Describe in brief process of chaining on sloping ground.

Describe in brief process of chaining on sloping ground.
by

1 Answer

Answer :

In direct method which is also known as stepping method horizontal distance is directly measured as shown in fig.

image

Horizontal distance between A and B is required to be measured.

Procedure:

i) A portion of tape say 2 to 4m is stretched horizontally with one end resting on ground and other end held horizontally at convenient height.

ii) The point vertically below the other end transferred on the ground with the help of

plumb bob (Say C).

iii) The next step start from the C and the method is continued till point B reached. 

by

Related questions

Describe stepping method of chaining on sloping ground.

Description : Describe stepping method of chaining on sloping ground.

Last Answer : 1. If A and B are the two points on sloping ground, for which horizontal distance is to be measured. 2. Unfold the chain. By touching handle to station A, stretch it up to maximum possible ... 6. Thus total horizontal distance on sloping ground is calculated as d(AB) = L1+L2+L3 in meters.

Explain the process of chaining on sloping ground by stepping method with neat sketch.

Description : Explain the process of chaining on sloping ground by stepping method with neat sketch.

Last Answer : The procedure to measure horizontal distance between the points A and B on sloping ground is as follows. 1. Two persons-leader and follower are required for chaining. 2. The follower holds the end of chain at A. The leader goes ... between A and b L = AM, + MN' + NO' + OP' + PQ' + QB'

Explain Direct method of chaining on sloping ground with neat skeetch.

Description : Explain Direct method of chaining on sloping ground with neat skeetch. 

Last Answer : While chaining on sloping ground, the horizontal distances can be computed by direct method i.e. By stepping. By stepping: It consist in measuring the distance in small horizontal lengths (e.g.L1). Let ... is continued in the correct line with point B. Then length of line AB=L1 +L2 +L3+L4

Explain with neat sketch method of stepping of chaining on sloping ground.

Description : Explain with neat sketch method of stepping of chaining on sloping ground.

Last Answer : Procedure : To measure the horizontal distance between points A & B on sloping ground following steps should be followed ( Refer above figure.) 1. Starting from point A, the chain is unfolded and ... . Finally calculate total chained distance as d(AB) = d(AP1) + d(P2P3) + d(P4P5)

Describe in brief obstacles in chaining.

Description : Describe in brief obstacles in chaining.

Last Answer : There are 3 types of obstacles 1. Obstacle to ranging 2. Obstacle to chaining 3. Obstacle to both ranging & chaining. 1) Obstacle to Ranging: The type of obstacle in which the ... type of obstacle the problem lies in prolonging the line beyond the obstacle & determining the distance across it.

Explain in brief linear measurements using: {i) Chaining (ii) Digital Tape

Description : Explain in brief linear measurements using: {i) Chaining (ii) Digital Tape

Last Answer : i. Chaining:  a. Linear measurement with chain carried out by two chainmen-Leader and follower.  b. The follower keeps the chain handle at starting station point, holds firmly it and directs the ... is at right spot, press the button and tape measures, calculates and displays distance on screen.

Write three types of obstacles in chaining with examples.

Description : Write three types of obstacles in chaining with examples. 

Last Answer : 1. Obstacle which can be chained across but cannot be ranged across. , Examples: Hill Intervening , rising ground. 2. Obstacle which can be ranged but cannot be chained across., Example: ... . 3. Obstacle which can be neither be ranged across not be chained across, Example: Building obstruction

A 20m chain was found to be 6cm too long after chaining a distance of 1059m. It was found to be 9cm too short after chaining at the end 1985m. If the chain was correct before commencement of work find the true distance.

Description : A 20m chain was found to be 6cm too long after chaining a distance of 1059m. It was found to be 9cm too short after chaining at the end 1985m. If the chain was correct before commencement of work find the true distance.

