The symptoms of allergen-mediated asthma result from which of the following? (a) Increased release of mediators from mast cells (b) Increased adrenergic responsiveness of the airways (c) Inceased vascular permeability of bronchial tissue (d) Decreased calcium influx into the mast cell (e) Decreased prostaglandin production

The symptoms of allergen-mediated asthma result from which of the following? (a) Increased release of mediators from mast cells (b) Increased adrenergic responsiveness of the airways (c) Inceased vascular permeability of bronchial tissue (d) Decreased calcium influx into the mast cell (e) Decreased prostaglandin production
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The Symptoms of allergen-mediated asthma result from which of the following? (a) Increased release of mediators from mast cells (b) Increased adrenergic responsiveness of the airways (c) Increased vascular permeability of bronchial tissue (d) Decreased calcium influx into the mast cells (e) Decreased prostaglandin production

Description : The Symptoms of allergen-mediated asthma result from which of the following? (a) Increased release of mediators from mast cells (b) Increased adrenergic responsiveness of the airways (c) ... bronchial tissue (d) Decreased calcium influx into the mast cells (e) Decreased prostaglandin production

Last Answer : Ans: A

In patients of bronchial asthma inhaled corticosteroids achieve the following except (a) Reduce the need for bronchodilator medication (b) Control an attack of refractory asthma (c) Reduce bronchial hyperreactivity (d) Reverse diminished responsiveness to sympathomimetic bronchodilators

Description : In patients of bronchial asthma inhaled corticosteroids achieve the following except (a) Reduce the need for bronchodilator medication (b) Control an attack of refractory asthma (c) Reduce bronchial hyperreactivity (d) Reverse diminished responsiveness to sympathomimetic bronchodilators

Last Answer : Ans: B

If therapy with multiple drugs causes induction of drug metabolism in your asthma patient, it will (a) Result in increased smooth endoplasmic reticulum (b) Result in increased rough endoplasmic reticulum (c) Result in decreased enzymes in the soluble cytoplasmic fraction (d) Require 3-4 months to reach completion (e) Be irreversible

Description : If therapy with multiple drugs causes induction of drug metabolism in your asthma patient, it will (a) Result in increased smooth endoplasmic reticulum (b) Result in increased rough endoplasmic reticulum ... soluble cytoplasmic fraction (d) Require 3-4 months to reach completion (e) Be irreversible

Last Answer : Ans: A

The most consistent, pronounced and sustained relief of symptoms in chronic bronchial asthma is afforded by (a) ß2 sympathomimetics (b) Anticholinergics (c) Sodium cromoglycate (d) Corticosteroids

Description : The most consistent, pronounced and sustained relief of symptoms in chronic bronchial asthma is afforded by (a) ß2 sympathomimetics (b) Anticholinergics (c) Sodium cromoglycate (d) Corticosteroids

Last Answer : Ans: D

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the vascular response to injury? a. Vasoconstriction is an early event in the response to injury b. Vasodilatation is a detrimental response to injury with normal body processes working to avoid this process c. Vascular permeability is maintained to prevent further cellular injury d. Histamine, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) are important mediators of local vasoconstriction

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the vascular response to injury? a. Vasoconstriction is an early event in the response to injury b. Vasodilatation is a ... Histamine, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) are important mediators of local vasoconstriction

Last Answer : Answer: a After wounding, there is transient vasoconstriction mediated by catecholamines, thromboxane, and prostaglandin F2 (PGF2a). This period of vasoconstriction lasts for only five to ten minutes. Once ... and mast cells and enhance the egress of cells and substrate into the wound and tissue

In a patient of bronchial asthma, inhaled salbutamol produces the following effect(s). (a) Inhibits antigen-antibody reaction in the lungs (b) Causes bronchodilatation (c) Reduces bronchial hyperreactivity (d) Both (b) and (c)

Description : In a patient of bronchial asthma, inhaled salbutamol produces the following effect(s). (a) Inhibits antigen-antibody reaction in the lungs (b) Causes bronchodilatation (c) Reduces bronchial hyperreactivity (d) Both (b) and (c)

Last Answer : Ans: B

H1 antihistaminics are beneficial in (a) All types of allergic disorders (b) Certain type I allergic reactions only (c) Anaphylactic shock(d) Bronchial asthma

