A 15-year-old girl was seen by her family physician because of increasing lethargy. She had a recent history of the "flu". Biochemistry tests show that she has renal impairement. serum sodium 140 mmol/L (137 - 144) serum potassium 4.2 mmol/L (3.5 - 4.9) serum urea 28 mol/L (2.5 - 7.5) serum creatinine 280 µmol/L (60 - 110) Her condition does not improve after several weeks on corticosteroid therapy, so a renal biopsy is performed. The biopsy demonstrates the presence of segmental sclerosis of 3 of 10 glomeruli identified in the biopsy specimen. Immunofluorescence studies and electron microscopy do not reveal evidence for immune deposits. What is the most appropriate advice to give regarding her condition? 1) She has an underlying malignancy 2) She may require a renal transplant in 10 years

A 15-year-old girl was seen by her family physician because of increasing lethargy. She had a recent history of the "flu". Biochemistry tests show that she has renal impairement. serum sodium 140 mmol/L (137 - 144) serum potassium 4.2 mmol/L (3.5 - 4.9) serum urea 28 mol/L (2.5 - 7.5) serum creatinine 280 µmol/L (60 - 110) Her condition does not improve after several weeks on corticosteroid therapy, so a renal biopsy is performed. The biopsy demonstrates the presence of segmental sclerosis of 3 of 10 glomeruli identified in the biopsy specimen. Immunofluorescence studies and electron microscopy do not reveal evidence for immune deposits. What is the most appropriate advice to give regarding her condition? 1) She has an underlying malignancy 2) She may require a renal transplant in 10 years 3) She will improve if she loses weight 4) She will likely develop a restrictive lung disease 5) She will probably improve with additional corticosteroid therapy
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Answers-2 The findings point to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), which leads to chronic renal failure in half of cases. The lack of resolution with corticosteroid therapy and the progression to chronic renal failure is what sets FSGS apart from minimal change disease.
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A 19 year-old female is referred following a visit to the dentist where marked erosion of her teeth was noted. She was entirely asymptomatic and her only medication was the oral contraceptive pill. On examination her blood pressure was 110/70 mmHg and her body mass index was 21.5 kg/m2 (18 - 25). Investigations sodium 135 mmol/l potassium 2.1 mmol/l bicarbonate 42 mmol/l urea 2.6 mol/L corrected calcium 2.08 mmol/ alkaline phosphatase 201 iu/l (50-110) What is the most likely diagnosis? 1) Bulimia nervosa 2) Conn's syndrome 3) Laxative abuse 4) Pregnancy 5) Primary hypoparathyroidism

Description : A 19 year-old female is referred following a visit to the dentist where marked erosion of her teeth was noted. She was entirely asymptomatic and her only medication was the oral contraceptive pill ... ) Bulimia nervosa 2) Conn's syndrome 3) Laxative abuse 4) Pregnancy 5) Primary hypoparathyroidism

Last Answer : Answers-5 This patient has tooth erosion associated with hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis and hypocalcaemia. This suggests a diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. Conn's is unlikely in this age group, is ... raised alkaline phosphatase would not be expected. Early pregnancy would not fit this picture.

Serum biochemistry of a 60 year old man revealed calcium of 1.98 mmol/l and phosphate of 0.55 mmol/l with an alkaline phosphatase of 450 IU/l.Which among the following mosts suits with the above serum biochemistry? 1) Osteoporosis 2) Osteomalacia 3) Pagets Disease 4) Secondary Hyperparathyroidism 5) Renal failure

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A 53-year-old man presented with hypertension of 150/110 mmHg. He is generally asymptomatic and has no previous medical history of note. He is a smoker of 5 cigarettes daily and drinks modest quantities of alcohol. He takes no prescribed medications. Examination reveals a BMI of 33.5 kg/2 but nil else. The following detail his investigations: Serum sodium 146 mmol/l (NR 133-145) Serum potassium 3.2 mmol/l (NR 3.5 - 5) Urinary potassium excretion 42 mmol/l (NR less than 30) What is the likely diagnosis? 1) Adrenocortical adenoma 2) Bartter's syndrome 3) Liddle's syndrome 4) Liquorice ingestion 5) Pheochromocytoma

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The following statement(s) is/are true concerning initial microbiologic diagnostic techniques. a. Appropriate expeditious transport of specimens to the microbiology laboratory is essential for obtaining accurate clinical information b. The use of potassium hydroxide in preparing a specimen slide for light microscopy will be useful in identification of anaerobic bacteria c. Antibiotic sensitivity is determined by exposing the specific microorganism to varying amounts of antibiotic with the concentration of the antibiotic inhibiting growth referred to as the MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) d. Serum levels of antimicrobial agents should achieve in excess of a 4-to 8-fold increase over the MIC to be considered clinically efficacious.

