List three common second messengers and the enzyme responsible for their
production:

1 Answer

Answer :

- cAMP - synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase
- diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)- produced by the
phospholipase C
- Ca2+ - released from intracellular stores (the second messenger IP3 is a common
trigger for Ca2+ release).

Related questions

Description : What are second messengers?

Last Answer : Second messengers are small molecules that initiate and coordinate intracellular signaling pathways. Second messenger synthesis (or release) is triggered by receptor activation.

Description : Cytoskeletal elements are responsible for giving cells their shape and provide a basis for cell movement, migration, and cell division. Name the three major classes of cytoskeletal elements in eukaryotic cells.

Last Answer : Microtubules (composed of tubulin); actin filaments (made up of actin); intermediate filaments

Description : If a gene mutation prevents formation of an enzyme normally used by a lysosomes, a disease may result known as (A) Lysosomal abstracted disease (B) Lysosomal secretory disease (C) Lysosomal storage disease (D) All A, B and C

Last Answer : (C) Lysosomal storage disease

Description : What is the molecule responsible for the absorption of photic energy for photosynthesis ?

Last Answer : Where is that molecule located in photosynthetic cells? The chlorophyll molecules are the responsible for the absorption of the light energy for photosynthesis. These molecules are found on the internal membranes of chloroplasts.

Description : Name the organelle that contains high levels of hydrolases and is responsible for digestion of proteins, sugars, nucleic acids and lipids.

Last Answer : Lysosomes

Description : How do the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus act in the production and releasing of proteins ?

Last Answer : The rough endoplasmic reticulum has in its outer membrane numerous ribosomes, structures where translation of messenger RNA and protein synthesis occur. These proteins are stored in the rough endoplasmic reticulum ... exocytosis) in the right place and its content is liberated outside the cell.

Description : Why are salt and sugar used in the production of dried meat and dried fruits ?

Last Answer : Substances that maintain highly hypertonic environment, like sugar and salt, are used in the production of dried meat, fish or fruits (for example, cod) because the material to be conserved is then ... the growth of populations of decomposer beings (since these beings also lose water and die).

Description : Mitochondria are referred to as the ‘powerhouses’ of a cell. This is because they convert food to energy, or ATP, more efficiently than processes which rely on anaerobic, or non-oxygen using, energy production alone. Name the energy production process carried out by mitochondria.

Last Answer : Oxidative phosphorylation.

Description : The structure of DNA is a double helix formed by two strands of DNA sequence. This sequence consists of 4 different nucleotides- Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. How do the nucleotides on one strand interact with the nucleotides on the second strand to maintain the helical shape of DNA?

Last Answer : Complementary Base Pairing. Adenine complementary base pairs with Thymine and Guanine complementary base pairs with Cytosine.

Description : List several side-to-side cellular junctions that can influence cell signaling.

Last Answer : Gap junctions, desmosomes, adherens junctions, integrin connections

Description : List several general cellular processes regulated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs).

Last Answer : Cell growth, cell differentiation and cell survival (i.e. nutrient and stress signaling).

Description : What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common ?

Last Answer : What are the differences between them? Facilitated diffusion can be confused with active transport because in both processes there is participation of membrane proteins. In active transport however the ... it does not require energy. Cell Membrane Review - Image Diversity: active transport

Description : What common cell types are regulated by ion channels and are commonly referred to as excitable cells?

Last Answer : neurons, muscle cells, sensory receptor cells

Description : What are the three main types of passive transport ?

Last Answer : The three main types of passive transport are simple diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion. Cell Membrane Review - Image Diversity: passive transport

Description : What are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell ?

Last Answer : The eukaryotic cell can be divided into two main portions: the cell membrane that separates the intracellular space from the outer space phisically delimiting the cell; the cytoplasm, the interior ... and the nucleus, the membrane-delimited internal region that contains the genetic material.

Description : The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of discrete phases. One of these is named the M or mitosis phase during which the cell divides. Following the M phase is a period known as interphase that is made up of three distinct phases. Name, in order, the three separate phases of interphase.

Last Answer : G1, S and G2

Description : Name three classes of cell surface receptors

Last Answer : G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRS) - ion channel receptors - enzyme-linked receptors (example: receptor tyrosine kinases –RTKs)

Description : What are the three major components of glycerophospholipids, the main component of lipid bilayers that comprise cellular membranes?

