List several general cellular processes regulated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs).

List several general cellular processes regulated by receptor tyrosine kinases
(RTKs).
by

1 Answer

Answer :

Cell growth, cell differentiation and cell survival (i.e. nutrient and stress signaling).
by

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List several side-to-side cellular junctions that can influence cell signaling.

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How do RTKs function?

Description : How do RTKs function?

Last Answer : Activating signaling molecules (ligands, agonists) bind to RTKs, causing neighboring RTKs to form cross-linked dimers. Cross-linking leads to tyrosine kinase activation via cross-phosphorylation. Once ... cascade of reactions that ultimately lead to changes in the patterns of gene transcription.

How do RTKs differ from other cell surface receptors?

Description : How do RTKs differ from other cell surface receptors?

Last Answer : RTKs are receptors that contain intrinsic enzyme (tyrosine kinase) activity.

What types of signaling molecules bind to and activate RTKs?

Description : What types of signaling molecules bind to and activate RTKs?

Last Answer : Growth factors, hormones, some extracellular matrix proteins, some cell surface proteins (i.e. ephrin)

Multiple checkpoints in the eukaryotic cell cycle ensure that division occurs only after sufficient growth and faithful DNA replication, and only when favorable conditions exist. Of the many proteins involved in cell cycle control, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are among the most important. How do CDKs function to control the cell cycle?

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Last Answer : CDKs phosphorylate various protein substrates that are required for cell cycle progression. Some of the important substrate proteins that CDKs phosphorylate include condensin proteins, which are essential ... which form a stabilizing network under the nuclear membrane that assembles during mitosis.

What common cell types are regulated by ion channels and are commonly referred to as excitable cells?

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Last Answer : neurons, muscle cells, sensory receptor cells

What is meant by cellular secretion ?

Description : What is meant by cellular secretion ?

Last Answer : Cell secretion is the elimination to the exterior of substances produced by the cell (for example, hormones, mucous, sweat, etc.)

Why do ion channels contribute to faster cellular responses than other signaling mechanisms, such as GPCR-mediated signaling?

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Mitochondria can be considered the ____________of the cell because they generate an enormous amount of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to fuel the cell.

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Eukaryotic cells have extensive intracellular membranes, termed the endomembrane system, which divide the cell into structurally and functionally distinct compartments, or organelles. These include the inner cell membrane, nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Name a cellular component whose membrane is not part of the endomembrane system.

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Last Answer : Mitochondria; also chloroplasts

What are the three major components of glycerophospholipids, the main component of lipid bilayers that comprise cellular membranes?

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Isolation of cellular components to determine their chemical composition is called (A) Cell differentiation (B) Chromatography (C) Cell fractionation (D) All of these

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Last Answer : (D) Central vacuole . . . storage

Name the three metabolic processes used to produce energy in a eukaryotic cell when oxygen is present.

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Mitochondria are referred to as the ‘powerhouses’ of a cell. This is because they convert food to energy, or ATP, more efficiently than processes which rely on anaerobic, or non-oxygen using, energy production alone. Name the energy production process carried out by mitochondria.

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Last Answer : Oxidative phosphorylation.

List three common second messengers and the enzyme responsible for their production:

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The protein IRS-1 is phosphorylated by (A) Protein kinase A (B) Protein kinase C (C) Tyrosine kinase activity of insulin receptor (D) Tyrosine kinase activity of IGF-1 receptor

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Last Answer : Answer : B

All the following statements about epidermal growth factor are true except (A) It is a protein (B) It possess quaternary structure (C) Its receptor is made up of a single polypeptide chain (D) Its receptor possesses tyrosine kinase domain

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Binding of insulin to its receptor activates (A) Adenylate cyclase (B) Guanylate cyclase (C) Phospholipase C (D) Tyrosine kinase

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In the insulin receptor, tyrosine kinase domain is present in (A) α-Subunits (B) β-Subunits (C) γ-Subunits (D) δ-Subunits

