Helper T cells release all the following except (A) Interleukins (B) Colony stimulating factors (C) Perforins (D) Tumour necrosis factor

Helper T cells release all the following except (A) Interleukins (B) Colony stimulating factors (C) Perforins (D) Tumour necrosis factor
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Cytotoxic T cells release (A) Perforins (B) Interleukins (C) Colony stimulating factors (D) Tumour necrosis factor

Description : Cytotoxic T cells release (A) Perforins (B) Interleukins (C) Colony stimulating factors (D) Tumour necrosis factor

Last Answer : Answer : B

Helper T cells release (A) Interleukins (B) Colony stimulating factors (C) Tumour necrosis factor (D) All of these

Description : Helper T cells release (A) Interleukins (B) Colony stimulating factors (C) Tumour necrosis factor (D) All of these

Last Answer : Answer : B

TNF-ais an example of eicosanoids (a) Interleukins (b) Cytotoxic factors (c) Interferons (d) Colony stimulating factors

Description : TNF-ais an example of eicosanoids (a) Interleukins (b) Cytotoxic factors (c) Interferons (d) Colony stimulating factors

Last Answer : Ans: B

The following are true about antigen presenting cells (APC): a. Langerhan's cells are the antigen presenting cells of the epidermis b. CD8+ cells only recognize antigen presenting cells bearing MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class I c. tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF ) can turn endothelial cells into antigen presenting cells d. all above

Description : The following are true about antigen presenting cells (APC): a. Langerhan's cells are the antigen presenting cells of the epidermis b. CD8+ cells only recognize antigen presenting cells bearing ... necrosis factor alpha (TNF ) can turn endothelial cells into antigen presenting cells d. all above

Last Answer : all above

Booster immunizations are used to raise the antibody level by stimulating the _____ cells to induce the secondary antibody response. a. helper T b. B c. memory d. plasma

Description : Booster immunizations are used to raise the antibody level by stimulating the _____ cells to induce the secondary antibody response. a. helper T b. B c. memory d. plasma

Last Answer : c. memory

Predominant cell types in typical chronic inflammation are all of the following EXCEPT: A A. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes B. Macrophages C. T helper lymphocytes D. NK cells

Description : Predominant cell types in typical chronic inflammation are all of the following EXCEPT: A A. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes B. Macrophages C. T helper lymphocytes D. NK cells

Last Answer : Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Which of the following findings is most useful for staging of a tumour C A. Presence of necrosis B. Presence of abnormal mitoses C. Presence of metastases D. Absence of apoptosis

Description : Which of the following findings is most useful for staging of a tumour C A. Presence of necrosis B. Presence of abnormal mitoses C. Presence of metastases D. Absence of apoptosis

Last Answer : Presence of metastases

What drug is used to prevent embolism in the lung and during myocardial infarction? (a) Alteplase (b) Human growth hormone (c) Granulocyte–macrophage colony – stimulating factor (GM–CSF) (d) EPOGEN (EPO) (e) None of the above

Description : What drug is used to prevent embolism in the lung and during myocardial infarction? (a) Alteplase (b) Human growth hormone (c) Granulocyte–macrophage colony – stimulating factor (GM–CSF) (d) EPOGEN (EPO) (e) None of the above

Last Answer : Ans: A

The following are true about interleukins 1 (IL-1): a. it is produced mainly by the neutrophils b. it stimulates the proliferation of B and T cells c. it increases bone production d. it acts on the hypothalamus to cause fever

Description : The following are true about interleukins 1 (IL-1): a. it is produced mainly by the neutrophils b. it stimulates the proliferation of B and T cells c. it increases bone production d. it acts on the hypothalamus to cause fever

Last Answer : it stimulates the proliferation of B and T cell

Human immunodeficiency virus destroys (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) B cells (D) Plasma cells

Description : Human immunodeficiency virus destroys (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) B cells (D) Plasma cells

Last Answer : Answer : B

CD 3 complex and p 56lck proteins are present in (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

Description : CD 3 complex and p 56lck proteins are present in (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

Last Answer : Answer : D

CD 4 is a transmembrane glycoprotein present in (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Description : CD 4 is a transmembrane glycoprotein present in (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Last Answer : Answer : A

CD 8 is a transmembrane glycoprotein present in (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Description : CD 8 is a transmembrane glycoprotein present in (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Last Answer : Answer : C