Description : H1 antihistaminics are beneficial in (a) All types of allergic disorders (b) Certain type I allergic reactions only (c) Anaphylactic shock(d) Bronchial asthma

Last Answer : Ans: B

Which of the following terms best describes the antagonism of leukotriene’s bronchoconstrictor effect (mediated at leukotriene receptors) by terbutaline (acting a adrenoceptors) in a patient with asthma? (a) Pharmacologic antagonist (b) Partial agonist (c) Physiologic antagonist (d) Chemical antagonist (e) Noncompetitive antagonist

Description : Which of the following terms best describes the antagonism of leukotriene's bronchoconstrictor effect (mediated at leukotriene receptors) by terbutaline (acting a adrenoceptors) in a patient with ... ) Partial agonist (c) Physiologic antagonist (d) Chemical antagonist (e) Noncompetitive antagonist

Last Answer : Ans: C

The primary goals of asthma therapy include all of the following except (a) maintain normal activity levels (b) maintain control of symptoms (c) avoid adverse effects of asthma medications (d) prevent acute exacerbations and chronic symptoms (e) prevent destruction of lung tissue

Description : The primary goals of asthma therapy include all of the following except (a) maintain normal activity levels (b) maintain control of symptoms (c) avoid adverse effects of asthma medications (d) prevent acute exacerbations and chronic symptoms (e) prevent destruction of lung tissue

Last Answer : Ans: E

Which of the following will result from blockade of H2 receptors? (a) Decreased camp in cardiac muscle (b) Increased camp in cardiac muscle (c) Decreased IP3 in gastric mucosa (d) Increased IP3 in gastric mucosa (e) Increased IP3 in smooth muscle

Description : Which of the following will result from blockade of H2 receptors? (a) Decreased camp in cardiac muscle (b) Increased camp in cardiac muscle (c) Decreased IP3 in gastric mucosa (d) Increased IP3 in gastric mucosa (e) Increased IP3 in smooth muscle

Last Answer : Ans: A

The action of 5-Hydroxy tryptamine mediated by the 5-HT3 receptor is (a) Vasoconstriction (b) Bradycardia (c) EDRF release (d) Platelet aggregation

Description : The action of 5-Hydroxy tryptamine mediated by the 5-HT3 receptor is (a) Vasoconstriction (b) Bradycardia (c) EDRF release (d) Platelet aggregation

Last Answer : Ans: B

Eicosanoids mediate inflammation in a variety of ways. Of the following statements, which are true with regard to this? a. Eicosanoids are stored in cytoplasmic granules for release after receptor mediated signaling b. Eicosanoids include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and lipoxins c. Eicosanoids generally have a plasma half-life measured in hours d. Physiologic responses to eicosanoids include vasodilatation, vasoconstriction, increased vascular permeability and both chemotaxis and chemoattractant inhibition

Description : Eicosanoids mediate inflammation in a variety of ways. Of the following statements, which are true with regard to this? a. Eicosanoids are stored in cytoplasmic granules ... include vasodilatation, vasoconstriction, increased vascular permeability and both chemotaxis and chemoattractant inhibition

Last Answer : Answer: b, d The eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid (eicosatetraenoic acid) and consist of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and lipoxins. The eicosanoids are not ... nervous system d. Mononuclear phagocytes release a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors

Which of the following is a prophylactic agent that appears to stabilize mast cells? (a) Aminophyline (b) Cromolyn (c) Epinephrine (d) Ipratropium (e) Metaproterenol

Description : Which of the following is a prophylactic agent that appears to stabilize mast cells? (a) Aminophyline (b) Cromolyn (c) Epinephrine (d) Ipratropium (e) Metaproterenol

Last Answer : Ans: B

Histamine (a) May be released from mast cells by a number of therapeutic agents (b) Causes sedation (c) Decreases the force of contraction of ventricular muscle (d) Can cause strong contractions of the gravid human uterus

Description : Histamine (a) May be released from mast cells by a number of therapeutic agents (b) Causes sedation (c) Decreases the force of contraction of ventricular muscle (d) Can cause strong contractions of the gravid human uterus

Last Answer : Ans: D

Select the correct statement about salmeterol. (a) It is a long acting selective ß2 agonist bronchodilator (b) It is a bronchodilator with anti-inflammatory property (c) It is a ß blocker that can be safely given to asthmatics (d) It is an antihistaminic with mast cells stabilizing property

