Explain the working of series hybrid vehicle.

1 Answer

Answer :

Series-Hybrid vehicle

In Series Hybrid vehicles, the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) drives a generator, which charges the battery and supplies current to the electronically controlled motor. The electric motor propels the car. In this system, Internal Combustion Engine operates at constant speed with maximum efficiency, It causes low exhaust emissions. The vehicle is controlled electronically. The electric control simplifies the mechanical gears and the differential. Both Internal combustion engine and electric drive have to be rated to the maximum power. It has low overall system efficiency.

image

Related questions

Description : What is hybrid vehicle? Explain working with the help of layout of a series hybrid vehicle. 

Last Answer : Hybrid Vehicle: A hybrid vehicle is one that uses two different methods to propel the vehicle. A hybrid electric vehicle, abbreviated HEV uses both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor to propel ... have to be rated to the maximum power. It has low overall system efficiency.

Description : Explain the need of hybrid vehicles.

Last Answer : Need of Hybrid Vehicle : 1) To increase fuel efficiency. 2) To reduce gaseous emission. 3) To increase acceleration capability. 4) To reduce noise emission. 5) To provide alternate solution for fossil fuels 6) To comply the stringent Emission Norms Hybrid Vehicles are needed.

Description : Write about need advantages and of limitation in Hybrid vehicles.

Last Answer : Need of Hybrid Vehicle 1. To increase fuel efficiency. 2. To reduce gaseous emission. 3. To increase acceleration capability. 4. To reduce noise emission. 5. To reduce fuel consumption Advantages 1. ... 1. Less power. 2. Can be expensive. 3. Poorer handling. 4. Higher maintenance cost.

Description : State four methods to improve fuel economy of a vehicle.

Last Answer : Answer: Methods of improving fuel economy.  1) Use of multi-functional fuel additives will provide 3 to 4% fuel economy. 2) Good driving habits. 3) Properly maintained fuel supply ... computer controlled ignition system. 6) Use of higher voltage automotive electrical system (42 volts system).

Description : Explain working of LPG kit with labeled block diagram.

Last Answer : Working of LPG Kit: LPG Tank: It is used to store the LPG at 10 bar Filler Valve: It allows the LPG into the tank while feeling. Pressure Relief Valve: It is used to limit ... regulator Mixer / gas injection which flows the LPG into the combustion chamber  Block diagram:  

Description : Explain the working computer controlled EGR system.

Last Answer : Exhaust Gas recirculation: EGR System is control by the ECM. A pressure sensor monitors the exhaust system pressure. The sensor signals this information of pressure to the ECM. The ECM sends the signal ... open and close the EGR valve. Thus it controls the amount of exhaust gas recalculated.

Description : With neat labeled figure, explain the working of any two position of PCV (positive crank case ventilation) valve.

Last Answer : PCV Valve: It consists of a spring loaded tapered valve for flow control. The crankcase pressure and manifold vacuum act together to close the valve where as the spring pressure tends to keep it open.(Fig a ... back seat sealing the inlet and crankcase is protected from the back fire.(Fig d).

Description : Explain working of Variable Valve Timing and Electronic lift control (VTEC) system. Enlist its advantage and Drawbacks

Last Answer : Answer: Working of Variable Valve Timing and Electronic lift control (VTEC) system:- VTEC (which stands for Variable Valve Timing and Lift Electronic Control) is an electronic and mechanical system ... 2) Maintenance cost is high 3) Very complex structure required complicated control system.

Description : Explain the working of diesel engine glow plugs with neat sketch

Last Answer : Glow plug is an aid for cold starting of a C.I. engine. The self-ignition temperature of diesel is 250°C. For compression ignition, the charge (air + diesel) should reach a temperature of ... plugs is automatically interrupted. But starting may be attempted again as soon as the driver wishes.   

Description : Explain the construction and working of throttle body injection (TBI) system. 

Last Answer : The throttle body injection (TBI) system uses one or two injector valves mounted in a throttle body assembly. The injectors spray fuel into the top of the throttle body air horn The TBI fuel ... are then used to calculate the triggering signals for the injectors and other system actuators.  

Description : Explain the working of high pressure accumulator in CRDI system. 

Last Answer : In common rail systems, a high-pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure - up to and above 2,000 bars (psi). The term "common rail" refers to the fact that ... in that it only has to maintain a commanded pressure at a target (either mechanically or electronically controlled). 