Last Answer : Given : Line ABC, AB=1059m, AC=1985m  L= 20m, No error at start, 0.06m too long at B,  0.09m too short  Find : True distance of AC = ? Solution : For part AB L = Length of chain= 20 m e = Average ... Total true distance of AC = True distance of (AB + BC)  = 1060.59 m + 922.52 m  = 1983.11 m

Explain how will you overcome the obstacles over river during chaining operation.

Description : Explain how will you overcome the obstacles over river during chaining operation.

Last Answer : A) river across the chain line. 1. Suppose AB is the chain line. Two points C & D are selected on this line on opposite banks of the river. 2. At C a perpendicular CE is erected and bisected at F. A perpendicular is ... ) X DF          CH=DF  = (CD/(CG-DF) )X DF        HG=CG-CH

A 20 m chain was found to be 10 cm too short after chaining 1000 m It was found to be 20 cm too short after chaining 1800 m. If the chain was correct before commencement of the work find the true distance.

Description : A 20 m chain was found to be 10 cm too short after chaining 1000 m It was found to be 20 cm too short after chaining 1800 m. If the chain was correct before commencement of the work find the true distance.  

Last Answer : Average error in chain for 1000 m length = (0 + 10) / 2 = 5 cm = 0.05 m too short True length up to 1000 m = (20 - 0.05) x 1000 / 20 = 997.5 m. Average error in chain from 1000 m to 1800 m length = (10 ... 1800 m length = (20 - 0.15) x 800 / 20 = 794.0 m. True distance = 997.5 + 794 = 1791.5 m.

Enlist the sources of error in chaining and state the precautions to be taken against error.

Description : Enlist the sources of error in chaining and state the precautions to be taken against error.

Last Answer : In general, the distance measurement obtained in the field will be in error. Errors in the distance measurement can arise from a number of sources: 1. Instrument errors: A chain may be faulty due to a defect ... confuse 10 m tag with 20 m tag. It should be avoided by noticing the 15 m tag.

Define 1)Ranging 2)Chaining

Description : Define 1)Ranging 2)Chaining

Last Answer : 1) Ranging The method of establishing intermediate points on a straight line between the two fixed points is known as ranging. 2)Chaining The method of measuring the distance with the chain or tape is called as Chaining.

The chaining on sloping ground is (A) Easier along the falling gradient (B) Easier along the up gradient (C) Equally convenient along falling as well as up gradient (D) All the above

Description : The chaining on sloping ground is (A) Easier along the falling gradient (B) Easier along the up gradient (C) Equally convenient along falling as well as up gradient (D) All the above

Last Answer : (A) Easier along the falling gradient

Describe in brief errors in levelling.

Description : Describe in brief errors in levelling. 

Last Answer : The sources of error in levelling are as below 1) Instrumental errors: Error due to imperfect adjustment, Sluggish bubble, Faulty Focusing tube, Erroneous leveling staff. 2) Personal errors: ... length. Use umbrella to shelter the instrument, use sun shade, avoid levelling work during wind. 

Describe in brief profile levelling.

Description : Describe in brief profile levelling.

Last Answer : The operation of taking levels along the center line of any alignment at regular interval is called longitudinal or profile levelling. Along the alignment, spots are marked at regular interval ... the points are plotted against their chainage to obtain ground profile along the alignment.

Describe in brief errors in plane table survey.

Description : Describe in brief errors in plane table survey.

Last Answer : 1) The board not being horizontal. 2) The table not being accurately centered. 3) The table not being Correctly oriented. 4) The objects not being sited accurately. 5) The alidade not being ... through the station point. 7) Inaccuracy in plotting. 8) The expansion and contraction of the paper.

Describe in brief resection method of plane table surveying.

Description : Describe in brief resection method of plane table surveying.

Last Answer : This method is used for establishing the instrument stations only. After fixing the stations, details are located either by radiation or intersection. The characteristic feature of resection is that the point ... of resection are (1)The Two Point Problem, and (2)Three Point Problem.

Describe in brief errors in compass survey.

Description : Describe in brief errors in compass survey.