MHC Class II proteins, in conjunction with antigens, are recognised by (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Description : MHC Class II proteins, in conjunction with antigens, are recognised by (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Last Answer : Answer : B

MHC class I proteins, in conjunction with antigens are recognised by (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Description : MHC class I proteins, in conjunction with antigens are recognised by (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Last Answer : Answer : A

The most abundant T cells are (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Description : The most abundant T cells are (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Helper T cells (C) Suppressor T cells (D) Memory T cells

Last Answer : Answer : B

Predominant cell types in typical chronic inflammatory reactions include all of the following EXCEPT: A A. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes B. Macrophages C. T helper lymphocytes D. None of these

Description : Predominant cell types in typical chronic inflammatory reactions include all of the following EXCEPT: A A. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes B. Macrophages C. T helper lymphocytes D. None of these

Last Answer : Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Methyl dopa decreases blood pressure by (A) Inhibiting the synthesis of catecholamines (B) Antagonising the action of aldosterone (C) Stimulating the release of renin (D) Inhibiting the breakdown of angiotensin

Description : Methyl dopa decreases blood pressure by (A) Inhibiting the synthesis of catecholamines (B) Antagonising the action of aldosterone (C) Stimulating the release of renin (D) Inhibiting the breakdown of angiotensin

Last Answer : Answer : A

Diabetes mellitus can occur due to all of the following except (A) Deficient insulin secretion (B) Tumour of β−cells (C) Decrease in number of insulin receptors (D) Formation of insulin antibodies

Description : Diabetes mellitus can occur due to all of the following except (A) Deficient insulin secretion (B) Tumour of β−cells (C) Decrease in number of insulin receptors (D) Formation of insulin antibodies

Last Answer : Answer : B

The initiation of a humoral immune response involves a complex interaction of the antigen, cells and intercellular messengers. Which of the following statement(s) concerning the initiation of the humoral immune response is/are correct? a. Helper T lymphocytes stimulate B lymphocytes through secretion of cytokines such as interleukin 4 and 6 b. A number of cells can aid in presenting the antigen to the helper T cell including B lymphocytes and macrophages c. All antigens require coordinated efforts of the various cellular components of the immune system d. An antigen must be a living microorganism

Description : The initiation of a humoral immune response involves a complex interaction of the antigen, cells and intercellular messengers. Which of the following statement(s) concerning the initiation of the ... various cellular components of the immune system d. An antigen must be a living microorganism

Last Answer : Answer: a, b Stimulation of the immune system occurs after a variety of antigen-presenting cells (B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells) act to engulf ... polysaccharides), most antigens require coordinated efforts of the various cellular components of the immune system

The following statement(s) is/are true concerning HIV infection. a. Initial screening with ELISA is highly sensitive but can be associated with a false positive rate of 25% b. Treatment with azidothymidine (AZD) appears to prolong survival when administered early in the disease c. Predisposition to infection in HIV infection is primarily due to reduction in the number of helper T cells d. Common infections in patients with AIDS are Pneumocystis, carinii pneumonia, CMV pneumonitis, Cryptococcus meningitis, and disseminated infection due to atypical mycobacteria

Description : The following statement(s) is/are true concerning HIV infection. a. Initial screening with ELISA is highly sensitive but can be associated with a false positive rate of 25% b. ... , carinii pneumonia, CMV pneumonitis, Cryptococcus meningitis, and disseminated infection due to atypical mycobacteria

Last Answer : Answer: b, c, d Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a syndrome caused by the human retrovirus (HIV-1) that infects T lymphocytes and causes severe immunosuppression. Individuals who ... to prolong survival when administered early in the course of disease and is considered routine therapy

At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS? (a) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an infected person (b) When the infected retro virus enters host cells (c) When HIV damages large number of helper T  - lymphocytes (d) When the viral DNA is produced by reverse transcriptase

Description : At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS? (a) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an infected person (b) When the infected retro virus enters host cells (c) ... large number of helper T  - lymphocytes (d) When the viral DNA is produced by reverse transcriptase

Last Answer : (c) When HIV damages large number of helper T  - lymphocytes

The cytotoxic T cells have a_____ co-receptor while the helper T cells have a _____ co-receptor. a. CD8. CD4 b. CD4, CD8 c. MHCI, MHCII d. MHCII, MHCI

Description : The cytotoxic T cells have a_____ co-receptor while the helper T cells have a _____ co-receptor. a. CD8. CD4 b. CD4, CD8 c. MHCI, MHCII d. MHCII, MHCI

Last Answer : a. CD8. CD4

_____ T cells prevent autoreactive T cells from attacking self. a. Memory b. Helper c. Regulatory d. Effector

Description : _____ T cells prevent autoreactive T cells from attacking self. a. Memory b. Helper c. Regulatory d. Effector

Last Answer : c. Regulatory

Performs and granzymes are found in a. Helper T cells. b. Antigen-presenting cells. c. Cytotoxic T cells. d. B cells.

