Mention the application of liposomes in pharmacy.

Mention the application of liposomes in pharmacy.
by

1 Answer

Answer :

i)Used in disease caused by intracellular parasites e.g. malaria, tuberculosis and amoebiasis.

ii)Liposomes entrapped insulin active orally and can be replaced by intramuscular administration if insulin.

iii)Liposomes can be used to transport radio-pharmaceutical and immunoglobulin.

iv)Liposomes can be used to transport functional DNA/RNA molecules in to cell.

v)Liposomal daunomycin has longer duration of action than free daunomycin which is used

in treatment of neoplasia.

vi)Liposome entrapped actinomycin-D and nitrogen mustard are more effective than parent drug.
by

Related questions

Define drying. Give application of drying in pharmacy.

Description : Define drying. Give application of drying in pharmacy.

Last Answer : Definition:  Drying: It is defined as final removal of liquid from solid by vaporization with aid of heat. Application:  1) In pharmaceutical industry it is used as a unit process in the ... of product, when powder is dried it gets solublised fast. 7) Drying ensures free flowing of powders.

How will you separate two immiscible liquids in pharmacy? Draw a libelled sketch of the apparatus used in laboratory.

Description : How will you separate two immiscible liquids in pharmacy? Draw a libelled sketch of the apparatus used in laboratory. 

Last Answer : :Steam Distillation( immiscible liquids): In pair of immiscible liquids , each liquid exerts its own vapour pressure & neither liquid has any appreciable effect on the vapour pressure ... are not decomposed by water , this provides an alternative to distillation under reduced pressure  

Differentiate between filtration and clarification. Enlist various filter media used in Pharmacy.

Description : Differentiate between filtration and clarification. Enlist various filter media used in Pharmacy.

Last Answer : Sr. no. Filtration Clarification 1 It is process of removal of solids or suspended matter in a liquid or gas by passing through a porous medium in which solids are retained. ... wool iv) Asbestos v) Fine muslin vi) Filter cloth vii) Membrane filters viii) Sintered glass filters.

Write the importance of particle size reduction in pharmacy.

Description : Write the importance of particle size reduction in pharmacy.

Last Answer : Can be listed as follows: i) Increase the rate of solution. ii) Increase the rate of penetration of solvent. iii) It helps in uniform mixing of drugs. iv) It increases the rate of absorption. v) Smaller the particles slower the rate of sedimentation. Thus stable the suspension.

Define ‘Viscosity’. Write the applications in Pharmacy.

Description : Define ‘Viscosity’. Write the applications in Pharmacy.

Last Answer : Defination of Viscosity: It is the property of liquid to resistance to flow. Applications of Viscosity in Pharmacy: i.Viscosity plays an important role in the stability of emulsions ... certain liquid preparations is increased in order to improve pourability or to make preparation more palatable.

Write the applications of simple distillation in pharmacy.

Description : Write the applications of simple distillation in pharmacy.

Last Answer : i.It is used for the preparation of distilled water and water for injection. ii. Preparation of many volatile oils and aromatic water. iii. Purification of organic solvent. iv. Preparation ... compound like spirit of aromatic spirit of ammonia. vi. To separate volatile and non-volatile solvents 

Mention official and unofficial evaluation test for tablets. Describe weight variation test.

Description : Mention official and unofficial evaluation test for tablets. Describe weight variation test. 

Last Answer : Official test list: 1. Size and shape of tablet. 2. Appearance. 3. Content of active ingredient. 4. Uniformity of weight/weight variation test 5. Uniformity of content 6. ... the percentage deviation given in the table and none should deviate by more than twice that percentage.

Draw a well labelled diagram of ‘Soxhlet apparatus.’ Mention the various limitations of continuous hot percolation process.

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of ‘Soxhlet apparatus.’ Mention the various limitations of continuous hot percolation process. 

Last Answer : Limitation: 1. Physical character of the drug: If the drug would block the soxhlet apparatus then this process cannot be used for extraction. Eg opium. Gum, resin, ... for drugs having thermolabile active constituents such as enzymes, alkaloids, anthraquinone derivatives, esters, etc. 

Draw a labelled diagram of apparatus used for continuous hot extraction process. Mention limitations of the process.

Description : Draw a labelled diagram of apparatus used for continuous hot extraction process. Mention limitations of the process.

Last Answer : Diagram: Limitations: process cannot be used in following conditions.  Physical character of the drug: Drugs which may block the apparatus such as opium, gums, resins, etc cannot ... process. Chemical constituents: Unsuitable for thermolabile drugs, such as enzymes, alkaloids, etc

Mention all Q.C. tests to be performed on tablets. Explain any one in detail.

Description : Mention all Q.C. tests to be performed on tablets. Explain any one in detail. 