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Rank the following laboratory tests and procedures in terms of their relative value to a 65-year-old woman who is to undergo elective resection of a sigmoid cancer. A. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). B. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN). C. Electrocardiogram (ECG). D. Hemoglobin concentration (Hgb). E. Serum creatinine (Cr). F. Arterial blood oxygen tension (PaO 2) on room air. G. Serum sodium concentration (Na+).

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A 16 year old male with a day history of malaise, weakness and vomiting. He was diagnosed with Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 3 years prviously. Which ONE of the following supports a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis: 1) Abdominal pain at onset 2) A serum bicarbonate of 10 mmol/l 3) A serum glucose 14 mmol/l 4) Decreased appetite in the past few days 5) Shallow respirations

Description : A 16 year old male with a day history of malaise, weakness and vomiting. He was diagnosed with Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 3 years prviously. Which ONE of the following supports a diagnosis of ... serum glucose 14 mmol/l 4) Decreased appetite in the past few days 5) Shallow respirations

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Corticosteroid therapy is practically mandatory in the following condition. (a) Septic shock (b) Renal transplant (c) Rheumatoid arthritis (d) Ulcerative colitis

Description : Corticosteroid therapy is practically mandatory in the following condition. (a) Septic shock (b) Renal transplant (c) Rheumatoid arthritis (d) Ulcerative colitis

Last Answer : Ans: B

Corticosteroid therapy is practically mandatory in the following condition: A. Septic shock B. Renal transplant C. Rheumatoid arthritis D. Ulcerative colitis

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Two filling tap can fill a dumper in 14 and 28 min. respectively and when the waste tap is open, they can together fill it in 35 min. The waste pipe can empty the full dumper in – A) 152/9 hrs. B) 137/7 hrs. C) 60/9 hrs. D) 140/11 hrs.

Description : Two filling tap can fill a dumper in 14 and 28 min. respectively and when the waste tap is open, they can together fill it in 35 min. The waste pipe can empty the full dumper in – A) 152/9 hrs. B) 137/7 hrs. C) 60/9 hrs. D) 140/11 hrs.

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Last Answer : continued observation is required in such a case as the patient is stable

A 75-year-old man had been receiving gentamicin (an aminoglycoside antibiotic) to treat an urinary tract infection. After three months of therapy patient's serum creatinine levels were 10 mg/dL ( normal 0.5-1.2) and serum gentamicin concentrations obtained just before the last dose were 9 mg/dL (normal < 2). Which of the following is the most likely adverse drug reaction the patient was suffering from? a) Type II allergic reaction b)Type III allergic reaction c) Pseudo allergic reaction d) Overdose toxicity

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Last Answer : d) Overdose toxicity 

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When the post-cardiac surgery patient demonstrates restlessness, nausea, weakness, and peaked T waves, the nurse reviews the patient’s serum electrolytes anticipating which abnormality? a) Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia is indicated by mental confusion, restlessness, nausea, weakness, and dysrhythmias (tall, peaked T waves). b) Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia would likely be demonstrated by asystole. c) Hypomagnesemia Hypomagenesemia would likely be demonstrated by hypotension, lethargy, and vasodilation. d) Hyponatremia Hyponatremia would likely be indicated by weakness, fatigue, and confusion without change in T wave formation

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Essential amino acids have been advocated as standard therapy for renal failure. Which of the following statements are true? A. Increased survival from acute renal failure has been reported with both essential and nonessential amino acid therapy of patients in renal failure. B. Essential amino acids retard the rise of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) secondary to decreased urea appearance. C. Essential amino acids and hypertonic dextrose are a convenient form of therapy for hyperkalemia. D. Essential amino acids decrease BUN and creatinine to the same degree as solutions containing excessive nonessential amino acids.

