Draw and explain the response of first order and second order instruments to the step input.

Draw and explain the response of first order and second order instruments to the step input.
by

1 Answer

Answer :

First order instrument response to step input: 

The time equation for the step response of a first order instrument is exponential in nature and is given by the equation, 

c(t) = 1- −/ . 

Where, is called the time constant of the system. 

It shows that, the value of the unit step response, c(t) is zero at t = 0 and for all negative values of t. It is gradually increasing from zero value and finally reaches steady state. The steady state value depends on the magnitude of the input. 

image

Second order instrument response to step input: The step response of the second order instrument is oscillatory in nature. Depending upon the value of damping ratio, it may be over, under or critically damped or even un- damped. 

Fig. below shows the response for an under- damped case. The response up to the settling time is known as transient response and the response after the settling time is known as steady state response. Analysis of such a system is done by calculating different parameters called time response specifications.

image

by

Related questions

A second order system shows 100% overshoot in its unit step response. It can be categorized as

Description : A second order system shows 100% overshoot in its unit step response. It can be categorized as (A) underdamped system. (B) overdamped system. (C) Critically damped system. (D) undamped system.

Last Answer : A second order system shows 100% overshoot in its unit step response. It can be categorized as undamped system.

Signal normally used to study non-ideal flow by stimulus response technique is __________ input. (A) Pulse (B) Step (C) Both (A) & (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)

Description : Signal normally used to study non-ideal flow by stimulus response technique is __________ input. (A) Pulse (B) Step (C) Both (A) & (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)

Last Answer : (C) Both (A) & (B)

__________ is the response curve for a step input signal from a reactor. (A) S-curve (B) C-curve (C) I-curve (D) None of these

Description : __________ is the response curve for a step input signal from a reactor. (A) S-curve (B) C-curve (C) I-curve (D) None of these

Last Answer : (B) C-curve

The response curve for a step input signal from a reactor is called C￾curve. The variance of C-curve in a 'tanks in series model' comprising of 'm' tanks is equal to (A) m (B) 1/m (C) √m (D) m2

Description : The response curve for a step input signal from a reactor is called C￾curve. The variance of C-curve in a 'tanks in series model' comprising of 'm' tanks is equal to (A) m (B) 1/m (C) √m (D) m2

Last Answer : (B) 1/m

If stability error for step input and speed of response be the criteria for design, what controller would you

Description : If stability error for step input and speed of response be the criteria for design, what controller would you recommend (1) P controller (2) PD controller (3) PI controller (4) PID controller

Last Answer : If stability error for step input and speed of response be the criteria for design, what controller would you recommend (1) P controller (2) PD controller (3) PI controller (4) PID controller

The function of input attenuators in measuring instruments, like VTVM and CRO, is to

Description : The function of input attenuators in measuring instruments, like VTVM and CRO, is to (a) Increase the input impedance (b) Attenuate the frequency range (c) Attenuate the input signal amplitude without altering the frequency contents (d) Attenuate the input impedance

Last Answer : The function of input attenuators in measuring instruments, like VTVM and CRO, is to Attenuate the input signal amplitude without altering the frequency contents

Four members of a band are walking to a night concert. They decide to take a shortcut, but must cross a bridge. Luckily they have one flashlight. Because of the varying size of their instruments, it takes each member a different amount of time to cross the bridge - it takes the first person one minute, the second person two minutes, the third person five minutes and the fourth person ten minutes. They must cross the bridge in pairs, travelling at the slower speed so if the one minute person went with the ten minute person, it would take a total of ten minutes. Since there is only one flashlight, one person must come back across the bridge, then another pair can cross. They only have 17 minutes to cross the bridge and still get to the concert on time. What order should they cross to get eve

Description : Four members of a band are walking to a night concert. They decide to take a shortcut, but must cross a bridge. Luckily they have one flashlight. Because of the varying size of their instruments, it ... bridge and still get to the concert on time. What order should they cross to get eve -Riddles

Last Answer : First, the one minute person and the two minute person must cross the bridge, for a total of two minutes. Then the one minute person should come back with flashlight - total of three ... minutes) and gets the one minute person and they cross together bringing the total to seventeen minutes.

In a properly designed servo system that has an oscillating input (order), what should be the response of the load?