Last Answer : Q.C. Tests:  1. Size and shape of tablet. 2. Appearance. 3. Content of active ingredient. 4. Uniformity of weight/weight variation test 5. Uniformity of content 6. Disintegration. 7. ... are considered to be of good quality if the loss in weight is less than 1%.  Diagram:

Mention different types of closures. Comment on materials used for making closures.

Description : Mention different types of closures. Comment on materials used for making closures.

Last Answer : Types of closures with examples:  1. Plug type. 2. Crown cap. 3. Push-fit cap. 4. Screw closures. Materials used in pharmaceutical closures:   1) Rubber Cork is obtained ... the construction of closure meant for vials, transfusion fluid bottles. Rubber, two types natural or synthetic, 

Mention different methods of size separation and explain any one.

Description : Mention different methods of size separation and explain any one.

Last Answer : Different methods of size separation are: 1. Sieving 2. Cyclone separator. 3. Air separator. 4. Elutriation. SIEVING: Diagram: Construction: In this method fine ... Elutriating tank is used to separate the coarse and fine particles of powder after levigation Diagram:

Mention advantages and disadvantages of plastic containers.

Description : Mention advantages and disadvantages of plastic containers.

Last Answer : Advantages:   1. Light in weight and can be handled easily. 2. Poor conductor of heat. 3. Sufficient mechanical strength. 4. Transported easily. 5. Unbreakable. 6. Available in various ... as preservatives. 5. Relatively expensive. 6. Special type of gum or adhesive required for labelling.

Mention different mechanisms for size reduction.

Description : Mention different mechanisms for size reduction.

Last Answer : i. Cutting ii. Compression iii. Impact iv. Attrition v. Combined impact and attrition 

Mention precautions to be taken while using of eye drop.

Description : Mention precautions to be taken while using of eye drop. 

Last Answer : Do not touch the tip of the dropper. Never rinse the dropper. Never use eye drop that have changed colour. After instillation of drop, do not close eyes tightly or blink more than usual. Discard the content after one month of use.  

Give application of simple distillation. What is the principle of fractional distillation?

Description : Give application of simple distillation. What is the principle of fractional distillation?

Last Answer : Applications of simple distillation:  i. It is used for the preparation of distilled water and water for injection. ii. Preparation of many volatile oils and aromatic water. iii. Purification ... becomes richer with the liquid having the lower boiling point which gets condensed in a condenser. 

Write special application of capsule.

Description : Write special application of capsule. 

Last Answer : Applications of capsule:  1. Enteric coated capsule: These capsules do not disintegrate in stomach (Acidic Medium) but break up in intestine (Alkaline medium). On commercial scale, a coating ... gelatine commonly used Capsule punctured by using sterile needle and then instilled into the eye.

Explain The theory of freeze drying and state its application.

Description : Explain The theory of freeze drying and state its application.

Last Answer : Theory:-  i) In this process, the material is frozen in a suitable container connected to a high vacuum system, so that the vapour pressure of water vapours is ... antibiotics, blood products, vaccines, enzymes preparation, microbiological cultures & other thermo labile pharmaceutical substances.

Give the principle, working and application of” Fractional distillation.

Description : Give the principle, working and application of” Fractional distillation.

Last Answer : Principle of fractional distillation:  It differs from simple distillation in that Partial condensation of vapour is allowed to occur in a fractionating column through which the vapour must pass before reaching ... , such as alcohol & water, acetone & water, Chloroform & Benzene.

Differentiate between Evaporation and Distillation and explain the working and application of simple distillation.

Description : Differentiate between Evaporation and Distillation and explain the working and application of simple distillation.

Last Answer : Evaporation Distillation:  1. Free escape of vapors from the surface of liquid below its boiling point. Evaporation takes place even at room temperature 1) Process of ... Concentration of liquid and to separate non volatile solid from the volatile liquid such as alcohol and ether.

Give application of freeze drying.

Description : Give application of freeze drying.

Last Answer : (i) The process is mainly used for drying of biological products such as antibiotics, blood products, vaccines ,enzymes preparation, microbiological cultures etc. (ii) The heat sensitive material can be dried

Give principle, method and application of sterilization using UV radiation.

Description : Give principle, method and application of sterilization using UV radiation.

Last Answer : Principle:   Direct sunlight can destroy the microorganism on account of its ultra-violet rays of longer wave length. UV light of shorter wavelength kills or inactivates microorganisms by ... . Sterilization of thermolabile material. Sterilization of surface of working table.

Explain construction and application of tray dryer.

Description : Explain construction and application of tray dryer.