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If we place a red blood cell (osmolality is 280 mmol/kg) in the serum of person F, will the plasma fl ow into the cell or out of the cell ? -Science

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What is the normal level of K+ in the serum ? (A) 137–148 mEq/L (B) 120–160 mEq/L (C) 3.9–5.0 mEq/L (D) 0.3–0.59 mEq/L

Description : What is the normal level of K+ in the serum ? (A) 137–148 mEq/L (B) 120–160 mEq/L (C) 3.9–5.0 mEq/L (D) 0.3–0.59 mEq/L

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A major breakthrough in the studies of cells came with the development of electron microscope. This is because (a) the electron microscope is more powerful than the light microscope as it uses a beam of electrons which has wavelength much longer than that of photons (b) the resolving power of the electron microscope is much higher than that of the light microscope (c) the resolving power of the electron microscope is 200 - 350 nm as compared to 0.1 - 0.2 nm for the light microscope (d) electron beam can pass through thick materials, whereas light microscopy requires thin sections.

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An 16-year-old man presents with polyuria and polydipsia. Which of the following may confirm the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus? 1) A random plasma glucose of >7.5 mmol/L 2) A finding of 3+ ketonuria 3) An HbA1c of 7.0% 4) A fasting plasma glucose of 7.5 mmol/L 5) An abnormal glucose tolerance test

Description : An 16-year-old man presents with polyuria and polydipsia. Which of the following may confirm the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus? 1) A random plasma glucose of >7.5 mmol/L 2) A finding of 3+ ketonuria 3) An HbA1c of 7.0% 4) A fasting plasma glucose of 7.5 mmol/L 5) An abnormal glucose tolerance test

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The diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris is confirmed by: a. Tzanck cells. b. Test dose of corticosteroid. c. Test of anti body. d. Histological immunofluorescence. e. Serological test for auto antibody.

Description : The diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris is confirmed by: a. Tzanck cells. b. Test dose of corticosteroid. c. Test of anti body. d. Histological immunofluorescence. e. Serological test for auto antibody.

Last Answer : d. Histological immunofluorescence.

The diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris is confirmed by:** A. Tzanck cells B. Test dose of corticosteroid C. Test of anti body D. Histological immunofluorescence E. Serological test for auto antibody

Description : The diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris is confirmed by:** A. Tzanck cells B. Test dose of corticosteroid C. Test of anti body D. Histological immunofluorescence E. Serological test for auto antibody

Last Answer : D. Histological immunofluorescence

Which of the following features would be expected on lipid analysis in a 57 year old female with two year history of primary biliary cirrhosis? 1) A lipaemic appearance of the serum would be expected. 2) is treated with clofibrate therapy 3) is characteristically associated with tendon xanthomas 4) is characteristically associated with palmar xanthomas 5) No evidence of a dyslipidaemia would be expected with this short a duration of disease

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Normal range of serum creatinine is (A) 0.6–1.5 mg/dl (B) 9–11 mg/dl (C) 20–45 mg/dl (D) 60–100 mg/dl

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Last Answer : Answer : A

In man, the amount of calcium in gms filtered in 24 hrs period by the renal glomeruli is (A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D) 20

Description : In man, the amount of calcium in gms filtered in 24 hrs period by the renal glomeruli is (A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D) 20

Last Answer : Answer : B

Serum sodium level rises in all of the following except (A) Renal failure (B) Prolonged steroid therapy (C) Aldosteronism (D) Dehydration

Description : Serum sodium level rises in all of the following except (A) Renal failure (B) Prolonged steroid therapy (C) Aldosteronism (D) Dehydration

Last Answer : Answer : A

Among the following, the most sensitive indicator of glomerular function is (A) Serum urea (B) Serum creatinine (C) Urea clearance (D) Creatinine clearance

Description : Among the following, the most sensitive indicator of glomerular function is (A) Serum urea (B) Serum creatinine (C) Urea clearance (D) Creatinine clearance

Last Answer : Answer : D

A simple way to assess tubular function is to withhold food and water for 12 hours and, then, measure (A) Serum urea (B) Serum creatinine (C) Urine output in one hour (D) Specific gravity of urine

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Last Answer : Answer : D

True statements concerning hypoadrenal shock include which of the following? A. Adrenocortical insufficiency may manifest itself as severe shock refractory to volume and pressor therapy. B. The presence of hyperglycemia and hypotension may suggest the diagnosis of shock due to adrenocortical insufficiency. C. Hydrocortisone does not interfere with the serum cortisol assay and should be given to hemodynamically unstable patients suspected of having hypoadrenal shock. D. The rapid adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test should be performed to help establish the diagnosis of acute adrenocortical insufficiency.