Description : Draw a labeled block diagram of CNG conversion Kit. Describe it’s working

Last Answer : Working of CNG Kit: The Sequential Injection system still has a high pressure tank, filler, filter and regulator, the regulator is different in that it puts out a steady pressure as opposed ... , natural gas temperature sensor and coolant temperature sensor to operate and control the system.  

Description : Describe the working of high pressure fuel pump. 

Last Answer : Working: Downward motion of plunger: The safety valve at the inlet opens if the pre-supply pressure of fuel exceeds 1.5 bars and fuel comes and fills the chamber till the plunger moves up to BDC. ... . A constant pressure of about 1400 to 1600 bar is maintained in the common rail. 

Description : With the help of suitable sketch describe the working of pressure regulator.

Last Answer : Working of pressure regulator : The fuel pump provides more fuel than the maximum required by the engine. Fuel not used by the engine is returned to the fuel tank. The fuel rail supplies all injectors. The pressure ... between 2.0 and 3.5 bar and allows excess fuel to return to the fuel tank.

Description : List the actuators used in MPFI system and working of any one. 

Last Answer : Actuators of MPFI 1.Fuel Injector 2. Idle speed control valve. 3. Inlet metering valve. 4. Vacuum solenoid valve 5. Cam actuators. Fuel Injector-In MPFI system, Top feed fuel ... fuel between the Pintle and discharge opening to form a fine spray pattern that has a cone shape.  

Description : Draw a block diagram of CRDI system and describe its working.

Last Answer : Working of CRDI system: High pressure pump provides high pressure fuel to the common rail. The common rail stores the fuel and maintains a constant pressure in the common rail line (approximately 1500 bars.). ... rate can be modified by controlling the nozzle needle movement. OR

Description : Describe the working of EGR valve with neat sketch.

Last Answer : Answer: Exhaust Gas Recirculation Valve (Operation-2 marks, Sketch-2 marks) When the engine is idling, the EGR valve is closed and there is no EGR flow into the manifold. The EGR valve remains closed ... exhaust gas (less than 10% of total) to be supplied into the incoming air: fuel mixture

Description : Describe the construction and working of D-MPFI and L-MPFI with help of neat sketch.

Last Answer : D-LMFI System: It is Manifold fuel injection system.In this type, the vacuum in the intake manifold and volume of air by its density are sensed in this type of MPFI system .As air enters into ... intake manifold , the air flow sensor measures the amount of air and sends information to ECU.

Description : Draw a labeled block of LPG conversion kit. Describe its working.

Last Answer : Working of CNG Kit: The Sequential Injection system still has a high pressure tank, filler, filter and regulator, the regulator is different in that it puts out a steady pressure as opposed ... , natural gas temperature sensor and coolant temperature sensor to operate and control the system.

Description : Describe the working of fuel injector with neat sketch

Last Answer : Fuel Injector: The injector assembly consists of - i) a needle valve ii) a compression spring iii) a nozzle iv) an injector body When the fuel is supplied to lift the injection ... spring tension and hence the valve opening pressure is controlled by adjusting the screw provided at the top.

Description : Describe the working of electronically controlled diesel injection pump. 

Last Answer : Answer: Electronically controlled diesel injection pump: This is similar to conventional pumps, but its injection is controlled by Electronic Control Unit (ECU) which control solenoid valve in the injection pump ... modifies the current to the solenoid valve, to supply fuel as per requirement.  

Description : Describe construction and working of TBI system with suitable sketch.

Last Answer : Construction and working of TBI system: Throttle Body Injection is an electronically controlled injection system in which an electronic fuel injector injects the fuel intermittently in to the intake manifold ... to calculate the triggering signals for the injectors and other system actuators.

Description : Explain Evaporative emission control system.

Last Answer : EVAP system Operation: When the engine is running, stored fuel vapours in fuel tank are purged from the canister whenever the throttle has opened past the purge port and coolant temperature is above 54 °C. ... The EVAP system is designed to limit maximum vacuum and pressure in the fuel tank.   

Description : Explain Delay Period in detail.

Last Answer : Delay period: Ignition delay period is the time period between start of injection and start of combustion, has a great influence on the correct optimization of a diesel engine. The knock phenomenon ... with air, and mixture rose in temperature. Pre-flame reactions occur during chemical delay  

Description : Sketch and Explain F-head combustion chamber.