Last Answer : Errors in Compass Surveying. The errors are classified as: 1. Instrumental errors. 2. Personal or Observational errors. 3. Errors due to External Influences (Natural errors etc.).  (1 ... in magnetic declination. (iii) Local attraction due to proximity of electric lines, steel structures etc.

Describe in brief with neat sketch: i) Base line ii) Check line

Description : Describe in brief with neat sketch: i) Base line ii) Check line

Last Answer : i) Base line:  Base line is generally the longest line running roughly through the middle of the area. It is laid on a level ground as far as possible. The whole frame work is built upon this line. ... on the opposite side or a line joining some fixed point on any two sides of the triangle. 

Describe in brief primary classification of surveying

Description : Describe in brief primary classification of surveying

Last Answer : Primary Classification Geodetic Survey The geodetic surveying is that type of surveying which takes into account the curvature of earth's surface. It is generally adopted for large area (more than ... large scale such as Bridges, Dams, Location and Construction of canals, highways, railways etc.

Describe method of measuring distances on ground using chain and arrows.

Description : Describe method of measuring distances on ground using chain and arrows.

Last Answer : Method of measuring distances on ground. 1. Mark the position of survey stations whose distance is to be measured using wooden peg. (say A and B) 2. now, ranging is done if distance ... station B. Thus total horizontal distance will be equal to addition of distances measured of each parts.

Explain in brief linear measurement using : i) Pacing ii) Digital Tape

Description : Explain in brief linear measurement using : i) Pacing ii) Digital Tape 

Last Answer : i) Pacing : This method is used only for knowing approximate distance between the objects. In preliminary survey this method can be used for linear measurement. This method consists of counting the ... and compact and measures accurate reading. The maximum measuring length of digital tape is 4.8m 

State different types of leveling. Explain any one in brief.

Description : State different types of leveling. Explain any one in brief.

Last Answer : Types of Levelling  1. Simple Levelling.  2. Differential Levelling.  3. Fly Levelling.  4. Longitudinal or profile leveling.  5. Cross-Section Levelling.  6. Check Levelling.  1. ... B are taken. The difference of these readings gives the difference of level between A and B. 

Enlist method of ranging and explain any one in brief.

Description : Enlist method of ranging and explain any one in brief.

Last Answer : Ranging The method of establishing intermediate points on a straight line between the two fixed points is known as ranging. It is done before chaining started. It may be done by eye or by using some ... which are nearer to line AB. Repeat same process until points M and N are established.

Describe with neat sketch, the optical square and explain its principle.

Description : Describe with neat sketch, the optical square and explain its principle.

Last Answer : Principal of optical square :- the angle between the first incident ray and the last reflected ray is twice the angle between the two mirrors OR If there are two plane mirrors whose reflecting surfaces ... is 450 while that between the first incident ray and last reflected ray is 900 .  

Describe back sighting method of orientation of plane table surveying.

Description : Describe back sighting method of orientation of plane table surveying.

Last Answer : Backsight method of orientation 1. Assume we have to orient the table at next station B' represented on paper by point b'. 2.the line ba' is drawn on previous station A'. 3.the alidade is kept ... A'. 4. When the plotted line ab' coincides with line AB' and table will be oriented.

Describe quadrantal bearing system. State the purpose it is used.

Description : Describe quadrantal bearing system. State the purpose it is used. 

Last Answer : Quadrantal Bearing - 1. The magnetic bearing of line measured clockwise or anticlockwise from north or south pole whichever is nearer. 2. These bearings are also called as reduced bearings. 3. ... lines in a closed traverse. 2. It is used to calculate back bearing for respective quadrants.

State and describe the types of offsets.

Description : State and describe the types of offsets. 

Last Answer : 1. Perpendicular offset- When the offset is taken at 900 to the survey line, then it is known as perpendicular offset. 2. Oblique offset- When the offset is taken at an angle other than 900 ( ... when offset is set by swinging chain or tape to survey line, such formed offset is called Swing offset.

Describe the procedure of indirect ranging.

Description : Describe the procedure of indirect ranging.

