a. Antibodies react with antigens in tissues. b. Serotonin and histamine are released by cells. c. Immune complexes form on blood vessel surfacesd. A skin thickening called an induration may form..

Description : During the course of a cellular hypersensitivity a. Antibodies react with antigens in tissues. b. Serotonin and histamine are released by cells. c. Immune complexes form on blood vessel surfaces. d. A skin thickening called an induration may form.

Last Answer : b. Serotonin and histamine are released by cells.

Hyperimmune serum is serum with a higher than normal level of _____. a. antigens b. antibodies c. toxins d. immune cells

Description : Hyperimmune serum is serum with a higher than normal level of _____. a. antigens b. antibodies c. toxins d. immune cells

Last Answer : b. antibodies

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complexes formed when antigens bind to antibodies? a) Type III Type III hypersensitivity is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, serum sickness, certain types of nephritis, and some types of bacterial endocarditis.

Description : Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complexes formed when antigens bind to antibodies? a) Type III Type III hypersensitivity is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid ... , or delayed-type, hypersensitivity occurs 24-72 hours after exposure to an allergen.

Last Answer : a) Type III Type III hypersensitivity is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, serum sickness, certain types of nephritis, and some types of bacterial endocarditis.

TH1 cells activatea. B cells. b. Killing of pathogens in macrophages. c. Cytotoxic T cells. d. Humoral immunity.

Description : TH1 cells activate a. B cells. b. Killing of pathogens in macrophages. c. Cytotoxic T cells. d. Humoral immunity.

Last Answer : d. Humoral immunity

Which of the following statements is false regarding B cells? A- B cells can undergo class switching and produce a different antibody type B- B one marrow stem cells migrate to the thymus and develop into B cells C- B cells synthesize antibodies and put them on their cell surface D- B cells that recognize high concentrations of antigens (self) in the absence of other signals

Description : Which of the following statements is false regarding B cells? A- B cells can undergo class switching and produce a different antibody type B- B one marrow stem cells migrate to the thymus and ... D- B cells that recognize high concentrations of antigens (self) in the absence of other signals

Last Answer : B one marrow stem cells migrate to the thymus and develop into B cells

T cell receptors (or TCR) on CD4+ T cells A.recognize peptides not associated with MHC molecules B.recognize peptides associated with MHC class I molecules C.recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules D.are secreted out into the environment to bind antigens

Description : T cell receptors (or TCR) on CD4+ T cells A.recognize peptides not associated with MHC molecules  B.recognize peptides associated with MHC class I molecules  C.recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules  D.are secreted out into the environment to bind antigens

Last Answer : C.recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules

Which of the following is correct?A- All T Cells are CD4+ B- An epitope can have multiple antigens C- .T Cell receptors are generated by random assortment of gene cassettes D- .MHC Class II molecules are generated by random assortment of gene cassettes

Description : Which of the following is correct? A- All T Cells are CD4+ B- An epitope can have multiple antigens C- .T Cell receptors are generated by random assortment of gene cassettes D- .MHC Class II molecules are generated by random assortment of gene cassettes

Last Answer : .T Cell receptors are generated by random assortment of gene cassettes

cell receptors (or TCR) on CD4+ T cells A-recognize peptides not associated with MHC molecules B- recognize peptides associated with MHC class I moleculesC- recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules D- are secreted out into the environment to bind antigens

Description : cell receptors (or TCR) on CD4+ T cells A-recognize peptides not associated with MHC molecules B- recognize peptides associated with MHC class I moleculesC- recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules D- are secreted out into the environment to bind antigens

Last Answer : recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules

In higher vertebrates, the immune system can distinguish self-cells and non-self. If this property is lost due to genetic abnormality and it attacks self- cells, then it leads to (a) autoimmune disease (b) active immunity (c) allergic response (d) graft rejection.

Description : In higher vertebrates, the immune system can distinguish self-cells and non-self. If this property is lost due to genetic abnormality and it attacks self- cells, then it leads to (a) autoimmune disease (b) active immunity (c) allergic response (d) graft rejection.

Last Answer : (a) autoimmune disease

Antigens and haptens have the following similarity: (A) They have high molecular weights (B) They can elicit immune response by themselves (C) They can elicit an immune response only in association with some other large molecule (D) Once an immune response develops, free antigen and free hapten can be recognized by the antibody

Description : Antigens and haptens have the following similarity: (A) They have high molecular weights (B) They can elicit immune response by themselves (C) They can elicit an immune response only in association ... ) Once an immune response develops, free antigen and free hapten can be recognized by the antibody

Last Answer : Answer : D

The main reason why antibodies could not solve all the problems of bacteria mediated disease is (a) decreased efficiency of the immune system (b) insensitivity of the individual following prolonged exposure to antibiotics (c) development of mutant strains resistant to antibodies (d) inactivation of antibiotics by bacterial enzymes.

