Description : Explain The theory of freeze drying and state its application.
Last Answer : Theory:- i) In this process, the material is frozen in a suitable container connected to a high vacuum system, so that the vapour pressure of water vapours is ... antibiotics, blood products, vaccines, enzymes preparation, microbiological cultures & other thermo labile pharmaceutical substances.
Description : Explain principle of freeze drying. Give its advantages.
Last Answer : Principle: i. The material is frozen in a suitable container connected to a high vacuum system, so that the vapour pressure of water is reduced to less than that of material being dried. ii. ... it is properly sealed in an inert atmosphere. vii. The sterility of the product can be maintained.
Description : Discuss the theory, construction, and working of freeze drying apparatus
Last Answer : Theory: Freeze drying or sublimation drying consists of simply reducing the temperature & pressure to values below the triple point .(4.579mm of Hg& temp. of 0.0099 c) Under these ... . 5. Packing: Biological products are dried packed in aseptic condition immediately after drying.
Description : Discuss in brief Freeze drying.
Last Answer : Principle: The material is frozen in a suitable container connected to a high vacuum system, so that the vapour pressure of water is reduced to less than that of material being dried. Thus, it ... special precautions. 3. The period of drying is quite long.(usually not less than 10 hours)
Description : Define drying. Give application of drying in pharmacy.
Last Answer : Definition: Drying: It is defined as final removal of liquid from solid by vaporization with aid of heat. Application: 1) In pharmaceutical industry it is used as a unit process in the ... of product, when powder is dried it gets solublised fast. 7) Drying ensures free flowing of powders.
Description : Give Significance of drying.
Last Answer : 1) In pharmaceutical industry it is used as a unit process in the manufacture of granules which can be dispensed in bulk or converted into tablets or capsules. 2) Drying can also be used to ... of product, when powder is dried it gets solubilised fast. 7) Drying ensures free flowing of powders.
Description : List any four equipment used in drying.
Last Answer : Equipment used for drying: i) Tray dryer ii) Tunnel dryer iii) Rotary dryer iv) Fluidized Bed Dryer v)Vacuum dryer vi) Freeze dryer.
Description : Define Drying .What are different factors affecting to the rate of drying?
Last Answer : Definition: Final removal of liquid from the solid with the help of heat is called drying. Factor affecting the rate of drying: Following factor can affect the rate of drying: 1) Surface area of ... (Hs-Hg) between surface layer and atmospheric: if difference is more rate of drying will be fast.
Description : Write the applications of drying.
Last Answer : i. It is used in manufacturing of granules. ii. It reduces the bulk and weight of the material. iii. It helps in preservation of crude drug. iv. It helps in size reduction of crude drug. v. It is used in the drying of aluminium hydroxide. vi. It controls the moisture level in solids.
Description : What are the two main steps in drying of materials?
Last Answer : Drying process involves both heat transfer and mass transfer. The steps needed for drying are; i.Heat must be supplied to provide latent heat of vaporization. ii.The liberated vapour must be removed by moving an air stream.
Description : Discuss working of freeze dryer.
Last Answer : Working: steps involved in freeze drying are 1. Pre-treatment: Solution is concentrated in normal vacuum tray dryer before introducing in the chamber this reduces drying by 8-10 times. 2. ... under aseptic conditions. Containers are labeled and packed in card-board boxes.after drying.
Description : Give application of simple distillation. What is the principle of fractional distillation?
Last Answer : Applications of simple distillation: i. It is used for the preparation of distilled water and water for injection. ii. Preparation of many volatile oils and aromatic water. iii. Purification ... becomes richer with the liquid having the lower boiling point which gets condensed in a condenser.
Description : Give the principle, working and application of” Fractional distillation.
Last Answer : Principle of fractional distillation: It differs from simple distillation in that Partial condensation of vapour is allowed to occur in a fractionating column through which the vapour must pass before reaching ... , such as alcohol & water, acetone & water, Chloroform & Benzene.
Description : Give principle, method and application of sterilization using UV radiation.