Last Answer : Procedure of indirect ranging. 1. If two stations i.e. A and B are not visible, then two intermediate points M1 and N1 are selected such that both stations will be intervisible from it. 2. ... continued till final points M and N are in line with AB, thus, ranging is said to be completed.

Describe instrumental errors in leveling.

Description : Describe instrumental errors in leveling.

Last Answer : The leveling process requires two instruments namely level and staff. The instrumental errors related to these are1. Error due to imperfect permanent adjustment: When the instrument is not in perfect ... the leveling staff may not be perfect. These errors can be neglected for ordinary work.

The process of surveying is therefore in three stages namely:

Description : The process of surveying is therefore in three stages namely:

Last Answer : (i) Taking a general view This part of the definition is important as it indicates the need to obtain an overall picture of what is required before any type of survey work is undertaken. In ... of quantities, datasheets, drawings and in land surveying maps and plan showing the features on the land.

While measuring a chain line between two stations and intervened by a raised ground (A) Vision gets obstructed (B) Chaining gets obstructed (C) Both vision and chaining get obstructed (D) All the above

Description : While measuring a chain line between two stations and intervened by a raised ground (A) Vision gets obstructed (B) Chaining gets obstructed (C) Both vision and chaining get obstructed (D) All the above

Last Answer : (A) Vision gets obstructed

What is changing face

Description : As used in survey

Last Answer : It's the operation of changing the face of telescope from left to right and vice versa.

Tacheometric Surveying

Description : Tacheometric Surveying

Last Answer : Tacheometric is a branch of surveying in which horizontal and vertical distances are determined by taking angular observation with an instrument known as a tachometer. Tacheometric surveying is adopted in rough ... be prepared for investigation works within a short time on the basis of such survey.

Explain the temporary adjustments of prismatic compass.

Description : Explain the temporary adjustments of prismatic compass.

Last Answer : Temporary Adjustments of Prismatic Compass 1. Fixing the compass to the tripod The compass is fixed on a tripod by rotating screw head of tripod stand. 2. Centering the compass The prismatic compass ... prism is moved using focusing stud so that readings on graduated ring will be seen clearly. 

State the fundamental axes and mention their relationship for a dumpy level.

Description : State the fundamental axes and mention their relationship for a dumpy level.

Last Answer : Fundamental axis of dumpy level are as follows; i) The vertical axis ii) The axis of bubble tube iii) The line of collimation iv) The axis of the telescope Relationship between ... iii) Axis of telescope and line of collimation should coincide when dumpy level is correctly leveled.

What consideration would you have while selecting survey stations and survey lines in a chain survey?

Description : What consideration would you have while selecting survey stations and survey lines in a chain survey?

Last Answer : Following points to be considered while selecting survey stations and survey lines 1) Main survey station should be mutually visible. 2) All triangles should be well conditioned. 3) The survey line should lie ... of the area so as to form the frame work of triangles on it to cover maximum area. 

What are offsets? How are they taken and recorded? Explain with sketch.

Description : What are offsets? How are they taken and recorded? Explain with sketch.

Last Answer : Offsets are lateral measurement to the base line. They are Located by judgment if short And by instruments (optical square or cross staff) if long and measured by metallic tape and shown with their chainages on base line

Define fly leveling and profile leveling

Description : Define fly leveling and profile leveling

Last Answer : Fly Leveling adopted to transfer bench marks from one place to other .In this leveling only FS & BS are taken.  Profile leveling:- The operation in which the object is to determine the ... known distanced apart along a given line to obtained the accurate outline of the surface of the ground 

Define : 1) Bench mark 2) Datum surface 3) Line of collimation 4) Change Point

Description : Define : 1) Bench mark 2) Datum surface 3) Line of collimation 4) Change Point 

Last Answer : 1) Bench mark: - It is a fixed reference point of known elevation.. 2)Datum surface :-It is any arbitrarily assumed level surface from which vertical distance are measured 3) Line of collimation:- ... which the fore and back sights are taken.  It is the point denoting the shifting of the level.