Description : The main reason why antibodies could not solve all the problems of bacteria mediated disease is (a) decreased efficiency of the immune system (b) insensitivity of the individual ... development of mutant strains resistant to antibodies (d) inactivation of antibiotics by bacterial enzymes.

Last Answer : (c) development of mutant strains resistant to antibodies

Cell-mediated immunity is the function of (A) B lymphocytes (B) T lymphocytes (C) Plasma cells (D) Basophils

Description : Cell-mediated immunity is the function of (A) B lymphocytes (B) T lymphocytes (C) Plasma cells (D) Basophils

Last Answer : Answer : B

Which of the following cells during gametogenesis is normally diploid ? (a) Spermatogonia (b) Secondary polar body (c) Primary polar body (d) Spermatid

Description : Which of the following cells during gametogenesis is normally diploid ? (a) Spermatogonia (b) Secondary polar body (c) Primary polar body (d) Spermatid

Last Answer : (a) Spermatogonia

Which of the following is NOT correct about hormones? A) Hormones are generally found across the animal kingdom. B) Hormones may be used at a distance from where the hormone is made. C) Hormones have a slower effect than that mediated by the nervous system. D) Hormones bind to receptor sites at a target cell. E) Hormones are directed to the target organ and avoid contact with non-target cells.

Description : Which of the following is NOT correct about hormones? A) Hormones are generally found across the animal kingdom. B) Hormones may be used at a distance from where the hormone is made. C) ... target cell. E) Hormones are directed to the target organ and avoid contact with non-target cells.

Last Answer : E) Hormones are directed to the target organ and avoid contact with non-target cells.

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary immune response?

Description : What is the difference between a primary and a secondary immune response?

Last Answer : A: A primary immune response occurs when the immune system is exposed to a pathogen for the first time, while a secondary immune response occurs when the immune system is exposed to a pathogen it has encountered before.

MHC Class II proteins, in conjunction with antigens, are recognised by (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Description : MHC Class II proteins, in conjunction with antigens, are recognised by (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Last Answer : Answer : B

MHC class I proteins, in conjunction with antigens are recognised by (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Description : MHC class I proteins, in conjunction with antigens are recognised by (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Last Answer : Answer : A

T cells can recognise (A) Free antigens (B) Antigens bound to cells (C) Antigens bound to antibodies (D) Antigens bound to MHC proteins

Description : T cells can recognise (A) Free antigens (B) Antigens bound to cells (C) Antigens bound to antibodies (D) Antigens bound to MHC proteins

Last Answer : Answer : D

The following are true : a. the HLA proteins are found within the cytoplasm of the cells b. HLA class I antigens are expressed on all cells with nuclei c. HLA class II antigens presents the virus infected cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes d. HLA genes are found on chromosome 6 e. HLA tissue typing is carried out in all forms of transplantation to prevent rejection

Description : The following are true : a. the HLA proteins are found within the cytoplasm of the cells b. HLA class I antigens are expressed on all cells with nuclei c. HLA class II antigens presents ... on chromosome 6 e. HLA tissue typing is carried out in all forms of transplantation to prevent rejection

Last Answer : HLA class I antigens are expressed on all cells with nuclei

All forms of immunity depend on an exposure to antigens and a subsequent response by _____ cells. a. basophil b. neutrophil c. NK d. T

Description : All forms of immunity depend on an exposure to antigens and a subsequent response by _____ cells. a. basophil b. neutrophil c. NK d. T

Last Answer : d. T

Photosynthesis in C4 plants is relatively less limited by atmospheric CO2 levels because (a) effective pumping of CO2 into bundle sheath cells (b) RuBisCO in C4 plants has higher affinity for CO2 (c) four carbon acids are the primary initial CO2 fixation products (d) the primary fixation of CO2 is mediated via PEP carboxylase. (2005) 65. In sugarcane plant

Description : Photosynthesis in C4 plants is relatively less limited by atmospheric CO2 levels because (a) effective pumping of CO2 into bundle sheath cells (b) RuBisCO in C4 plants has higher affinity for CO2 (c ... d) the primary fixation of CO2 is mediated via PEP carboxylase. (2005) 65. In sugarcane plant

Last Answer : (d) the primary fixation of CO2 is mediated via PEP carboxylase.