Description : Select the correct statement about salmeterol. (a) It is a long acting selective ß2 agonist bronchodilator (b) It is a bronchodilator with anti-inflammatory property (c) It is a ß blocker that can be safely given to asthmatics (d) It is an antihistaminic with mast cells stabilizing property

Last Answer : Ans: A

Which of the following statements are true of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? A. The “two-hit” model proposes that secondary MODS may be produced when even a relatively minor second insult reactivates, in a more amplified form, the systemic inflammatory response that was primed by an initial insult to the host. B. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), shock due to sepsis or SIRS, and MODS may be regarded as a continuum of illness severity. C. Prolonged stimulation or activation of Kupffer cells in the liver is thought to be a critical factor in the sustained, uncontrolled release of inflammatory mediators. D. The incidence of MODS in intensive care units has decreased owing to increased awareness, prevention, and treatment of the syndrome.

Description : Which of the following statements are true of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? A. The two-hit model proposes that secondary MODS may be produced when even a relatively ... intensive care units has decreased owing to increased awareness, prevention, and treatment of the syndrome.

Last Answer : Answer: ABC DISCUSSION: MODS is part of a clinical continuum that begins with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which is the host's stress response to any major insult such ... pathogenesis of MODS, the incidence of MODS continues to increase without a significant improvement in outcome

Montelukast produces the following action(s) in bronchial asthma patients: A. Bronchodilatation B. Suppression of bronchial hyperreactivity C. Stabilization of mast cells D. Both 'A' and 'B'

Description : Montelukast produces the following action(s) in bronchial asthma patients: A. Bronchodilatation B. Suppression of bronchial hyperreactivity C. Stabilization of mast cells D. Both 'A' and 'B'

Last Answer : D. Both 'A' and 'B'

Which of the following drugs is neither bronchodilator nor anti-inflammatory, but has antihistaminic and mast cell stabilizing activity ? (a) Sodium cromoglycate (b) Ketotifen (c) Beclomethasone dipropionate (d) Mepyramine maleate

Description : Which of the following drugs is neither bronchodilator nor anti-inflammatory, but has antihistaminic and mast cell stabilizing activity ? (a) Sodium cromoglycate (b) Ketotifen (c) Beclomethasone dipropionate (d) Mepyramine maleate

Last Answer : Ans: B

The following kinin action is mediated primarily by the kinin B1 receptor: A. Intestinal contraction B. Bronchoconstriction C. EDRF release and vasodilatation D. Production of Interleukin, TNFα and other inflammatory mediators

Description : The following kinin action is mediated primarily by the kinin B1 receptor: A. Intestinal contraction B. Bronchoconstriction C. EDRF release and vasodilatation D. Production of Interleukin, TNFα and other inflammatory mediators

Last Answer : . Production of Interleukin, TNFα and other inflammatory mediators

Antitussives act by (a) Liquifying bronchial secretions (b) Raising the threshold of cough centre (c) Reducing cough inducing impulses from the lungs (d) Both (b) and (c)

Description : Antitussives act by (a) Liquifying bronchial secretions (b) Raising the threshold of cough centre (c) Reducing cough inducing impulses from the lungs (d) Both (b) and (c)

Last Answer : Ans: D

Bromhexine acts by (a) Inhibiting cough center (b) Irritating gastric mucosa and reflexly increasing bronchial secretion (c) Depolymerizing mucopolysaccharides present (d) Desensitizing stretch receptors in the lungs

Description : Bromhexine acts by (a) Inhibiting cough center (b) Irritating gastric mucosa and reflexly increasing bronchial secretion (c) Depolymerizing mucopolysaccharides present (d) Desensitizing stretch receptors in the lungs

Last Answer : Ans: C

What is symport ? (a) Counter transport (b) Contransport (c) Carrier mediated diffusion (d) Solvent drug

Description : What is symport ? (a) Counter transport (b) Contransport (c) Carrier mediated diffusion (d) Solvent drug

Last Answer : Ans: B

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the pulmonary response to shock? a. The acute pulmonary vascular response to shock differs markedly from that of systemic vasculature b. The pulmonary edema of ARDS occurs in the face of elevated left heart pressures c. The initial physiologic changes of ARDS involve the capillary endothelial cells and the type I pneumocyte d. Mechanisms proposed in the pathogenesis of ARDS include injury from mediators of inflammation elsewhere and from activated cellular elements e. A decrease in lung compliance may result from the loss of type I pneumocytes