Last Answer : Construction of tray dryer.   The simplest form of dryer , the source of heat ( electric heater or steam coil) is at floor level & relies on natural convection. Therefore no efficient ... of crude drugs 2)For chemicals 3)For powders 4)For Granules used in tablet manufacturing 

Liposomes are (A) Lipid bilayered (B) Water in the middle (C) Carriers of drugs (D) All of these

Description : Liposomes are (A) Lipid bilayered (B) Water in the middle (C) Carriers of drugs (D) All of these

Last Answer : Answer : D

Explain principle and working of fluid energy mill with a diagram.

Description : Explain principle and working of fluid energy mill with a diagram.

Last Answer : Principle  It works on the principle of impact and attrition. Working: The air or inert gas is introduced with a very high pressure through nozzles. Solids are introduced into air stream through inlet. ... 100 mesh and then passed through fluid energy mill. Diagram of fluid energy mill :

Draw a well labelled diagram of aerosol container and give its advantages and disadvantages.

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of aerosol container and give its advantages and disadvantages.

Last Answer : Diagram of aerosol container Advantages:   1. Medicament can be delivered directly to affected areas. 2. Absence of air prevents oxidation. 3. Hydrolysis of medicament prevented ... on injured skin. 4. Difficulties occurred during formulation when drug not soluble in propellants.

Discuss working of ball mill with neat diagram.

Description : Discuss working of ball mill with neat diagram. 

Last Answer : Working: The drug to be ground is put into the cylinder of the mill and is rotated. The speed of the rotation is very different. At low speed, the mass of balls will slide or roll over each other and ... and passed through a sieve to get powder of the required size. Ball mill diagram:   

Define pharmaceutical container. Give qualities of an ideal container.

Description : Define pharmaceutical container. Give qualities of an ideal container.

Last Answer : Definition: Pharmaceutical container  A device that holds the drug and it may or may not be in direct contact with the pharmaceutical dosage form or preparations. Qualities of an ideal container:  1 ... and temperature. 7. Labelled easily 8. Non-toxic. 9. Closure easily removable/replaceable.

Write the official standards of powder.

Description : Write the official standards of powder.

Last Answer : i. Coarse powder: A powder of which all particles pass through sieve no 10 with nominal aperture size 1.7mm and not more than 40% pass through sieve no 44 with nominal aperture size 355um.  ii. ... powder: A powder of which all particles pass through sieve no 120 with nominal aperture size 125 um.

Give the principle and working of Fluidised bed dryer.

Description : Give the principle and working of Fluidised bed dryer.

Last Answer : Principle: In FBD, good contact between hot air and particles to be dried is obtained which cause rapid drying. Working of Fluidised bed dryer: Two types of FBD are used in pharmaceutical industry. There are ... ranging from 5 kg to 200 kg with an average drying time of about 20-40 min.

Define aseptic techniques. What are the various sources of contamination?

Description : Define aseptic techniques. What are the various sources of contamination?

Last Answer : Definition: Aseptic technique  The method which is used to prevent the access of microorganism during the preparation of parenteral product and their testing are called Aseptic Technique Sources of ... are also a source of contamination. A handkerchief is the richest source of contamination. 

Give principal and working of silverson homogenizer with labelled diagram.

Description : Give principal and working of silverson homogenizer with labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Principal:   These work on the principal of braking large globules in to small globules by passing them under pressure through a narrow orifice. Working:   The emulsified head is placed in the vessel ... blades. So a fine emulsion is produced which is then expelled out. Diagram :

Write the advantages and disadvantages of glass as a material for packaging. Merits of Glass container

Description : Write the advantages and disadvantages of glass as a material for packaging. Merits of Glass container

Last Answer : Economical. Available in variety of sizes and shapes.  Chemically inert, impermeable, strong and rigid. Does not deteriorate with age. Easy to label. Excellent barrier against light. ... easy to break. Heavy, Bulky to carry. Leaching and absorption of alkalis. Flak formation

Draw a well labelled diagram of filter candle. Give its working and disadvantages.

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of filter candle. Give its working and disadvantages.

Last Answer : Diagram : Working  : The filter candle is placed in a vessel containing the liquid to be filtered. When vacuum is applied, the pressure inside the candle is decreased. Due to ... Disadvantages   1. Chance of clogging/blocking. 2. Traces of material may come in the solution.

Explain the factors affecting evaporation of a liquid.

Description : Explain the factors affecting evaporation of a liquid.

Last Answer : Factor affecting evaporation  1. Temperature: The rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the temperature of the liquid. The evaporation can be accelerated by increasing the temperature but it ... of evaporation is maximum at its boiling point when the liquid has maximum vapour pressure.

Write the working of filter press with well labelled diagram.