Description : True statements concerning hypoadrenal shock include which of the following? A. Adrenocortical insufficiency may manifest itself as severe shock refractory to volume and pressor therapy. B. ... test should be performed to help establish the diagnosis of acute adrenocortical insufficiency.

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When the post-cardiac surgical patient demonstrates vasodilation, hypotension, hyporeflexia, slow gastrointestinal motility (hypoactive bowel sounds), lethargy, and respiratory depression, the nurse suspects which of the following electrolyte imbalances? a) Hypermagnesemia Untreated hypomagnesemia may result in coma, apnea, cardiac arrest.

Description : When the post-cardiac surgical patient demonstrates vasodilation, hypotension, hyporeflexia, slow gastrointestinal motility (hypoactive bowel sounds), lethargy, and respiratory depression, the nurse suspects ... and QT intervals, broad flat T waves), disorientation, depression, and hypotension.

Last Answer : a) Hypermagnesemia Untreated hypomagnesemia may result in coma, apnea, cardiac arrest.

An incision biopsy of an ulcerated and intruded clinically suspicious lesion in a 50 years-old female reveals chronic inflammation; you would:** A. Inform the patient and her physician of your findings and instruct the patient to return in six months B. Surgically excise the entire lesion since you know it is not malignant C. Dismiss the patient with instructions for warm saline rinses and re-examination D. Repeat the biopsy

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Last Answer : D. Repeat the biopsy

In normal individuals glycosuria occurs when the venous blood glucose concentration exceeds (A) 5–6 mmol/L (B) 7–8 mmol/L (C) 8.5–9 mmol/L (D) 9.5–10 mmol/L

Description : In normal individuals glycosuria occurs when the venous blood glucose concentration exceeds (A) 5–6 mmol/L (B) 7–8 mmol/L (C) 8.5–9 mmol/L (D) 9.5–10 mmol/L

Last Answer : Answer : D

male old patient has S&S of facial palsy ( LMNL) ; which of the following correct about it; A- almost most of the cases start to improve in 2ed weeks b- it need ttt by antibiotic and anti inflammatory c- contraindicated to give corticosteroid d- usually about 25 % of the cases has permanent affection

Description : male old patient has S&S of facial palsy ( LMNL) ; which of the following correct about it; A- almost most of the cases start to improve in 2ed weeks b- it need ttt by ... anti inflammatory c- contraindicated to give corticosteroid d- usually about 25 % of the cases has permanent affection

Last Answer : A- almost most of the cases start to improve in 2ed weeks

Normal range of serum sodium is (A) 30–70 mEq/L (B) 70–110 mEq/L (C) 117–135 mEq/L (D) 136–145 mEq/L

Description : Normal range of serum sodium is (A) 30–70 mEq/L (B) 70–110 mEq/L (C) 117–135 mEq/L (D) 136–145 mEq/L

Last Answer : Answer : D

Three medications referred to as the ‘ABC drugs’ are currently the main pharmacological therapy for multiple sclerosis. Which of the following statements reflects information to be included in patient teaching? a) Flu-like symptoms can be controlled with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and usually resolve after a few months of therapy. Seventy-five percent of patients taking one of the interferons experience flu-like symptoms that can be controlled with NSAIDS and usually resolve after a few months of therapy.