Last Answer : Principle: Direct sunlight can destroy the microorganism on account of its ultra-violet rays of longer wave length. UV light of shorter wavelength kills or inactivates microorganisms by ... . Sterilization of thermolabile material. Sterilization of surface of working table.
Description : Write special application of capsule.
Last Answer : Applications of capsule: 1. Enteric coated capsule: These capsules do not disintegrate in stomach (Acidic Medium) but break up in intestine (Alkaline medium). On commercial scale, a coating ... gelatine commonly used Capsule punctured by using sterile needle and then instilled into the eye.
Description : Mention the application of liposomes in pharmacy.
Last Answer : i)Used in disease caused by intracellular parasites e.g. malaria, tuberculosis and amoebiasis. ii)Liposomes entrapped insulin active orally and can be replaced by intramuscular administration if ... vi)Liposome entrapped actinomycin-D and nitrogen mustard are more effective than parent drug.
Description : Differentiate between Evaporation and Distillation and explain the working and application of simple distillation.
Last Answer : Evaporation Distillation: 1. Free escape of vapors from the surface of liquid below its boiling point. Evaporation takes place even at room temperature 1) Process of ... Concentration of liquid and to separate non volatile solid from the volatile liquid such as alcohol and ether.
Description : Explain construction and application of tray dryer.
Last Answer : Construction of tray dryer. The simplest form of dryer , the source of heat ( electric heater or steam coil) is at floor level & relies on natural convection. Therefore no efficient ... of crude drugs 2)For chemicals 3)For powders 4)For Granules used in tablet manufacturing
Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of aerosol container and give its advantages and disadvantages.
Last Answer : Diagram of aerosol container Advantages: 1. Medicament can be delivered directly to affected areas. 2. Absence of air prevents oxidation. 3. Hydrolysis of medicament prevented ... on injured skin. 4. Difficulties occurred during formulation when drug not soluble in propellants.
Description : Define pharmaceutical container. Give qualities of an ideal container.
Last Answer : Definition: Pharmaceutical container A device that holds the drug and it may or may not be in direct contact with the pharmaceutical dosage form or preparations. Qualities of an ideal container: 1 ... and temperature. 7. Labelled easily 8. Non-toxic. 9. Closure easily removable/replaceable.
Description : Give the principle and working of Fluidised bed dryer.
Last Answer : Principle: In FBD, good contact between hot air and particles to be dried is obtained which cause rapid drying. Working of Fluidised bed dryer: Two types of FBD are used in pharmaceutical industry. There are ... ranging from 5 kg to 200 kg with an average drying time of about 20-40 min.
Description : Give principal and working of silverson homogenizer with labelled diagram.
Last Answer : Principal: These work on the principal of braking large globules in to small globules by passing them under pressure through a narrow orifice. Working: The emulsified head is placed in the vessel ... blades. So a fine emulsion is produced which is then expelled out. Diagram :
Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of filter candle. Give its working and disadvantages.
Last Answer : Diagram : Working : The filter candle is placed in a vessel containing the liquid to be filtered. When vacuum is applied, the pressure inside the candle is decreased. Due to ... Disadvantages 1. Chance of clogging/blocking. 2. Traces of material may come in the solution.
Description : Give steps involved in moist granulation.
Last Answer : Steps: i. Moisten of Medicament with excipients with granulating agent. ii. Sieving of moist mass through sieve number 8 or 10. iii. Drying of wet granules in hot air oven at ... sieve number 20 to collect granules of uniform size v. Lubrication of sifted granules with lubricating agent
Description : Give principle and working of “Fluid Energy mill”
Last Answer : Principle: It works on the principle of combined impact and attrition. Working 1. The material which is to be size reduced is fed in the grinding chamber from the bottom through the feed ... -treated to reduce the particle size to the order of 100# and then passed through fluid energy mill
Description : Give the method of preparation of “Small pox vaccine” using egg.
Last Answer : Small pox vaccine is prepared by two methods 1) By using animals 2) By using Eggs By using eggs: Hen egg is used (Which is incubated after 12 days) ↓ Small cut on ... ↓ Material is ground to produce homogenized suspension. ↓ Transfer to suitable sterile container and freeze dried
Description : Give merits and demerits of rubber as a material for closure.