Description : Write the working of filter press with well labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Working:  1. The slurry is pumped in under positive pressure up to 20 bar and fill each frame. 2. The filtrate passes through the cloths on opposite sides of the frame and runs down between the ... 6. Thickness of cake can be varied by using frame of different thickness. Diagram: 

Explain in detail evaporating still with its advantage and disadvantages.

Description : Explain in detail evaporating still with its advantage and disadvantages.

Last Answer : It consist of a hemispherical pan made from copper or stainless steel. It is surrounded by a steam jacket. Still is covered from top and connected to condenser. Hemispherical shape ... heat transfer is poor. Heating surface is limited. Not suitable for thermolabile material.

Define sterilisation and classify methods of sterilisation.

Description : Define sterilisation and classify methods of sterilisation.

Last Answer : Definition: Sterilizations is the process of complete destruction of all microorganisms along with their spores present in the system.  Methods of sterilization:  I. Physical methods:  1. Dry heat ... . Seitz filters  3. Sintered glass filters 4. Sintered metal filters  5. Membrane filters

Define Pharmacopoeia. List official books used in India.

Description : Define Pharmacopoeia. List official books used in India. 

Last Answer : Defination: Pharmakon means a drug and poeia means to make . Pharmacopoeia is defined as a compressive book which is issued under the authority of government and contains a list of drug ...  v) International Pharmacopeia  vi) Japanese Pharmacopoeia (J.P.)  vii) Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia 

Give steps involved in moist granulation.

Description : Give steps involved in moist granulation.

Last Answer : Steps: i. Moisten of Medicament with excipients with granulating agent. ii. Sieving of moist mass through sieve number 8 or 10. iii. Drying of wet granules in hot air oven at ... sieve number 20 to collect granules of uniform size v. Lubrication of sifted granules with lubricating agent

List any four equipment used in drying.

Description : List any four equipment used in drying.

Last Answer : Equipment used for drying: i) Tray dryer ii) Tunnel dryer iii) Rotary dryer iv) Fluidized Bed Dryer v)Vacuum dryer vi) Freeze dryer.

Why injectables should not be stored in soda lime glass containers?

Description : Why injectables should not be stored in soda lime glass containers?

Last Answer : Soda lime glass container is not used for the storage of parenterals because: i. It yields an appreciable quantity of alkali to water. ii. Flakes separate comparatively easily. iii. On ... 's relatively high coefficient of expansion makes it liable to fracture with sudden changes of temperature. 

Define ‘menstruum’ and state three ideal qualities of a menstruum.

Description : Define ‘menstruum’ and state three ideal qualities of a menstruum.

Last Answer : Menstruum :- Solvent used to extract the drug.  Ideal properties of menstruum: i) Cheap. ii) Non-toxic. iii) Stable chemically and physically. iv) Selective i.e. remove the desired active constituents with minimum amount of inert materials.

Why are tablets coated ?

Description : Why are tablets coated ?

Last Answer : Reasons for coating of tablets: i. To mask the unpleasant taste and odour. ii. To improve the appearance of tablets. iii. To prevent the medicament from atmospheric effects. iv. To control the ... v. To produce the sustained release product. vi. To prevent the drug degradation in stomach pH.

Define ‘slurry’ and ‘filter cake’.

Description : Define ‘slurry’ and ‘filter cake’.

Last Answer : i) Slurry: Mixture of insoluble substances suspended in a liquid and intended to filter before use.   ii) Filter cake: The solid which gets collected on the filter is called as filter cake.

Name any four materials used for packaging.

Description : Name any four materials used for packaging.

Last Answer : Types of materials used for packaging are: i) Glass ii) Plastic iii) Metal iv) Paper and board 

Write the main objectives of mixing.

Description : Write the main objectives of mixing.

Last Answer : Objectives of mixing:  i. To form uniform mixture.  ii. To promote chemical reaction.  iii. Dispersion of solid particles in liquid.  iv. Dispersion of two immiscible liquids.

Define ‘drug’ and ‘dosage form’.

Description : Define ‘drug’ and ‘dosage form’. 

Last Answer : i. Drug: A chemical agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in man or in other animals.   ii. Dosage Form: Dosage form is a ... of a pure chemical compound into a predetermined form by admixing drug components with non drug components. 

Enlist four methods for size reduction.

Description : Enlist four methods for size reduction. 

Last Answer : Methods for size reduction: i) Cutting ii) Compression iii) Impact iv) Attrition iv) Combined impact and attrition.

Write advantages and disadvantages of plastic as a material for container and state its type.

Description : Write advantages and disadvantages of plastic as a material for container and state its type.

Last Answer : Advantages: 1. Light in weight and can be handled easily. 2. Poor conductor of heat. 3. Sufficient mechanical strength. 4. Transported easily. 5. Unbreakable. 6. Available in various shapes ... (PVC) Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Polyester (PES) etc.