Last Answer : Glycerol, a phosphate group, fatty acid chains

Description : RNA molecules can be broken up into three classes-which type of RNA molecule is translated into a protein sequence?

Last Answer : Messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNAs are the RNA transcripts that contain protein coding sequences which are translated into protein.

Description : Name the three metabolic processes used to produce energy in a eukaryotic cell when oxygen is present.

Last Answer : Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation. Or glycolysis and respiration, but the question specifies three processes.

Description : The three-dimensional network of protein filaments within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is called the (A) Endoplasmic reticulum (B) Golgi apparatus (C) Cytoskeleton (D) None of these

Last Answer : (C) Cytoskeleton

Description : Lysosomes have (A) Single-layered membrane (B) Double-layered membrane (C) Three-layered membrane (D) No membrane

Last Answer : (A) Single-layered membrane

Description : G-proteins act as (A) Hormone carriers (B) Hormone receptors (C) Second messengers (D) Signal transducers

Last Answer : Answer : D

Description : Second messengers a. are substances that interact with first messengers inside cells b. are substances that bind to first messengers in the cell membrane c. are hormones secreted by cells ... the intracellular responses to many different hormonesand neurotransmitters e. are not formed in the brain

Last Answer : mediate the intracellular responses to many different hormonesand neurotransmitters

Description : All of the following subserve as intracellular second messengers in receptor mediated signal transduction except: A. Cyclic AMP B. Inositol trisphosphate C. Diacyl glycerols D. G proteins

Last Answer : D. G proteins

Description : All of the following subserve as intracellular second messengers in receptor mediated signal transduction except: A. Cyclic AMP B. Inositol trisphosphate C. Diacyl glycerols D. G proteins

Last Answer : D. G proteins

Description : How are solutions classified according to their comparative tonicity ?

Last Answer : Comparatively to other a solution can be hypotonic (or hyposmotic), isotonic (or isosmotic) or hypertonic (or hyperosmotic). When a solution is less concentrated than other the adjective hypotonic ... the adjective isotonic. So this classification makes sense only for comparison of solutions.

Description : Concerning their permeability how are membranes classified ?

Last Answer : Membranes can be classified as impermeable, permeable, semipermeable or selectively permeable. An impermeable membrane is that through which no substance can pass. Semipermeable membranes are those that let only ... the passage of solvent let only some specific solutes to pass blocking others.

Description : Describe how proteins that are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are transported to their final destination.

Last Answer : Proteins that are synthesized in the ER have a signal sequence that directs them to their target destination. Soluble proteins are carried inside the lumen of vesicles. Cargo-bearing vesicles ... lysosomes or plasma membrane. Vesicles that have released their cargo return via the reverse direction.

Description : Name the type of proteins that work to catalyze metabolic reactions or can modify other proteins to switch their activity on or off.

Last Answer : Enzymes

Description : Typically proteins do not work in their simple amino acid chain structure but instead fold and form shapes that help in their function. Which of the structures is described as being in alpha helices and beta sheets?

Last Answer : Secondary Protein Structure

Description : Isolation of cellular components to determine their chemical composition is called (A) Cell differentiation (B) Chromatography (C) Cell fractionation (D) All of these

Last Answer : (C) Cell fractionation

Description : Adjacent plant cells are “cemented” together by (A) Their primary walls (B) Their secondary walls (C) A middle lamella (D) Plasmodesmata

Last Answer : (C) A middle lamella

Description : Can two normal individuals of the same species with sexual reproduction have identical genomes and identical karyotypes ? How the human karyotype is usually represented?

Last Answer : Except for clones (individuals created from nucleus transplantation, like the Dolly sheep) and monozygotic twins, it is very improbable the genomes of two individuals of the same species and generated by sexual ... normal karyotype is represented by the formula 44+XX for women and 44+XY for men.

Description : What is the difference between the concepts of karyotype and genome ?

Last Answer : Genome is the set of DNA molecules that characterizes each living being or each species. The concept then includes the specific nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecules of each individual or species. ... of each chromosome or pair of homologous. Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: karyotype

Description : What are homologous chromosomes ?