Description : In the insulin receptor, tyrosine kinase domain is present in (A) α-Subunits (B) β-Subunits (C) γ-Subunits (D) δ-Subunits

Last Answer : Answer : B

Tyrosine kinase activity is present in (A) Acetylcholine receptor (B) PDGF receptor (C) ADH receptor (D) All of these

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Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning cell membrane receptors? a. The largest family of cell surface receptors are the G-protein-linked receptors b. Activities of the G-protein involve binding and hydrolysis of ATP c. The G protein receptor generates an intracellular messenger commonly through the use adenylate cyclase d. Tyrosine kinase receptors are considered G-protein-linked receptors

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning cell membrane receptors? a. The largest family of cell surface receptors are the G-protein-linked receptors b. Activities of the ... through the use adenylate cyclase d. Tyrosine kinase receptors are considered G-protein-linked receptors

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Last Answer : B. Tyrosine protein kinase receptor

The following receptor type has 7 helical membrane spanning amino acid segments with 3 extracellular and 3 intracellular loops: A. Tyrosine protein kinase receptor B. Gene expression regulating receptor C. Intrinsic ion channel containing receptor D. G protein coupled receptor

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The following receptor type has 7 helical membrane spanning amino acid segments with 3 extracellular and 3 intracellular loops: A. Tyrosine protein kinase receptor B. Gene expression regulating receptor C. Intrinsic ion channel containing receptor D. G protein coupled receptor

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Which metal is required for the action of Kinases?

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Can two normal individuals of the same species with sexual reproduction have identical genomes and identical karyotypes ? How the human karyotype is usually represented?

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What is the difference between the concepts of karyotype and genome ?

Description : What is the difference between the concepts of karyotype and genome ?

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What are homologous chromosomes ?

Description : What are homologous chromosomes ?

Last Answer : Which are the human cells that do not have homologous chromosomes? Chromosomes contain genes (genetic information in the form of nucleotide sequences) that command the protein synthesis thus ... chromosomes are the gametes since during meiosis the homologous chromosomes are separated.

What are the primary and the secondary constrictions of a chromosome ?

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Last Answer : What is the other name given to the secondary constriction? Primary constriction is the narrower region of a condensed chromosome where the centromere, the structure that unites identical chromatids, is located. ... can be one or more in chromosome) is called nucleolus organizer region (NOR).

How the chromosome region where the centromere is located is called ?

Description : How the chromosome region where the centromere is located is called ?

Last Answer : How are chromosomes classified in relation to the position of their centromere? The chromosome region where the centromere is located is called primary constriction. In microscopic view ... constriction the chromosomes are classified as telocentric, acrocentric, submetacentric or metacentric.

What is the structure that maintains identical chromatids bound ?

Description : What is the structure that maintains identical chromatids bound ?

Last Answer : The structure that maintains identical chromatids bound is the centromere. Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: centromere

How are the concepts of chromosome ?

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In the phase when the cell is not dividing ?

Description : In the phase when the cell is not dividing ?

Last Answer : interphase) is there activity within the cell nucleus? In the interphase there is intense metabolic activity in the cell nucleus: DNA is duplicating, euchromatin is being transcript and RNA is produced.

What is the relation between the concepts of chromatin and chromosome ?

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Last Answer : Are euchromatin and heterochromatin part of chromosomes? Every filament of chromatin is a complete DNA molecule (a complete double helix), i.e., a complete chromosome. A DNA molecule may form ... thus both are part of chromosomes. Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: chromosome structure

What are heterochromatin and euchromatin ?

Description : What are heterochromatin and euchromatin ?

Last Answer : Chromatin is uncondensed nuclear DNA, the typical DNA morphology in interphase (the phase of the cell cycle in which the cells is not dividing itself). In this phase of the cell cycle ... inactive portions of the DNA molecule. Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: heterochromatin euchromatin

Do all eukaryotic cells have nucleus and only one nucleus ?

Description : Do all eukaryotic cells have nucleus and only one nucleus ?