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the pulmonary response to shock? a. The acute pulmonary vascular response to shock differs markedly from that of systemic vasculature b. The ... elements e. A decrease in lung compliance may result from the loss of type I pneumocytes

Last Answer : Answer: c, d, e Contributing pathophysiologic processes to the pulmonary manifestations of shock include the pulmonary component of the cardiovascular response, disruption of the normal ... injury from mediators of inflammation elaborated elsewhere, and from activated cellular blood elements

Acute exacerbations of asthma can be triggered by all of the following except (a) Bacterial or viral pneumonia (b) Hypersensitivity reaction to penicillin (c) Discontinuation of asthma medication (d) Hot, dry weather (e) Stressful emotional events

Description : Acute exacerbations of asthma can be triggered by all of the following except (a) Bacterial or viral pneumonia (b) Hypersensitivity reaction to penicillin (c) Discontinuation of asthma medication (d) Hot, dry weather (e) Stressful emotional events

Last Answer : Ans: D

Relative to fexofenadine, diphenhydramine is more likely to (a) Be used for treatment of asthma (b) Be used for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (c) Cause cardiac arrhythmias in overdose (d) Have efficacy in the prevention of motion sickness (e) Increase the serum concentration of warfarin

Description : Relative to fexofenadine, diphenhydramine is more likely to (a) Be used for treatment of asthma (b) Be used for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (c) Cause cardiac arrhythmias in ... ) Have efficacy in the prevention of motion sickness (e) Increase the serum concentration of warfarin

Last Answer : Ans: D

A drug useful in the treatment of asthma but lacking bronchodilator action, is (a) Cromolyn (b) Ephedrine (c) Isoproterenol (d) Metaproterenol (e) Metoprolol

Description : A drug useful in the treatment of asthma but lacking bronchodilator action, is (a) Cromolyn (b) Ephedrine (c) Isoproterenol (d) Metaproterenol (e) Metoprolol

Last Answer : Ans: A

Which of the following is a very longacting ß2 – selective agonist that is used for asthma prophylaxis? (a) Aminophyline (b) Cromolyn (c) Epinephrine (d) Ipratropium (e) Salmeterol

Description : Which of the following is a very longacting ß2 – selective agonist that is used for asthma prophylaxis? (a) Aminophyline (b) Cromolyn (c) Epinephrine (d) Ipratropium (e) Salmeterol

Last Answer : Ans: E

Acute exacerbations of asthma can be triggered by all of the following except (a) Bacterial of viral pneumonia (b) Hypertsensitivity reaction to penicillin (c) Discontinuation of asthma medication (d) Hot, dry weather (e) Stressful emotional events

Description : Acute exacerbations of asthma can be triggered by all of the following except (a) Bacterial of viral pneumonia (b) Hypertsensitivity reaction to penicillin (c) Discontinuation of asthma medication (d) Hot, dry weather (e) Stressful emotional events

Last Answer : Ans: D

Which of the following is a direct bronchodilator that is most often used in asthma by the oral route? (a) Aminophyline (b) Cromolyn (c) Epinephrine (d) Ipratropium (e) Metaproterenol

Description : Which of the following is a direct bronchodilator that is most often used in asthma by the oral route? (a) Aminophyline (b) Cromolyn (c) Epinephrine (d) Ipratropium (e) Metaproterenol

Last Answer : Ans: A

Which of the following tests is used at home to assess therapy and determine if a patient with asthma should seek emergency care? (a) Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (b) Forced vital capacity (FVC) (c) Total lung capacity (TLC) (d) Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (e) Residual volume (RV)

Description : Which of the following tests is used at home to assess therapy and determine if a patient with asthma should seek emergency care? (a) Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (b) Forced vital capacity ... ) Total lung capacity (TLC) (d) Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (e) Residual volume (RV)

Last Answer : Ans: D

In the emergency department, the preferred first-line therapy for asthma exacerbation is (a) Theophylline (b) A ß-agonist (c) A corticosteroid (d) Cromolyn sodium (e) An antihistamine