Last Answer : In F-head combustion chamber one valve is in head and other in the block. This design is a compromise between L-head and I head combustion chambers. Advantages are : High volumetric ... This design is the complex mechanism for operation of valves and expensive special shaped piston. 

Description : Explain engine design modification parameter to control emissions.

Last Answer : Methods used for improving the exhaust emission under the engine design modification are 1. Use of leaner air-fuel ratios: The carburetor may be modified to provide relatively lean air fuel ... tolerances and using special type of carburetors. This also includes fuel injection in manifold.  

Description : Explain the methods of fuel injection used EFI system.

Last Answer : Methods of fuel injection: 1. Sequential fuel injection. (SFI) 2. Grouped fuel injection. 3. Simultaneous fuel injection. 4. Continuous injection. 1. Simultaneous Injection: Injection of fuel ... of the fuel injection is determined by ECU depending upon load and speed. 

Description : Explain the pollutants from gasoline engine

Last Answer : 1. Hydrocarbon (HC):-They play an important role in forming NO2 and O3 which are health and environmental hazard.  2. Carbon Monoxide (CO): CO is a highly poisonous gas that can cause dizziness, ... effect, NO2 is a very toxic gas and contributes to the formation of smog, ozone, and acid rain.

Description : Explain the following properties i) Pour point ii) Viscosity iii) Ignition quality iv) Fire point

Last Answer : i. Pour point: Pour point is the temperature below which the entire mass of fuel, solid or liquid together, freeze and thus cause flow of fuel impossible. Pour point is usually 5 to 10 °C below ... is the temperature at which the flash will sustain itself as a steady flame for at least five seconds.

Description : List and Explain two type of diesel smoke. Explain four cause of diesel smoke.

Last Answer : Answer: Two type of diesel smoke 1) Blue-white smoke 2) Black smoke Four cause of diesel smoke:- 1) Blue smoke is due to burning the droplets of lubricating oil in combustion ... because of worn piston rings & cylinder liners & water come in combustion chamber because cracked water jacket.

Description : List three sources of pollutant from gasoline engine. Explain evaporative losses in detail.

Last Answer : Answer: Three sources of pollutant from gasoline engine:- 1) Carburettor losses 2) Crankcase blow-by 3) Engine exhaust emission Evaporative losses:-  1. Carburettor losses: occur due ... due to incomplete combustion, the exhaust gas also contains carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC).

Description : List eight ways of reducing pollution. Explain PCV and evaporative emission system with suitable sketch.

Last Answer : Eight ways of reducing pollution:-  1) Optimize Ignition Advance 2) Use unleaded gasoline & Low sulphur diesel 3) Use leaner air fuel ratio 4) Use exhaust gas treatment devices ex Catalytic ... check valve. The EVAP system is designed to limit maximum vacuum and pressure in the fuel tank.

Description : List four types of combustion chambers used in S.I. engine. Explain any one in detail with neat sketch.

Last Answer : Combustion chambers used in S.I. engine:- 1) T - Head 2) I - Head. 3) F - Head. 4) L - Head 5) Divided combustion chamber. 1. T Head Type Combustion chambers.  This ... and therefore more heat loss. 4. Valve size restricted. 6. Thermal failure in cylinder block also. 

Description : List out the methods for evaporation control and explain any one.

Last Answer : Methods for evaporation control:- 1. Charcoal Canister System (for Fuel tank and carburetor float bowl emissions 2. Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) System (for crankcase ... crankcase ventilation performance is optimized, while engine performance and drivability remains unaffected.

Description : Explain VVT mechanism and state any two advantages of it.

Last Answer : Variable valve timing (VVT) is a system for varying the valve opening of an internal combustion engine. This allows the engine to deliver high power, but also to work tractably and efficiently at low power ... handling of engine valve. 5) It lowers the exhaust emission. 6) It increases torque. 

Description : Explain Biodiesel fuel. Give any four applications.

Last Answer : Biodiesel diesel  Bio diesel is a vegetable oil or animal fat based diesel fuel. It consists of long chain alkyl esters. It is made chemically reacting liquids with an alcohol. i) It is a ... diesel with 20% biodiesel) 4.Generatore 5.Air craft engines 6.Heating oil in domestic commercial boiler

Description : Explain the effect of positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system on engine emission. 