Description : In a properly designed servo system that has an oscillating input (order), what should be the response of the load?

Last Answer : It should oscillate.

Draw the construction and explain working principle of PMMC instruments

Description : Draw the construction and explain working principle of PMMC instruments

Last Answer : Working: When current passes through the coil a deflecting torque is produced. This deflecting torque is produced due to interaction between magnetic field produced by permanent magnet ... equilibrium; this is possible only when the controlling torque becomes equal to the deflecting torque 

Draw and explain analog input module of PLC.

Description : Draw and explain analog input module of PLC.

Last Answer : Analog input module are used for supplying analog input signal to PLC. Analog signals are generated by transducers, potentiometers. PLCs analog input module consists of analog-to-digital converter (ADC). ... of PLC. PLC reads the binary number and takes further decision based on the required logic 

State the need of multistage amplifier. Draw frequency response of R-C coupled amplifier.

Description : State the need of multistage amplifier. Draw frequency response of R-C coupled amplifier.

Last Answer : The need of multistage amplifier The voltage (or power) gain, obtained from a single stage small signal amplifier, is limited. Therefore, it is not sufficient for all practical applications. Therefore, in ... to use a MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIER .  Frequency response of R-C coupled amplifier.

Explain the operation of a full wave bridge rectifier with π filter using a neat diagram. Draw input and output waveforms.

Description : Explain the operation of a full wave bridge rectifier with π filter using a neat diagram. Draw input and output waveforms.

Last Answer : During positive half-cycle of input, the secondary voltage VAB is positive, so diodes D1 and D2 forward biased and D3 and D4 reverse biased. The load current flows from terminal A ... smooth DC voltage appears across the load. The input and output waveforms are shown in the figure.

Draw the block diagram of discrete input module & explain each block.

Description : Draw the block diagram of discrete input module & explain each block.

Last Answer : Power conversion: It consists of rectifier which converts the incoming AC signal to a pulsating dc level, which is passed through filter and other logic in order to deliver a clean and denounced dc ... Logic section: It passes the input signal to the module s input address LED and the CPU.

Explain Center-tapped full wave rectifier with the help of circuit diagram and draw input output waveforms.

Description : Explain Center-tapped full wave rectifier with the help of circuit diagram and draw input output waveforms. 

Last Answer : Operation : During positive half cycle of an AC supply, D1 will forward biased and current starts flowing through load. The output voltage is equal to +Vs. During negative half cycle of an AC ... output voltage is equal to +Vs. In this pulsating DC waveform will be obtained at the load. 

The transfer function of a process is 1/(16s 2 + 8s + 4). If a step change isintroduced into the system, then the response will be(A) Under damped(B) Critically damped(C) Over damped(D) None of these

Description : The transfer function of a process is 1/(16s 2 + 8s + 4). If a step change isintroduced into the system, then the response will be (A) Under damped (B) Critically damped (C) Over damped (D) None of these

Last Answer : (A) Under damped

This operates algorithmically or using a mixture of algorithmic and human input to collect, index, store and retrieve information on the web (e.g. web pages, images, information and other types of files). It makes the information available to users in a manageable and meaningful way in response to a search query. This is referred to as: 1. Banner ads 2. Pop-up ads 3. A search engine 4. Apps

Description : This operates algorithmically or using a mixture of algorithmic and human input to collect, index, store and retrieve information on the web (e.g. web pages, images, information and other types of files). It makes the ... is referred to as: 1. Banner ads 2. Pop-up ads 3. A search engine 4. Apps

Last Answer : A search engine

select the correct response from the choices given in the parentheses. Q-20. In a closed-loop configuration the output signal is determined by (the input signal, the feedback signal, both).

Description : select the correct response from the choices given in the parentheses. Q-20. In a closed-loop configuration the output signal is determined by (the input signal, the feedback signal, both).

Last Answer : Both the input signal and the feedback signal.

The response of an LTI/LSI system is given by the _______ of input and impulse response:...

Description : The response of an LTI/LSI system is given by the _______ of input and impulse response:  (1) Convolution (2) Correlation (3) Superposition (4) None

Last Answer : The response of an LTI/LSI system is given by the Convolution of input and impulse response.

The initial response when the output is not equal to input is called?

Description : The initial response when the output is not equal to input is called?

Last Answer : The initial response when the output is not equal to input is called Transient response.