State the situation where plane table is suitable.

Description : State the situation where plane table is suitable. 

Last Answer : 1) It is most suitable for preparing small scale maps 2) It is suitable in magnetic are where compass survey is not reliable 3) It is most suitable for filling in details between stations fixed by triangulation 4) It is suitable where accuracy is not required.

How would you detect presence of local attraction at a place ?

Description : How would you detect presence of local attraction at a place ?

Last Answer : The presence of local attraction may be detected by finding difference of FB & BB of the line. If the fore bearing and back bearing difference is 1800 then there is no local attraction at both ... difference is not equal to 1800 then there is local attraction at both or any one station. 

Define: WCB and Quadrantal Bearing system

Description : Define: WCB and Quadrantal Bearing system

Last Answer : Ans.: 1)WCB:-In this system the bearing of a line is always measured clockwise for the north point of the reference meridian towards the line round the circle the angle thus measured is called ... the bearing of a line is measured clockwise from the north point or south point whichever is nearest .

State the two uses of survey based on geodetic surveying

Description : State the two uses of survey based on geodetic surveying

Last Answer : Two uses of survey based on geodetic surveying:- i) To determine the precise position s on the surface of the earth. ii) Preparation of maps of large area like map of a country, state ... ) Establishment of GTS bench Marks across the country. iv) Preparation of military maps for defense purposes.

Write errors in leveling and corresponding precaution

Description : Write errors in leveling and corresponding precaution

Last Answer : i) Instrument error with respect to bubble tube, leveling staff. 1.If bubble tube is sluggish it may apparently be in the center though the bubble line is not horizontal. Precaution - ... reading. Precaution- Leveling should be properly done by bringing the bubble of bubble tube at Centre.

State the important points kept in mind while recording the staff readings in level pages with respect first reading, intermediate reading, last reading, change point, carry forward from one page to next page-Remark

Description : State the important points kept in mind while recording the staff readings in level pages with respect first reading, intermediate reading, last reading, change point, carry forward from one page to next page-Remark

Last Answer : 1) First reading is on bench mark point and should be noted in back sight(BS) column 2) Intermediate reading (IS) should be taken on the points between first and last station. 3) Last reading ... column of next page 6) Remark column should have denote First and Last RL along with change points.

State the purposes of following methods of leveling. i)Profile leveling, ii)Fly leveling, iii)Check leveling iv)Reciprocal leveling

Description : State the purposes of following methods of leveling. i)Profile leveling, ii)Fly leveling, iii)Check leveling iv)Reciprocal leveling

Last Answer : 1. Profile leveling- To determine the undulation of ground surface along given line for alignment of road, canal or pipe, railway line 2. Fly leveling-It is used to for connecting B.M. to ... is used to find the difference in leveling between two points two point obstructed due to river or pond.

Draw a sketch and explain how to find height of chajja or slab using dumpy level.

Description : Draw a sketch and explain how to find height of chajja or slab using dumpy level.

Last Answer : Explanation : 1. First the back sight reading is taken on floor level whose RL is known to us; from which RL of instrument axis can be find out by adding RL of BM and BS reading. 2. Now ... staff reading. 4. Finally height of chajja is calculated as RL of slab bottom -  RL of floor top.

Explain temporary adjustment.

Description : Explain temporary adjustment.

Last Answer : 1) Place the telescope parallel to foot screw (fig. a) 2) Bring the bubble at Centre by moving foot screw inward or outward simultaneously. 3) Then turn the telescope through 900 so that it ... 6) Once both positions give centered bubble, leveling of instrument is said to be completed.

State fundamental lines and their relationships with each other of dumpy level.

Description : State fundamental lines and their relationships with each other of dumpy level.

Last Answer : Fundamental axes of dumpy level : i) The vertical axis ii) The axis of bubble tube iii) The line of collimation iv) The axis of the telescope Relations of Fundamental axes : i) The ... to the axis of the bubble tube. iii) Axis of telescope and line of collimation should coincide.