What types of signaling molecules bind to and activate RTKs?

What types of signaling molecules bind to and activate RTKs?
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1 Answer

Answer :

Growth factors, hormones, some extracellular matrix proteins, some cell surface
proteins (i.e. ephrin)
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Related questions

How do RTKs function?

Description : How do RTKs function?

Last Answer : Activating signaling molecules (ligands, agonists) bind to RTKs, causing neighboring RTKs to form cross-linked dimers. Cross-linking leads to tyrosine kinase activation via cross-phosphorylation. Once ... cascade of reactions that ultimately lead to changes in the patterns of gene transcription.

How do RTKs differ from other cell surface receptors?

Description : How do RTKs differ from other cell surface receptors?

Last Answer : RTKs are receptors that contain intrinsic enzyme (tyrosine kinase) activity.

List several general cellular processes regulated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs).

Description : List several general cellular processes regulated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs).

Last Answer : Cell growth, cell differentiation and cell survival (i.e. nutrient and stress signaling).

What are integrins and do they influence cell-cell signaling?

Description : What are integrins and do they influence cell-cell signaling?

Last Answer : Integrins are a diverse family of transmembrane proteins consisting of alpha and beta subunits that are found in all animal cells. Integrins link the actin cytoskeleton to the ... movement, and can thus influence actin cytoskeleton dynamics and intracellular signaling of neighboring cells.

What are gap junctions and how do they contribute to cell-cell signaling?

Description : What are gap junctions and how do they contribute to cell-cell signaling?

Last Answer : Gap junctions are specialized connections that form a pore between adjacent cells, which permit small molecules and ions to move from one cell to another. In this way, gap junctions provide metabolic and electrical coupling between cells.

List several side-to-side cellular junctions that can influence cell signaling.

Description : List several side-to-side cellular junctions that can influence cell signaling.

Last Answer : Gap junctions, desmosomes, adherens junctions, integrin connections

Why do ion channels contribute to faster cellular responses than other signaling mechanisms, such as GPCR-mediated signaling?

Description : Why do ion channels contribute to faster cellular responses than other signaling mechanisms, such as GPCR-mediated signaling?

Last Answer : Ion channels generate electrical signals, which signals travel much more rapidly than chemical signals that depend on the process of molecular diffusion. An electrical signal can traverse the entire length of a nerve cell within milliseconds.

Briefly, describe how GPCR and heterotrimeric G protein-mediated signaling occurs.

Description : Briefly, describe how GPCR and heterotrimeric G protein-mediated signaling occurs.

Last Answer : Binding of a signaling molecule (ligand) to GPCRs causes a conformation change in GPCR, leading to heterotrimeric G protein activation, where GTP physically replaces the GDP bound to the alpha ... some G proteins stimulate the activity of target proteins, whereas others G proteins are inhibitory.

RNA is composed of strands of nucleotides that are read as a 3 nucleotide codon. These are distinguished by tRNAs that match the codons on one end and carry individual building blocks of a protein chain. What are these building blocks of protein that tRNAs bind?

Description : RNA is composed of strands of nucleotides that are read as a 3 nucleotide codon. These are distinguished by tRNAs that match the codons on one end and carry individual building blocks of a protein chain. What are these building blocks of protein that tRNAs bind?

Last Answer : Amino Acids

Which are the molecules that make possible active transport through membranes ?

Description : Which are the molecules that make possible active transport through membranes ?

Last Answer : Active transport is made by specific membrane proteins. These proteins are called “pumps” because they “pump” the moving substance through the membrane using energy from ATP molecules.

RNA molecules can be broken up into three classes-which type of RNA molecule is translated into a protein sequence?

Description : RNA molecules can be broken up into three classes-which type of RNA molecule is translated into a protein sequence?

Last Answer : Messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNAs are the RNA transcripts that contain protein coding sequences which are translated into protein.

Instead of using energy from oxidative reactions immediately, cells store some of this energy for later use. Name two of these small, energy-rich molecules used to store energy.