Energy audit is the first step towards systematic effort for _____________. a) Realting energy inputs and production. C) Conversation of energy. b) Reducing the amount of energy input. D) None of the above. .

Description : Energy audit is the first step towards systematic effort for _____________. a) Realting energy inputs and production. C) Conversation of energy. b) Reducing the amount of energy input. D) None of the above. .

Last Answer : Conversation of energy

Explain repeatability and reproducibility of instruments

Description : Explain repeatability and reproducibility of instruments

Last Answer : Repeatability: closeness of agreement among a no. of consecutive measurement of output for the same value of input under the same operating conditions for fullrange traverse. Reproducibility: closeness of ... for the same value of input under the same operating conditions over a period of time.

Explain the essential toques in analog type measuring instruments.

Description : Explain the essential toques in analog type measuring instruments.

Last Answer : List of torques in analog instruments:  1. Deflecting torque  2. Controlling / Restraining torque.  3. Damping torque.  1. Deflecting torque: To create deflection proportional to ... the speed higher will be the damping torque bringing the pointer to the equilibrium position quickly. 

The most practical method of controlling the RPM of a step-speed AC motor is to _____________. A. change input voltage B. vary the number of poles C. vary power factor D. change the number of brushes

Description : The most practical method of controlling the RPM of a step-speed AC motor is to _____________. A. change input voltage B. vary the number of poles C. vary power factor D. change the number of brushes

Last Answer : Answer: B

A load with an impedance of 440 ohms is connected across the secondary of the transformer illustrated. If the input voltage is 110 VAC and the step-up ratio is 10 to 1, what will be the primary current? EL-0055 A. 2.5 amps B. 25 amps C. 250 amps D. current cannot be determined with information given

Description : A load with an impedance of 440 ohms is connected across the secondary of the transformer illustrated. If the input voltage is 110 VAC and the step-up ratio is 10 to 1, what will be the primary current? EL-0055 A. 2.5 amps B. 25 amps C. 250 amps D. current cannot be determined with information given

Last Answer : Answer: B

A load is connected to the secondary of the transformer illustrated and the current through the load is 10 amps. If the step-up ratio is 10 to 1 and the input voltage is 110 VAC, what will be the current flow through the primary? EL-0055 A. 1 amp B. 10 amps C. 100 amps D. 1000 amps

Description : A load is connected to the secondary of the transformer illustrated and the current through the load is 10 amps. If the step-up ratio is 10 to 1 and the input voltage is 110 VAC, what will be the current flow through the primary? EL-0055 A. 1 amp B. 10 amps C. 100 amps D. 1000 amps

Last Answer : Answer: C

The voltage at the reference electrode of the circuit shown in the illustration is applied to the input of a/an ______________. EL-0090 A. class A detector whose output drives an autotransformer B. operational amplifier whose output controls a step-up voltage reactor C. amplitude modulator whose output drives an 2-stage isolation transformer D. magnetic amplifier whose output controls a saturable reactor

Description : The voltage at the reference electrode of the circuit shown in the illustration is applied to the input of a/an ______________. EL-0090 A. class A detector whose output drives an ... drives an 2-stage isolation transformer D. magnetic amplifier whose output controls a saturable reactor

Last Answer : Answer: D

A load with an impedance of 440 ohms is connected across the secondary of the device illustrated. If the input voltage is 110 VAC and the step-up ratio is 10 to 1, what will be the primary current? EL-0055 A. 2.5 amps B. 25 amps C. 250 amps D. current cannot be determined with information given

Description : A load with an impedance of 440 ohms is connected across the secondary of the device illustrated. If the input voltage is 110 VAC and the step-up ratio is 10 to 1, what will be the primary current? EL-0055 A. 2.5 amps B. 25 amps C. 250 amps D. current cannot be determined with information given

Last Answer : Answer: B

A load is connected to the secondary of the device illustrated and the current through the load is 10 amps. If the step-up ratio is 10 to 1 and the input voltage is 110 VAC, what will be the current flow through the primary? EL-0055 A. 1 amp B. 10 amps C. 100 amps D. 1000 amps

Description : A load is connected to the secondary of the device illustrated and the current through the load is 10 amps. If the step-up ratio is 10 to 1 and the input voltage is 110 VAC, what will be the current flow through the primary? EL-0055 A. 1 amp B. 10 amps C. 100 amps D. 1000 amps

Last Answer : Answer: C

If output voltage is greater than input voltage, then transformer is A. step up B. step down C. faulty D. fatal

Description : If output voltage is greater than input voltage, then transformer is A. step up B. step down C. faulty D. fatal

Last Answer :  step up

In step down transformer, the AC output gives the current _________ than the input current.