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Normal serum free testosterone in adult men varies between (A) 1–5 ng/dl (B) 6–9 ng/dl (C) 10–30 ng/dl (D) 50–100 ng/dl 214 MCQs IN BIOCHEMISTRY

Description : Normal serum free testosterone in adult men varies between (A) 1–5 ng/dl (B) 6–9 ng/dl (C) 10–30 ng/dl (D) 50–100 ng/dl 214 MCQs IN BIOCHEMISTRY

Last Answer : Answer : C

Normal range of serum potassium is (A) 2.1-3.4 mEq/L (B) 3.5-5.3 mEq/L (C) 5.4–7.4 mEq/L (D) 7.5–9.5 mEq/L

Description : Normal range of serum potassium is (A) 2.1-3.4 mEq/L (B) 3.5-5.3 mEq/L (C) 5.4–7.4 mEq/L (D) 7.5–9.5 mEq/L

Last Answer : Answer : B

A 70-year-old patient presented with weakness, tiredness and muscle cramps. The ECG showed Q-T prolongation, flattening of T wave and occasional A-V block. His serum K+ was low (2.8 mEq/L). He admitted taking a laxative every day for the past several months. Which laxative could be responsible for the above condition: A. Bisacodyl B. Liquid paraffin C. Methylcellulose D. Bran

Description : A 70-year-old patient presented with weakness, tiredness and muscle cramps. The ECG showed Q-T prolongation, flattening of T wave and occasional A-V block. His serum K+ was low (2.8 mEq ... could be responsible for the above condition: A. Bisacodyl B. Liquid paraffin C. Methylcellulose D. Bran

Last Answer : A. Bisacodyl

Match the items given in column I with those in column II and select the correct option given below. Column I Column II A. Glycosuria (i) Accumulation of uric acid in joints B. Gout (ii) Mass of crystallised salts within the kidney C. Renal calculi (iii) Inflammation in glomeruli D. Glomerular (iv) Presence of glucose in nephritis urine A B C D (a) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (c) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv) (d) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)

Description : Match the items given in column I with those in column II and select the correct option given below. Column I Column II A. Glycosuria (i) Accumulation of uric acid in joints B. Gout (ii) Mass of crystallised salts within the kidney ... (iii) (iv) (c) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv) (d) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)

Last Answer : (d) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)

When x-ray demonstrates a fracture in which bone has splintered into several pieces, that fracture is described as a) comminuted. A comminuted fracture may require open reduction and internal fixation.

Description : When x-ray demonstrates a fracture in which bone has splintered into several pieces, that fracture is described as a) comminuted. A comminuted fracture may require open reduction and internal fixation. b ... . An impacted fracture is one in which a bone fragment is driven into another bone fragment.

Last Answer : a) comminuted. A comminuted fracture may require open reduction and internal fixation.

The following findings are normal in pregnancy: a. elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) b. raised serum urea c. raised serum creatinine d. elevated white blood cell count

Description : The following findings are normal in pregnancy: a. elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) b. raised serum urea c. raised serum creatinine d. elevated white blood cell count

Last Answer : elevated white blood cell count

When the female patient demonstrates thickening, scaling, and erosion of the nipple and areola, the nurse recognizes that the patient is exhibiting signs of a) Paget’s disease. Paget’s disease is a malignancy of mammary ducts with early signs of erythema of nipple and areola. b) acute mastitis. Acute mastitis is demonstrated by nipple cracks or abrasions along with reddened and warm breast skin and tenderness.

Description : When the female patient demonstrates thickening, scaling, and erosion of the nipple and areola, the nurse recognizes that the patient is exhibiting signs of a) Paget's disease. Paget's disease ... the breast and demonstrates an orange peel apearance of breast skin with enlargement of skin pores.

Last Answer : a) Paget’s disease. Paget’s disease is a malignancy of mammary ducts with early signs of erythema of nipple and areola.

The normal serum GOT activity ranges from (A) 3.0–15.0 IU/L (B) 4.0–17.0 IU/L (C) 4.0–60.0 IU/L (D) 0.9–4.0 IU/L

Description : The normal serum GOT activity ranges from (A) 3.0–15.0 IU/L (B) 4.0–17.0 IU/L (C) 4.0–60.0 IU/L (D) 0.9–4.0 IU/L

Last Answer : Answer : B

Mineralocorticoids increase the tubular reabsorption of (A) Sodium and calcium (B) Sodium and potassium (C) Sodium and chloride (D) Potassium and chloride 224 MCQs IN BIOCHEMISTRY

Description : Mineralocorticoids increase the tubular reabsorption of (A) Sodium and calcium (B) Sodium and potassium (C) Sodium and chloride (D) Potassium and chloride 224 MCQs IN BIOCHEMISTRY

Last Answer : Answer : C