Explain the term (a). Screening effect (b). Penetration effect (c). Metallic character

Explain the term (a). Screening effect (b). Penetration effect (c). Metallic character
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Ans.
(a).Screening effect. The inner electrons between valence electron and nucleus shield the valence electrons from nucleus; it is called shielding effect.
(b). Penetration effect. Due to shape of the orbital,s electron penetrates nearer to the nucleus than p, d or f-electrons and are more tightly held.
(c). Metallic character. Lower the ionization energy more will be the tendency to lose electron, higher will be the metallic character.
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