Description : In step down transformer, the AC output gives the current _________ than the input current.

Last Answer : more

The transfer function of a system is 10/(1+s) when operating as a unity feedback system, the steady state error to a step input will be a) 0 b) 1/11 c) 10 d) Infinity

Description : The transfer function of a system is 10/(1+s) when operating as a unity feedback system, the steady state error to a step input will be a) 0 b) 1/11 c) 10 d) Infinity

Last Answer : Ans: 1/11

Shift-Reduce parsers perform the following : (A) Shift step that advances in the input stream by K(K>1) symbols and Reduce step that applies a completed grammar rule to some recent parse trees, joining them together as one tree with a new root symbol. (B) Shift step that advances in the input stream by one symbol and Reduce step that applies a completed grammar rule to some recent parse trees, joining them together as one tree with a new root symbol. (C) Shift step that advances in the input stream by K(K = 2) symbols and Reduce step that applies a completed grammar rule to form a single tree. (D) Shift step that does not advance in the input stream and Reduce step that applies a completed grammar rule to form a single tree.

Description : Shift-Reduce parsers perform the following : (A) Shift step that advances in the input stream by K(K>1) symbols and Reduce step that applies a completed grammar rule to some recent parse trees, ... in the input stream and Reduce step that applies a completed grammar rule to form a single tree.

Last Answer : (B) Shift step that advances in the input stream by one symbol and Reduce step that applies a completed grammar rule to some recent parse trees, joining them together as one tree with a new root symbol.

The input voltage to an OP AMP is a large voltage step. The icetttput is an exponential waveform that...

Description : The input voltage to an OP AMP is a large voltage step. The output is an exponential waveform that changes to 0.25 V in 0.1µs (microsecond). The slew rate of the OP AMP is : -  a) 5V/µs b) 2.5 V/ µs c) 3V/µs d) 4.5V/ µs

Last Answer : The input voltage to an OP AMP is a large voltage step. The output is an exponential waveform that changes to 0.25 V in 0.1µs (microsecond). The slew rate of the OP AMP is : - 2.5 V/ µs

If a step function is applied to the input of a system and the output...

Description : If a step function is applied to the input of a system and the output remains below a certain level for all the time, the system is?

Last Answer : If a step function is applied to the input of a system and the output remains below a certain level for all the time, the system is not necessarily stable.

Look at me I want to play. I'll move like you in every way. Be tricky, but the result is always a draw. Why? Because I'm an expert at response and call. Be tricky, but the result is always What am I? -Riddles

Description : Look at me I want to play. I'll move like you in every way. Be tricky, but the result is always a draw. Why? Because I'm an expert at response and call. Be tricky, but the result is always What am I? -Riddles

Last Answer : Your Reflection!

Draw the frequency response of DC amplifier. Comment on it.

Description : Draw the frequency response of DC amplifier. Comment on it.

Last Answer : frequency response: Comment : The gain remains constant at its midband value AM down to zero frequency (DC). Directcoupled amplifiers do not suffer gain reduction at low frequencies as compared ... , gain falls off at the high frequency end due to the internal capacitances of the transistor.

What can I draw for my step father?

Description : What can I draw for my step father?

Last Answer : answer:Draw him either at a game for one of his favorite teams, or as a player in one of his favorite teams’ uniforms. I would think he’d like that, anyway. Good luck! :)

Political parties need to face and overcome a number of challenges in order to remain effective instruments of democracy. -SST 10th

Description : Political parties need to face and overcome a number of challenges in order to remain effective instruments of democracy. -SST 10th

Last Answer : 1. Political parties are the most crucial aspects determining the outcomes of democracy. Therefore, they are often subjected to popular criticism. There are four major areas where the parties face ... to elect a different leader as the same leaders keep shifting from one party to another.