Type I ADR reactions is___________ a) Caused when T-cells bind to a specific antigen b) Caused by tissue injury c) IgE mediated d) Caused by cytotoxic antibodies

Description : Type I ADR reactions is___________ a) Caused when T-cells bind to a specific antigen b) Caused by tissue injury c) IgE mediated d) Caused by cytotoxic antibodies

Last Answer : c) IgE mediated 

Which of these is specifically responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? a) T cells b) B cells c) platelets d) All of the above

Description : Which of these is specifically responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? a) T cells b) B cells c) platelets d) All of the above

Last Answer : ANSWER: B -- B CELLS

The following are true about cell-mediated immunity: a. antigen-specific function is the role of the T-lymphocytes b. cell-mediated immunity can activate the complement system c. it is responsible for the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. d. Gamma interferon is an important mediator of B-cell activation.

Description : The following are true about cell-mediated immunity: a. antigen-specific function is the role of the T-lymphocytes b. cell-mediated immunity can activate the complement system c. it is ... the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. d. Gamma interferon is an important mediator of B-cell activation.

Last Answer : cell-mediated immunity can activate the complement system

In the body's immune system, _____ are the major producers of secreted antibodies. a. macrophages b. plasma cells c. T cells d. B cells

Description : In the body's immune system, _____ are the major producers of secreted antibodies. a. macrophages b. plasma cells c. T cells d. B cells

Last Answer : b. plasma cells

Do you think that requiring people to serve jury duty discriminates against those with lower incomes?

Description : Do you think that requiring people to serve jury duty discriminates against those with lower incomes?

Last Answer : I think the problem is that Jurors aren't compensated properly for their time. If you made a reasonable wage from your time on a jury, then this wouldn't really be an issue. The justice system ... t think a jury of millionaires would be as likely to judge white collar crimes as harshly for example.

Would you participate in an organization that discriminates against homosexuals, atheists and agnostics?

Description : Would you participate in an organization that discriminates against homosexuals, atheists and agnostics?

Last Answer : Nope. Not just because boy scouts have been accused (and I believe in some cases to be true) of all of these things but also because they’re no co-ed.

Which of the following devices discriminates between multicast and unicast packets? 1) Multicast switch 2) Bicast switch 3) Bicast router 4) Mulicast Router

Description : Which of the following devices discriminates between multicast and unicast packets? 1) Multicast switch 2) Bicast switch 3) Bicast router 4) Mulicast Router

Last Answer : 4) Mulicast Router

Which of the following devices discriminates between multicast and unicast packets? 1 Multicast switch 2 Bicast switch 3 Bicast router 4 Mulicast Router

Description : Which of the following devices discriminates between multicast and unicast packets? 1 Multicast switch 2 Bicast switch 3 Bicast router 4 Mulicast Router

Last Answer : 4 Mulicast Router

Which of the following is secondary to immune deficiency: A. Pseudo membrane deficiency B. Herpes simplex C. Squamous cell carcinoma D. Elevated Epstein bar viruses incidence

Description : Which of the following is secondary to immune deficiency: A. Pseudo membrane deficiency B. Herpes simplex C. Squamous cell carcinoma D. Elevated Epstein bar viruses incidence

Last Answer : D. Elevated Epstein bar viruses incidence

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about the role of macrophages in the wound healing process? a. Macrophages are the dominant cell type during the inflammatory phase of wound healing b. Macrophages are not essential for wound healing c. The macrophage role in wound healing is limited to phagocytosis d. Macrophages are a source of a number of humoral factors essential for wound healing

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about the role of macrophages in the wound healing process? a. Macrophages are the dominant cell type during the inflammatory phase of wound ... phagocytosis d. Macrophages are a source of a number of humoral factors essential for wound healing

Last Answer : Answer: a, d Within three or four days after injury, macrophages become the dominant cell type in the inflammatory phase of wound healing. The role of macrophages is not limited only ... . These studies confirm the dominant role of the macrophage and the inflammatory phase of wound healing

What immunodeficiency disorder is associated with a tack of T and B cells and complete immune dysfunction? a. DiGeorge syndrome b. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease c. Chronic granulomatous disease d. Chédiak-Higashi syndrome

Description : What immunodeficiency disorder is associated with a tack of T and B cells and complete immune dysfunction? a. DiGeorge syndrome b. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease c. Chronic granulomatous disease d. Chédiak-Higashi syndrome

Last Answer : b. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease

The vascular cambium normally gives rise to (a) primary phloem (b) secondary xylem (c) periderm (d) phelloderm.

Description : The vascular cambium normally gives rise to (a) primary phloem (b) secondary xylem (c) periderm (d) phelloderm.

Last Answer : (b) secondary xylem