Description : In the emergency department, the preferred first-line therapy for asthma exacerbation is (a) Theophylline (b) A ß-agonist (c) A corticosteroid (d) Cromolyn sodium (e) An antihistamine

Last Answer : Ans: B

Isoxuprine is used to treat (a) Asthma (b) Severe hypotension (c) Nasal congestion (d) Premature labor (e) Hypertension

Description : Isoxuprine is used to treat (a) Asthma (b) Severe hypotension (c) Nasal congestion (d) Premature labor (e) Hypertension

Last Answer : Ans: D

Which of the following may precipitate an asthma attack? (a) Respiratory acidosis (b) Viran and bacterial infections (c) Respiratory alkalosis (d) Cranberry jiuce (e) Chocolate or Coca Cola

Description : Which of the following may precipitate an asthma attack? (a) Respiratory acidosis (b) Viran and bacterial infections (c) Respiratory alkalosis (d) Cranberry jiuce (e) Chocolate or Coca Cola

Last Answer : Ans: B

A drug administered by inhalation of powder as a prophylactic for asthma is (a) Ephedrine (b) Disodium cromolyn (c) Isoproterenol (d) Ocytriphylline (e) Epinephrine

Description : A drug administered by inhalation of powder as a prophylactic for asthma is (a) Ephedrine (b) Disodium cromolyn (c) Isoproterenol (d) Ocytriphylline (e) Epinephrine

Last Answer : Ans: B

Which of the following agents and dosage regimens is the best choice of treatment for an asthma patient with rheumatoid arthritis who is considered sensitive to aspirin (experiences bronchospasm with use)? (a) Lbuprofen, 800 mg three times daily (b) Acetaminophen, 650 mg every 4 hours (c) Gold injections, 25 mg intramuscularly once a week (d) Azathioprine, 75 mg daily (e) Cyclophosphamide, 100 mg daily

Description : Which of the following agents and dosage regimens is the best choice of treatment for an asthma patient with rheumatoid arthritis who is considered sensitive to aspirin (experiences bronchospasm with use)? ... once a week (d) Azathioprine, 75 mg daily (e) Cyclophosphamide, 100 mg daily

Last Answer : Ans: C

Which of the following tests is used at home to assess therapy and determine if a patient with asthma should seek emergency care? (a) Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (b) Forced vital capacity (FVC) (c) Total lung capacity (TLC) (d) Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (e) Residual volume (RV)

Description : Which of the following tests is used at home to assess therapy and determine if a patient with asthma should seek emergency care? (a) Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (b) Forced vital capacity ... ) Total lung capacity (TLC) (d) Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (e) Residual volume (RV)

Last Answer : Ans: D

In the emergency department, the preferred first-line therapy for asthma exacerbation is (a) Theophyline (b) A ß-agonist (c) A corticosteroid (d) Cromolyn sodium (e) An antihistamine

Description : In the emergency department, the preferred first-line therapy for asthma exacerbation is (a) Theophyline (b) A ß-agonist (c) A corticosteroid (d) Cromolyn sodium (e) An antihistamine

Last Answer : Ans: B

Chronic Bronchitis is characterized by I. the distruction of central and peripheral portions of the acinus II. an increased number of mucous glands and goblet cells III. edema and inflammation of the bronchioles (a) only I is correct (b) only III is correct (c) I and II are correct (d) II and III are correct (e) I, II and III are correct

Description : Chronic Bronchitis is characterized by I. the distruction of central and peripheral portions of the acinus II. an increased number of mucous glands and goblet cells III. edema and inflammation of the bronchioles (a) only ... II are correct (d) II and III are correct (e) I, II and III are correct

Last Answer : Ans: C

In comparison to inhaled β 2 adrenergic agonists, the inhaled anticholinergics: A. Are more effective in bronchial asthma B. Are better suited for control of an acute attack of asthma C. Produce slower response in bronchial asthma D. Produce little benefit in chronic obstructive lung disease

Description : In comparison to inhaled β 2 adrenergic agonists, the inhaled anticholinergics: A. Are more effective in bronchial asthma B. Are better suited for control of an acute attack of asthma C. Produce slower response in bronchial asthma D. Produce little benefit in chronic obstructive lung disease

Last Answer : C. Produce slower response in bronchial asthma

Which xanthine derivative has no function in asthma ? (a) Theophylline (b) Pentoxyphyllin (c) Enprofylin (d) None of the above