Last Answer : Merits of rubber: 1) Soft in nature. 2) It is quite elastic therefore self sealing property 3) It withstands in the temperature & pressure of an autoclave therefore can be sterilised. ... agents, pigments, may get extracted into the product 4) Process cost is very high.
Description : Define aerosol. Classify aerosol. Give formula of aerosol with example.
Last Answer : Definition: Aerosol Aerosols may be defined as disperse phase system in which very fine solid particles or liquid droplet get dispersed in the gases which act as continuous phase. These are ... in the formulation. 7) The propellant, medicament, additives are filled into an aerosol container.
Description : Give any four precautions to be taken during aseptic work.
Last Answer : i. Self hygiene: avoid coughing, sneezing. ii. Avoid contamination of products. iii. Cover the whole body by Wear complete body suit up to foot. iv. Wear hand gloves. v. Allow minimum persons to work in aseptic area. vi. Don’t touch unnecessarily.
Description : What do you mean by enteric coated tablet? Give reasons for enteric coating.
Last Answer : Enteric Coated tablet: 1. These tablets are coated with the material which does not disintegrate in stomach but passes through as it is i.e. enteric polymer e.g.: Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate ... stomach pH. 4. Drug absorption is better in intestine. 5. Delayed action is needed.
Description : Define Pharmacopoeia. Give example.
Last Answer : Pharmacopoeia: Pharmakon means a drug and poein means to make . Pharmacopoeia is defined as a compressive book which is issued under the authority of government and contains a list of drugs and formulae used ... to which they must confirm. Example: I.P., B.P., USP, European Pharmacopoeia, etc.
Description : Give in brief the history of the ‘Pharmacopoeia of India’.
Last Answer : The government of India directed the Drugs Technical Advisory Board to list the drugs that are used in India, which are not mentioned in British Pharmacopoeia and also recommend the standards to be ... products. The first edition of Pharmacopoeia of India was compiled and then published in 1955.
Description : What are main objectives of mixing? Give the list of equipment’s used for mixing of semi solids.
Last Answer : Objectives of mixing are as follows: i) Simple physical mixing of materials to form a uniform mixture. ii) To promote the chemical reaction to get uniform product. iii) Dispersion of solid in ... Equipment's used for mixing of semi solids: Triple roller mill Agitator mixer. Planetary mixer
Description : Give principle construction and working of hammer mill with neat diagram.
Last Answer : PRINCIPLE: Impact CONSTRUCTION: It consists of a stout metal casing enclosing to which four or more swinging hammer are attached. The lower part of the casing consists of a screen , through which ... are not fixed . The mill can produce coarse to moderately fine powder. DIAGRAM:
Description : Give the full form of BCG. Discuss in brief about BCG vaccine.
Last Answer : Full form of B.C.G. is Baccillus Calmettee Guerin Method of preparation of BCG vaccine It is freeze- dried preparation containing live culture of the bacillus Calmette and Guerin strain of ... against tuberculosis. Dose: Prophylactic, 0.1 ml as a single dose by intra-cutaneous injection
Description : Write the qualities of an ideal filter aids. Give examples of filter aid.
Last Answer : Ideal qualities of filter aid: i. It should be remain suspended in the liquid. ii. It should be free from impurities. iii. It should be inert. iv. It should have a particle size distribution ... ii. Cellulose. iii. Carbon. iv. Diatomaceous earth (silica). v.Perlite. vi.Activated Charcoal
Description : What are the equipments used for mixing of liquids? Give in detail about ‘Propeller Mixer’.
Last Answer : Equipments used for mixing of Liquids i .Propeller mixer ii .Turbine mixer iii .Paddle mixer Propeller Mixers Construction: .It consists of vessel and propeller, Propeller usually operates at ... : Application: It is used for mixing of liquids having low viscosity.
Description : Give the list of chemicals which are used as bactericide?