Bank Holidays are covered by which of the following? A. As per the order of the GOI B. As per the order of the IBA C. Negotiable Instruments Act D. RBI Act E. Other than those given as options

Description : Bank Holidays are covered by which of the following? A. As per the order of the GOI B. As per the order of the IBA C. Negotiable Instruments Act D. RBI Act E. Other than those given as options

Last Answer : C. Negotiable Instruments Act Explanation: Bank Holidays are declared by Central/State Governments/ Union Territory under the Negotiable Instruments (NI) Act, 1881.

In order to take a current reading with a 'clamp-on' ammeter, the instrument's jaws _________________. A. should remain open B. cannot touch the adjacent conductor C. must be fully closed D. will act as a transformer primary

Description : In order to take a current reading with a 'clamp-on' ammeter, the instrument's jaws _________________. A. should remain open B. cannot touch the adjacent conductor C. must be fully closed D. will act as a transformer primary

Last Answer : Answer: C

In order to increase its range of measurement, a resistance would be placed in series with which of the following instruments? A. DC voltmeter B. DC ammeter C. frequency meter D. power factor meter

Description : In order to increase its range of measurement, a resistance would be placed in series with which of the following instruments? A. DC voltmeter B. DC ammeter C. frequency meter D. power factor meter

Last Answer : Answer: A

A computer programmer A) Does all the thinking for a computer B) Can enter input data quickly C) Can operate all types of computer equipments D) Can draw only flowchart

Description : A computer programmer A) Does all the thinking for a computer B) Can enter input data quickly C) Can operate all types of computer equipments D) Can draw only flowchart

Last Answer : Answer : A

A computer programmer a. Does all the thinking for a computer b. Can enter input data quickly c. Can operate all types of computer equipments d. Can draw only flowchart

Description : A computer programmer a. Does all the thinking for a computer b. Can enter input data quickly c. Can operate all types of computer equipments d. Can draw only flowchart

Last Answer : Does all the thinking for a computer

A computer programmer a. Dies all the thinking for a compute b. Can enter input data quickly c. Can operate all types of computer equipment d. Can draw only flowchart

Description : A computer programmer a. Dies all the thinking for a compute b. Can enter input data quickly c. Can operate all types of computer equipment d. Can draw only flowchart

Last Answer : a. Dies all the thinking for a compute

A computer programmer a. Does all the thinking for a computer b. Can enter input data quickly c. Can operate all types of computer equipments d. Can draw only flowchart

Description : A computer programmer a. Does all the thinking for a computer b. Can enter input data quickly c. Can operate all types of computer equipments d. Can draw only flowchart

Last Answer : a. Does all the thinking for a computer

A computer programmer a. Dies all the thinking for a compute b. Can enter input data quickly c. Can operate all types of computer equipment d. Can draw only flowchart

Description : A computer programmer a. Dies all the thinking for a compute b. Can enter input data quickly c. Can operate all types of computer equipment d. Can draw only flowchart

Last Answer : a. Dies all the thinking for a compute

Draw: (i) Input characteristics of transistor in CE mode. (ii) Output characteristics of transistor in CE mode and show different regions on it.

Description : Draw: (i) Input characteristics of transistor in CE mode. (ii) Output characteristics of transistor in CE mode and show different regions on it.

Last Answer : (i) Input characteristics of transistor in CE mode.   (ii) Output characteristics of transistor in CE mode and show different regions on it.  

Define filter. State its types. Draw any one filter with input and output waveform.

Description : Define filter. State its types. Draw any one filter with input and output waveform.

Last Answer : Defination : Filter is a circuit which remove or filtered out the AC component (ripple) Types of filter 1. Shunt Capacitor filter (C filter) 2. Series Inductor filter (L filter) 3. LC filter 4. filter (CLC filter) Shunt Capacitor filter (C filter) OR Waveforms:

Describe the operation of inductor with sinusoidal AC voltage as input. Draw waveform for voltage across and current through the inductor. Draw its phasor representation.

Description : Describe the operation of inductor with sinusoidal AC voltage as input. Draw waveform for voltage across and current through the inductor. Draw its phasor representation.

Last Answer : An alternating voltage is applied to a purely inductive coil, a back e.m.f. is produced due to self-inductance of the coil. The back e.m.f. at every step, opposes the rise of fall of current through the coil ... drop, the applied voltage has to overcome this self induced e.m.f. only.