Description : Which xanthine derivative has no function in asthma ? (a) Theophylline (b) Pentoxyphyllin (c) Enprofylin (d) None of the above

Last Answer : Ans: B

All the following are employed in inhalation therapy of asthma except (a) Beclomethasone (b) Budesonide (c) Dexamethasone (d) Triamcinolone

Description : All the following are employed in inhalation therapy of asthma except (a) Beclomethasone (b) Budesonide (c) Dexamethasone (d) Triamcinolone

Last Answer : Ans: C

In an asthma patient treated with systemic corticosteroids, bronchodilator drugs (a) Are not needed (b) Are contraindicated (c) May be used on ‘as and when required’ basis (d) Are ineffective

Description : In an asthma patient treated with systemic corticosteroids, bronchodilator drugs (a) Are not needed (b) Are contraindicated (c) May be used on ‘as and when required’ basis (d) Are ineffective

Last Answer : Ans: C

Budesonide is a (a) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (b) High ceiling diuretic (c) Inhaled corticosteroid for asthma (d) Contraceptive

Description : Budesonide is a (a) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (b) High ceiling diuretic (c) Inhaled corticosteroid for asthma (d) Contraceptive

Last Answer : Ans: C

A 10 year old child suffers from exercise induced asthma: Which is the most suitable first line drug for regular prophylactic therapy ? (a) Oral salbutamol (b) Oral theophylline (c) Inhaled sodium cromoglycate (d) Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate

Description : A 10 year old child suffers from exercise induced asthma: Which is the most suitable first line drug for regular prophylactic therapy ? (a) Oral salbutamol (b) Oral theophylline (c) Inhaled sodium cromoglycate (d) Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate

Last Answer : Ans: C

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines for the treatment of asthma recommended institution of routine inhaled corticosteroids when patients are classified as having greater than or equal to which type of asthma? (a) Mild intermittent (b) Mild persistent (c) Moderate persistent (d) Severe persistent

Description : The National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines for the treatment of asthma recommended institution of routine inhaled corticosteroids when patients are classified as having greater than or equal to which ... (a) Mild intermittent (b) Mild persistent (c) Moderate persistent (d) Severe persistent

Last Answer : Ans: B

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the neuroendocrine responses to shock? a. Sympathetic nerve endings release epinephrine which is responsible for greater than 80% of systemic vascular resistance b. Endogenous epinephrine is the primary contributor to systemic vascular resistance c. Increased pancreatic secretion of glucagon contributes to glucose intolerance associated with injury and sepsis d. The renin-angiotensin axis further augments the sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the neuroendocrine responses to shock? a. Sympathetic nerve endings release epinephrine which is responsible for greater than 80% ... injury and sepsis d. The renin-angiotensin axis further augments the sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction

Last Answer : Answer: c, d The neuroendocrine response to shock attempts to achieve restoration of effective blood volume, mobilization of metabolic substrates, and maintenance of central ... . Angiotensin II is an extremely effective vasoconstrictor that further augments sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction

Leukotrienes: 1) Are formed from the cyclooxygenase pathway 2) Are synthesized by fibroblasts 3) Decrease vascular permeability 4) Leukotriene D4 has been identified as SRS-A which causes bronchial wall smooth muscle relaxation 5) Stimulate mucus secretion

Description : Leukotrienes: 1) Are formed from the cyclooxygenase pathway 2) Are synthesized by fibroblasts 3) Decrease vascular permeability 4) Leukotriene D4 has been identified as SRS-A which causes bronchial wall smooth muscle relaxation 5) Stimulate mucus secretion

Last Answer : Answers-5 Leukotrienes are synthesized by leucocytes.They are mediators of allergic reaction. They increase vascular permeability and attract neutrophils and eosinophils to inflammatory sites. ... stimulate mucus production, an important consideration in the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma.

Methylxanthines exert the following action (s) at cellular/molecular level (a) Intracellular release of Ca2+ (b) Antagonism of adenosine (c) Inhibition of phosphodiesterase (d) All of the above

Description : Methylxanthines exert the following action (s) at cellular/molecular level (a) Intracellular release of Ca2+ (b) Antagonism of adenosine (c) Inhibition of phosphodiesterase (d) All of the above

Last Answer : Ans: D