Last Answer : List of Bactericides i. Chlorocresol . 0. 2% ii. Phenyl mercuric nitrate or acetate 0.002% iii. Benzalkonium chloride 0.01% iv. Thiomersal 0.01% v. Chlorohexidine acetate 0.01%
Description : Give the list of equipments used for mixing of semi-solids.
Last Answer : Equipment’s used for mixing of semi solids: i. Triple roller mill. ii. Agitator mixer. iii. Planetary mixer. iv .Sigma Mixer
Description : Give advantages and disadvantages of glass as a material used for pharmaceutical container and state its types.
Last Answer : Advantages: Economical. Available in variety of sizes and shapes. Chemically inert, impermeable, strong and rigid. Does not deteriorate with age. Easy to label. Excellent barrier against light. ... -lime glass or Alkali glass (Type-III). 4. General Purpose soda-lime glass (Type-IV).
Description : Give any three importance of dosage forms. Differentiate between Mouthwash and Gargle.
Last Answer : Importance of dosage forms : 1. To protect drug substances from oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction etc.eg. coated tablets, sealed ampoules etc. 2. To protect the drug from destructive effect of ... mouth wash, Listrin. 6. Examples: Phenol gargle, potassium chlorate gargle, Betadine.
Description : Give any two applications of simple distillation.Describe method of separation of two immiscible liquids.
Last Answer : Applications of simple distillation(0.5 2) 1) Preparation of distilled water and water for injection. 2)Recovery of alcohol in preparation of dry extracts 3)Many volatile oils and ... proportion The distillate can be collected in Florentine receiver for separation of oil & water.
Description : Give the significance of sterilization using bactericidal solution, explain the method and name the bactericidal agents.
Last Answer : Significance: The lethal effect of bactericide increases with the rise of temperature. This method is used for sterilizing aqueous preparation, which is unstable at the higher temperature, hence moist heat ... minutes in boiling water. IP 1985 permitted the use of following bactericides
Description : Explain the working of ball mill with a well labeled diagram and give any two advantages
Last Answer : Working: The drug to be ground is put into the cylinder of the mill and is rotated. The speed of the rotation is very different. At low speed, the mass of balls will slide or roll over each other ... for batch as well as continuous grinding vi)can be used for dry as well as wet grinding.
Description : Give any four reasons for film coating.
Last Answer : To mask the disagreeable odour, colour or taste of the drug/tablet. To offer a physical and/or chemical protection to the drug. To protect drug from the deterioration effect of external ... . Increasing the mechanical strength of the dosage form. To improve the appearance of tablets
Description : Give advantages, disadvantages and applications of sterilization by ionising radiation.
Last Answer : Advantages: The method is reliable and can be accurately controlled No degradation of media during sterilization, thus it can be used for thermally labile media Gamma rays have ... Bones and tissue transplant, plastic tubing, catheters and sutures. Sterilization of thermolabile medicaments.
Description : Give principle, working and use of autoclave
Last Answer : Principle: Moist heat sterilization is a method of sterilization in which steam is used for sterilization. The steam has more penetration power and more thermal capacity than dry heat. ... by autoclaving. o Used for sterilization of a majority of official injections and eye drops.
Description : Give salient features of IIIrd edition of I.P.
Last Answer : New analytical techniques like flame photometry, flurometry, electrophoresis and photometric haemoglobinometry were introduced. Dissolution test for tablet introduced. Disintegration test amended with modification. ... . acetyl salicylic acid-aspirin. Many drugs omitted and new drugs added.
Description : Give principle, working and use of fluidized bed drier.
Last Answer : Principle: If a gas is allowed to flow upward through a bed of solid particle at a velocity greater than the settling velocity of the particle, particle partially suspended in the gas stream. The ... process for tablet preparation It is used in coating. Used for drying of filter cake.
Description : Give reason why glycerine is added in throat paint.
Last Answer : Glycerine is added in throat paint because: It has mild sweet taste and viscous in nature, it adhere to inflamed mucous membrane, this increases the contact time of drug with inflamed mucous membrane giving maximum therapeutic benefit.