Description : Performs and granzymes are found in a. Helper T cells. b. Antigen-presenting cells. c. Cytotoxic T cells. d. B cells.

Last Answer : c. Cytotoxic T cells.

The AIDS viruses specifically attack which kind of cell? a) B cells b) helper T cells c) killer T cells d) macrophages

Description : The AIDS viruses specifically attack which kind of cell? a) B cells b) helper T cells c) killer T cells d) macrophages

Last Answer : ANSWER: B -- HELPER T CELLS

With regard to interleukins: a. IL-2 is produced mainly by CD8+ cells b. IL-3 stimulates the growth of haemopoietic stem cells c. IL-4 increases the production of IL-1 d. IL-6 stimulates acute phase protein synthesis

Description : With regard to interleukins: a. IL-2 is produced mainly by CD8+ cells b. IL-3 stimulates the growth of haemopoietic stem cells c. IL-4 increases the production of IL-1 d. IL-6 stimulates acute phase protein synthesis

Last Answer : IL-6 stimulates acute phase protein synthesis

TThe most important mechanism of antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids is: A. Inhibition of lysosomal enzymes B. Restriction of recruitment of inflammatory cells at the site of inflammation C. Antagonism of action of interleukins D. Suppression of complement function

Description : The most important mechanism of antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids is: A. Inhibition of lysosomal enzymes B. Restriction of recruitment of inflammatory cells at the site of inflammation C. Antagonism of action of interleukins D. Suppression of complement function

Last Answer : B. Restriction of recruitment of inflammatory cells at the site of inflammation

Which of the following statements regarding cytokines is incorrect? A. Cytokines act directly on target cells and may potentiate the actions of one another. B. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a major proinflammatory mediator with multiple effects, including regulation of skeletal muscle proteolysis in patients with sepsis or significant injury. C. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a major cytokine that results in platelet aggregation, bronchoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability. D. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), despite its short plasma half-life, appears to be a principal mediator in the evolution of sepsis and the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome because of its multiple actions and the secondary cascades that it stimulates.

Description : Which of the following statements regarding cytokines is incorrect? A. Cytokines act directly on target cells and may potentiate the actions of one another. B. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) ... organ dysfunction syndrome because of its multiple actions and the secondary cascades that it stimulates.

Last Answer : Answer: C DISCUSSION: Cytokines are soluble peptide molecules that are synthesized and secreted by a number of cell types in response to injury, inflammation, and infection. Cytokines, which ... is thought to play a central role in the stress response, particularly in response to endotoxemia

Alloxan can experimentally induce diabetes mellitus due to (A) Stimulation of α cells of the islets of langerhans (B) Necrosis of the β cells of the islets (C) Potentiation of insulinase activity (D) Epinephrine like action

Description : Alloxan can experimentally induce diabetes mellitus due to (A) Stimulation of α cells of the islets of langerhans (B) Necrosis of the β cells of the islets (C) Potentiation of insulinase activity (D) Epinephrine like action

Last Answer : Answer : B

The following are true: a. heroin causes miosis by increasing the release of acetylcholine. b. botulinum toxin causes mydriasis by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine c. phenylephrine causes mydriasis by stimulating the alpha receptors d. amphetamine causes mydriasis by inhibiting noradrenaline reuptake

Description : The following are true: a. heroin causes miosis by increasing the release of acetylcholine. b. botulinum toxin causes mydriasis by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine c. ... mydriasis by stimulating the alpha receptors d. amphetamine causes mydriasis by inhibiting noradrenaline reuptake

Last Answer : phenylephrine causes mydriasis by stimulating the alpha receptors

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of: a) ACTH. b) Growth hormone. c) Leutinising Hormone (LH). d) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). e) Opiate peptides.