Last Answer : Which are the human cells that do not have homologous chromosomes? Chromosomes contain genes (genetic information in the form of nucleotide sequences) that command the protein synthesis thus ... chromosomes are the gametes since during meiosis the homologous chromosomes are separated.

Description : What are the primary and the secondary constrictions of a chromosome ?

Last Answer : What is the other name given to the secondary constriction? Primary constriction is the narrower region of a condensed chromosome where the centromere, the structure that unites identical chromatids, is located. ... can be one or more in chromosome) is called nucleolus organizer region (NOR).

Description : How the chromosome region where the centromere is located is called ?

Last Answer : How are chromosomes classified in relation to the position of their centromere? The chromosome region where the centromere is located is called primary constriction. In microscopic view ... constriction the chromosomes are classified as telocentric, acrocentric, submetacentric or metacentric.

Description : What is the structure that maintains identical chromatids bound ?

Last Answer : The structure that maintains identical chromatids bound is the centromere. Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: centromere

Description : How are the concepts of chromosome ?

Last Answer : chromatin and chromatids related? In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplicate? Chromatin is a set of filamentous DNA molecules dispersed in the karyoplasm forming euchromatin and heterochromatin ... chromosomes (and not only one). Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: chromatids

Description : In the phase when the cell is not dividing ?

Last Answer : interphase) is there activity within the cell nucleus? In the interphase there is intense metabolic activity in the cell nucleus: DNA is duplicating, euchromatin is being transcript and RNA is produced.

Description : What is the relation between the concepts of chromatin and chromosome ?

Last Answer : Are euchromatin and heterochromatin part of chromosomes? Every filament of chromatin is a complete DNA molecule (a complete double helix), i.e., a complete chromosome. A DNA molecule may form ... thus both are part of chromosomes. Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: chromosome structure

Description : What are heterochromatin and euchromatin ?

Last Answer : Chromatin is uncondensed nuclear DNA, the typical DNA morphology in interphase (the phase of the cell cycle in which the cells is not dividing itself). In this phase of the cell cycle ... inactive portions of the DNA molecule. Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: heterochromatin euchromatin

Description : Do all eukaryotic cells have nucleus and only one nucleus ?

Last Answer : There are eukaryotic cells without nucleus and others with more than one nucleus. Osteoclasts, the cells responsible for resorption of the osseous matrix, for example, are multinucleate cells; ... cells. Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: cell nucleus miltinucleate cells enucleated cells

Description : How are cells with delimited nucleus called ?

Last Answer : What are the main elements of the nucleus? Cells with delimited nucleus are called eukaryotic cells. Organisms composed of one or more eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes. The mains elements of the ... the nucleolus, the karyolymph, or nucleoplasm, and the nuclear membrane (or karyotheca).

Description : What are some biological examples in which lysosomic enzymes play fundamental role ?

Last Answer : The remodelation of the osseous tissue, the function of acrosomes in sperm cells and the elimination of the tadpole tail are examples of biological processes in which lysosomic enzymes are key factors. The ... cell by its own mechanisms is called autolysis, a type of apoptosis (celll suicide).

Description : What is autophagic intracellular digestion ?

Last Answer : Why is this type of intracellular digestion intensified in an organism undergoing starvation? Autophagic intracellular digestion is the cellular internal digestion of waste and residual materials. In general ... obtain from its own constituent materials the nutrients necessary to stay alive.

Description : What is heterophagic intracellular digestion ?

Last Answer : How is this process accomplished? Heterophagic intracellular digestion is the breaking into smaller substances of external substances engulfed in the cell by pinocytosis or phagocytosis. Phagosomes or pinosomes fuse ... with the plasma membrane and liberates its waste in the exterior space.

Description : What is the main cell organelle involved in cell digestion ?

Last Answer : What are the properties of that organelle that enable it to the task? The organelles responsible for intracellular digestion are the lysosomes. Lysosomes are vesicles that contain digestive enzymes ... digested and then digestion takes place. Cell Digestion Review - Image Diversity: lysosomes

Description : What is intracellular digestion ?

Last Answer : Intracellular digestion, or cellular digestion, is the breaking in the interior of the cell of big molecules coming from outside or even from the own cell metabolism into smaller ... is classified into two types: heterophagic intracellular digestion and autophagic intracellular digestion.