Last Answer : PCV system: The purpose of PCV system is to remove the harmful gases from the crankcase before damage occurs and combine them with the engine's normal incoming air: fuel mixture. ... is optimized, while engine performance and drivability remains unaffected positive crankcase ventilation

Description : What is EGR? Explain with the help of block diagram.

Last Answer : Exhaust Gas Recirculation Valve (Operation-2 marks, Sketch-2 marks) When the engine is idling, the EGR valve is closed and there is no EGR flow into the manifold. The EGR valve remains closed until the ... exhaust gas (less than 10% of total) to be supplied into the incoming air: fuel mixture

Description : Explain any two engine modifications and two fuel modifications to control emission from gasoline engine. 

Last Answer : Methods used for improving the exhaust emission under the engine design modification are 1. Use of leaner air-fuel ratios: The carburetor may be modified to provide relatively lean air ... Fuel Volatility: Fuel volatility is compromise of high volatility and low volatility to control the pollution

Description : Explain how VTEC is beneficial over VVT.

Last Answer : VTEC stands for Variable valve timing and electronic lift control. In VTEC, the valve timing and the valve lift is controlled using ECU to provide efficient breathing of engine and efficient performance of ... GDI is capable of using very lean mixture i.e. 65:1 while using VTEC Improve drivability 

Description : Explain the effect of the following engine variables on ignition lag and flame propagation: (i) cylinder size (ii) cylinder wall temperature (iii) compression ratio and (iv) inlet air temperature

Last Answer : (i) Cylinder size - Engine of similar design generally run at the same speed. This is achieved by smaller engine having larger RPM and larger engines having smaller RPM. Due to the same ... all reduces the ignition lag. Pre-increase in the intake temperature and pressure increases the flame speed.

Description : What is ECM? Explain how fuel injection is controlled using ECM.

Last Answer : ECM-The ECM is Electronic control module. It evaluates the sensor inputs using data tables and calculations to determine the output of the actuating devices. The ECM processes signals from the various sensors ... (MS) and the fuel flow from the injector increases in relation to the pulse width.

Description : Explain the effect of spark advance and retardation on knocking.

Last Answer : Advanced spark: - Quantity of fuel burnt per cycle before and after TDC position depends on spark timing. The temperature of charge increases by increasing the spark advance and it increases with ... indicates smooth engine running when the maximum pressure is built up when piston reaches TDC.  

Description : Define delay period in CI engine. Explain factors affecting delay period

Last Answer : The period between the start of fuel injection into the combustion chamber and the start of combustion is termed as delay period in CI engine. factors affecting delay period:-  

Description : Explain the various stages of combustion in SI engines.

Last Answer : The stages of combustion in SI engines Stage I:-Ignition Lag or Preparation Phase. Stage II: - Propagation of flame. Stage III: - After burning. 

Description : Explain PFI system with neat sketch.

Last Answer : PFI system In the port injection arrangement, the injector is placed on the side of the intake manifold near the intake port. The injector sprays gasoline into the air, inside the intake manifold. The ... of gasoline and air then passes through the intake valve and enters into the cylinder.

Description :  State the pollutants from gasoline engines. And explain why it is formed?

Last Answer : Pollutants from gasoline engine 1. Carbon monoxide (CO) 2. Hydrocarbons (HC) 3. Oxides of nitrogen (NO) 4. Sulpher Cause of pollutants formed 1. Pollutants are produced by the incomplete ... in the combustion chamber. 2. Due to no maintenance. 3. Crankcase blowby 4. Evaporative losses.

Description : Explain the effects of engine variables on ignition lag and flame propagation.

Last Answer : Effect of engine variables on Ignition lag 1) Fuel- it is depend on chemical nature of fuel. The higher, the self-ignition temp of fuel, the longer will be the ignition lag. 2) ... required for flame travel will be about the same irrespective of engine size, provided the engine are similar. 

Description : Draw the circuit diagram of glow plug and explain its operation.

Last Answer : Answer: Operation of glow plug: Glow plug is an aid for cold starting of a C.I. engine. The selfignition temperature of diesel is 250°C. For compression ignition, the charge (air + diesel) ... is automatically interrupted. But starting may be attempted again as soon as the driver wishes. 

Description : Explain the concept of VGT

Last Answer : Variable geometry turbochargers usually designed to provide effective aspect called A/R Ratio) of the turbo to be altered as conditions change. This is done because optimum aspect ratio ... aspect ratio maintained at its optimum, the following benefits are obtained over conventional turbo-charging