Description : Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of: a) ACTH. b) Growth hormone. c) Leutinising Hormone (LH). d) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). e) Opiate peptides.

Last Answer : c) Leutinising Hormone (LH).

Which is an example of negative feedback? A) Nursing action stimulates the hypothalamus to release oxytocin that triggers mammary gland milk production. B) When the blood becomes dilute, ADH is no longer released from the hypothalamus. C) Uterine stretching sends nerve impulses to the hypothalamus that releases oxytocin that triggers uterine contraction. D) FSH and LH stimulate the gonads to produce sperm or eggs. E) TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Description : Which is an example of negative feedback? A) Nursing action stimulates the hypothalamus to release oxytocin that triggers mammary gland milk production. B) When the blood becomes dilute, ADH ... produce sperm or eggs. E) TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Last Answer : B) When the blood becomes dilute, ADH is no longer released from the hypothalamus

All the following statements about obstructive jaundice are true except (A) Prothrombin time may be prolonged due to impaired absorption of vitamin K (B) Serum alkaline phosphatase may be raised due to increased release of the enzyme from liver cells (C) Bile salts may enter systemic circulation due to biliary obstruction (D) There is no defect in conjugation of bilirubin

Description : All the following statements about obstructive jaundice are true except (A) Prothrombin time may be prolonged due to impaired absorption of vitamin K (B) Serum alkaline phosphatase may be raised ... systemic circulation due to biliary obstruction (D) There is no defect in conjugation of bilirubin

Last Answer : Answer : B

What is the function of the helper T cell?

Description : What is the function of the helper T cell? 

Last Answer : The helper T cells assist the immune process by helping other cells in the immune system to achieve an efficient immune response. In antibody- mediated immunity, the helper T cell helps recognize ... cytotoxic T cells. These cells are critical to both antibody mediated and cell- mediated immunity. 

Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to AIDS? (a) The HIV can be transmitted through eating food together with an infected person. (b) Drug addicts are least susceptible to HIV infection.(c) AIDS patients are being fully cured cent per cent with proper care and nutrition. (d) The causative HIV retrovirus enters helper T-lymphocytes thus reducing their numbers.

Description : Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to AIDS? (a) The HIV can be transmitted through eating food together with an infected person. (b) Drug addicts are least ... and nutrition. (d) The causative HIV retrovirus enters helper T-lymphocytes thus reducing their numbers.

Last Answer : (d) The causative HIV retrovirus enters helper T-lymphocytes thus reducing their numbers.

HIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying (a) helper T-lymphocytes (b) thrombocytes (c) B-lymphocytes (d) leucocytes.

Description : HIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying (a) helper T-lymphocytes (b) thrombocytes (c) B-lymphocytes (d) leucocytes.

Last Answer : (a) helper T-lymphocytes

To activate a bound helper T lymphocyte, the macrophage produces a. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) b. granzymes c. Interferon

Description : To activate a bound helper T lymphocyte, the macrophage produces a. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) b. granzymes c. Interferon

Last Answer : a. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

The _____ cell contains on its surface a CD4 receptor site that enhances binding to the macrophage. a. Helper T b. molecular patterns (PAMPs) c. plasma d. B

Description : The _____ cell contains on its surface a CD4 receptor site that enhances binding to the macrophage. a. Helper T b. molecular patterns (PAMPs) c. plasma d. B

Last Answer : a. IgG

Acute renal failure (ARF) may be caused by all of the following except (a) Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) due to drug therapy (e.g., aminoglycosides, contrast media) (b) Severe hypotension or circulatolry collapse (c) Decreased cardiac output, as from congestive heart failure (d) Hemolysis, myoglobinuria (e) Hyperkalemia

Description : Acute renal failure (ARF) may be caused by all of the following except (a) Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) due to drug therapy (e.g., aminoglycosides, contrast media) (b) Severe hypotension ... (c) Decreased cardiac output, as from congestive heart failure (d) Hemolysis, myoglobinuria (e) Hyperkalemia

Last Answer : Ans: E

Which of the following finding is most important for grading of tumours? C A. Presence of tumour cells in the vascular spaces B. Level of invasion C. Microscopic pleomorphism of nuclei and the number of mitoses D. degree of metastasis

Description : Which of the following finding is most important for grading of tumours? C A. Presence of tumour cells in the vascular spaces B. Level of invasion C. Microscopic pleomorphism of nuclei and the number of mitoses D. degree of metastasis

Last Answer : Microscopic pleomorphism of nuclei and the number of mitoses

A metastatic cancerous tumour is termed ‘sarcoma’ if the disorder is in (a) fibroblasts (b) circulatory system (c) immune system (d) epithelial cells.

