The Muslim dynasties had collapsed in India by the end of the 19th century. The Ulema were scared of the impact of colonial culture on Muslims. They were afraid that the British would change Muslim Personal Law and encourage conversion from Islam to Christianity. To counter this, they used cheap lithographic presses, to publish Persian and Urdu translation of the holy scriptures. They printed religious newspapers and tracts. The Deoband Seminary was founded in 1867 to safeguard the interests of the Muslims. They published thousands and thousands of fatwas for the Muslims. These fatwas directed the Muslims to conduct their life according to the strict Muslim laws. In the 19th century, many Muslim sects appeared for the cause of Muslim religion. Urdu printing also helped them to fight against English influence. Urdu print helped them to fight these battles in public.