Last Answer : There are eukaryotic cells without nucleus and others with more than one nucleus. Osteoclasts, the cells responsible for resorption of the osseous matrix, for example, are multinucleate cells; ... cells. Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: cell nucleus miltinucleate cells enucleated cells

How are cells with delimited nucleus called ?

Description : How are cells with delimited nucleus called ?

Last Answer : What are the main elements of the nucleus? Cells with delimited nucleus are called eukaryotic cells. Organisms composed of one or more eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes. The mains elements of the ... the nucleolus, the karyolymph, or nucleoplasm, and the nuclear membrane (or karyotheca).

What are some biological examples in which lysosomic enzymes play fundamental role ?

Description : What are some biological examples in which lysosomic enzymes play fundamental role ?

Last Answer : The remodelation of the osseous tissue, the function of acrosomes in sperm cells and the elimination of the tadpole tail are examples of biological processes in which lysosomic enzymes are key factors. The ... cell by its own mechanisms is called autolysis, a type of apoptosis (celll suicide).

What is autophagic intracellular digestion ?

Description : What is autophagic intracellular digestion ?

Last Answer : Why is this type of intracellular digestion intensified in an organism undergoing starvation? Autophagic intracellular digestion is the cellular internal digestion of waste and residual materials. In general ... obtain from its own constituent materials the nutrients necessary to stay alive.

What is heterophagic intracellular digestion ?

Description : What is heterophagic intracellular digestion ?

Last Answer : How is this process accomplished? Heterophagic intracellular digestion is the breaking into smaller substances of external substances engulfed in the cell by pinocytosis or phagocytosis. Phagosomes or pinosomes fuse ... with the plasma membrane and liberates its waste in the exterior space.

What is the main cell organelle involved in cell digestion ?

Description : What is the main cell organelle involved in cell digestion ?

Last Answer : What are the properties of that organelle that enable it to the task? The organelles responsible for intracellular digestion are the lysosomes. Lysosomes are vesicles that contain digestive enzymes ... digested and then digestion takes place. Cell Digestion Review - Image Diversity: lysosomes

What is intracellular digestion ?

Description : What is intracellular digestion ?

Last Answer : Intracellular digestion, or cellular digestion, is the breaking in the interior of the cell of big molecules coming from outside or even from the own cell metabolism into smaller ... is classified into two types: heterophagic intracellular digestion and autophagic intracellular digestion.

What is extracellular digestion ?

Description : What is extracellular digestion ?

Last Answer : Extracellular digestion is that in which food breaking into utile molecules that can be internalized by the cell is done in the extracellular space, i.e., outside the cell. In extracellular digestion ... the external environment. Later the cell can benefit from these products of the digestion.

What are some examples of secretory cells ?

Description : What are some examples of secretory cells ?

Last Answer : Endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cells, thyroid and parathyroid endocrine cells, adenohypophysis, adrenal and pineal endocrine cells, the many types of gastric exocrine and endocrine cells, the mucous secretory cells ... of the ovaries and testicles, etc., are all examples of secretory cells.

How do the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus act in the production and releasing of proteins ?

Description : How do the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus act in the production and releasing of proteins ?

Last Answer : The rough endoplasmic reticulum has in its outer membrane numerous ribosomes, structures where translation of messenger RNA and protein synthesis occur. These proteins are stored in the rough endoplasmic reticulum ... exocytosis) in the right place and its content is liberated outside the cell.

Which cell organelles are well-developed in secretory cells ?

Description : Which cell organelles are well-developed in secretory cells ?

Last Answer : In secretory cells, like the secretory cells of endocrine glands, organelles related to production, processing and exportation of substances are widely present and well-developed. These ... protein synthesis between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus

What is cyclosis ?

Description : What is cyclosis ?

Last Answer : Cyclosis is a type of internal cell movement in which an oriented flow of circulating material is created and maintained in the cytoplasm by the action of microfilaments. Cyclosis is more easily observed in plant cells. Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement - Image Diversity: cyclosis