Description : A metastatic cancerous tumour is termed ‘sarcoma’ if the disorder is in (a) fibroblasts (b) circulatory system (c) immune system (d) epithelial cells.

Last Answer : (a) fibroblasts

G-proteins: a. are activated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a membrane receptor b. can be mutated in tumour cells c. mediate the action of glucocorticoid hormone d. they are inactivated by cholera toxins

Description : G-proteins: a. are activated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a membrane receptor b. can be mutated in tumour cells c. mediate the action of glucocorticoid hormone d. they are inactivated by cholera toxins

Last Answer : are activated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a membrane receptor

Natural killer cells are involved in A- .tumour rejection B- .allograft rejection C- non-specific killing of virus transformed target cells D- all of these

Description : Natural killer cells are involved in A- .tumour rejection B- .allograft rejection C- non-specific killing of virus transformed target cells D- all of these

Last Answer : all of these

The following does not apply to cancer chemotherapy: A. Each treatment with a cytotoxic drug kills a constant number of malignant cells B. Drugs are generally used at maximum tolerated doses C. The same regimen which is palliative for a large solid tumour may be curative after surgical removal of the tumour D. Combination regimens using several drugs in succession are superior to single drug used continuously

Description : The following does not apply to cancer chemotherapy: A. Each treatment with a cytotoxic drug kills a constant number of malignant cells B. Drugs are generally used at maximum tolerated ... D. Combination regimens using several drugs in succession are superior to single drug used continuously

Last Answer : A. Each treatment with a cytotoxic drug kills a constant number of malignant cells

The standard management oral anticoagulant therapy for chronic treatment of venous thromboembolism is with the drug warfarin. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the administration of warfarin? a. An important complication of warfarin therapy is skin necrosis in patients with protein C deficiency b. Warfarin interferes with vitamin K dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, X c. For effective anticoagulation the prothrombin time (PT) should be kept at 2 control d. It is recommended that warfarin be continued for at least one year after initial episode of deep venous thrombosis

Description : The standard management oral anticoagulant therapy for chronic treatment of venous thromboembolism is with the drug warfarin. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the administration ... warfarin be continued for at least one year after initial episode of deep venous thrombosis

Last Answer : Answer: a, b Warfarin interferes with the vitamin K dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX and X, protein C, and protein S. An important complication of warfarin is skin ... the benefit from anticoagulant therapy and thus is the basis for discontinuing warfarin administration at this time

Suppuration is mainly the result of the combined action of four factors; which of the following is not one of these factors?CHECK A. Necrosis B. Presence of lymphocytes C. Collection of neutrophils D. Accumulation of tissue fluid E. Autolysis by proteolytic enzymes

Description : Suppuration is mainly the result of the combined action of four factors; which of the following is not one of these factors?CHECK A. Necrosis B. Presence of lymphocytes C. Collection of neutrophils D. Accumulation of tissue fluid E. Autolysis by proteolytic enzymes

Last Answer : B. Presence of lymphocytes

The following factors enhance renin release from the kidney except: A. Fall in blood pressure B. Reduction in blood volume C. Enhanced sympathetic activity D. Volume overload

Description : The following factors enhance renin release from the kidney except: A. Fall in blood pressure B. Reduction in blood volume C. Enhanced sympathetic activity D. Volume overload

Last Answer : D. Volume overload

Morphine induced fall in blood pressure involves the following factors except: A. Direct cardiac depression B. Direct reduction of vascular tone C. Vasomotor centre depression D. Histamine release

Description : Morphine induced fall in blood pressure involves the following factors except: A. Direct cardiac depression B. Direct reduction of vascular tone C. Vasomotor centre depression D. Histamine release

Last Answer : A. Direct cardiac depression

RB 1 gene is (A) A tumour suppressor gene (B) Oncogene (C) Proto-oncogene (D) Activated proto-oncogene

Description : RB 1 gene is (A) A tumour suppressor gene (B) Oncogene (C) Proto-oncogene (D) Activated proto-oncogene

Last Answer : Answer : A