Description : Instead of using energy from oxidative reactions immediately, cells store some of this energy for later use. Name two of these small, energy-rich molecules used to store energy.

Last Answer : ATP and NADH

What characteristic of the plasma membrane allows selective molecules to pass through it?

Description : What characteristic of the plasma membrane allows selective molecules to pass through it?

Last Answer : It is semi-permeable.

Microtubules consist of helically stacked molecules of the protein (A) Actin (B) Myosin (C) Keratin (D) Tubulin

Description : Microtubules consist of helically stacked molecules of the protein (A) Actin (B) Myosin (C) Keratin (D) Tubulin

Last Answer : (D) Tubulin

What are the two main types of endocytosis ?

Description : What are the two main types of endocytosis ?

Last Answer : Endocytosis is the entrance of materia in the cell engulfed by portions of the cell membrane. Endocytosis can be classified as pinocytosis or phagocytosis. In pinocytosis small particles on ... receiving the name phagosome. Cell Membrane Review - Image Diversity: pynocitosis phagocytosis

What are the three main types of passive transport ?

Description : What are the three main types of passive transport ?

Last Answer : The three main types of passive transport are simple diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion. Cell Membrane Review - Image Diversity: passive transport

In many types of cancer, proteins that are crucial regulators of the cell cycle are often mutated and cannot function correctly. This leads to the evasion of apoptosis and to the loss of control of cell proliferation? For example, many cancer cells carry two mutant copies of the gene that codes for a tumor suppressor protein named p53. What is the normal function of p53 that is lost when it is mutated?

Description : In many types of cancer, proteins that are crucial regulators of the cell cycle are often mutated and cannot function correctly. This leads to the evasion of apoptosis and to the loss of control of cell ... protein named p53. What is the normal function of p53 that is lost when it is mutated?

Last Answer : Normally, p53 senses DNA damage and acts as a transcription factor for checkpoint control genes.

Tissues are constructed from many distinct cell types that perform different functions in response to signals from each other and the extracellular matrix. During tissue development and tissue regeneration, stem cells serve as a reservoir of undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to mature into different cell types. What is the name of the process that stem cells undergo when they are required to generate a particular type of cell?

Description : Tissues are constructed from many distinct cell types that perform different functions in response to signals from each other and the extracellular matrix. During tissue development and tissue regeneration, ... that stem cells undergo when they are required to generate a particular type of cell?

Last Answer : Asymmetric cell division. After asymmetric division, each of the two resulting daughter cells has a unique life course. For example, one daughter cell may differentiate into a specific cell type ( ... cell), whereas the other daughter cell may remain a stem cell with unlimited proliferative ability.

What common cell types are regulated by ion channels and are commonly referred to as excitable cells?

Description : What common cell types are regulated by ion channels and are commonly referred to as excitable cells?

Last Answer : neurons, muscle cells, sensory receptor cells

Are all genes expressed at the same time in all cell types?

Description : Are all genes expressed at the same time in all cell types?

Last Answer : No- genes are expressed at different times or in different cells types. There are several sequences in DNA that regulate when a genes is transcribed, such as- promoters and enhancer ... to start transcription and operator sequences that allow for external proteins to cause activation or repression.

What types of proteins are involved in the packaging and condensing of DNA into tightly wound nucleosome structures of a chromosome?

Description : What types of proteins are involved in the packaging and condensing of DNA into tightly wound nucleosome structures of a chromosome?

Last Answer : Histone

Aspirin in low doses produces longlasting inhibition (a) Platelets contain low quantity of COX (b) Platelets cannot synthesize fresh COX molecules (c) Platelets bind aspirin with high affinity (d) Platelet COX is inducible

Description : Aspirin in low doses produces longlasting inhibition (a) Platelets contain low quantity of COX (b) Platelets cannot synthesize fresh COX molecules (c) Platelets bind aspirin with high affinity (d) Platelet COX is inducible

Last Answer : Ans: B

Can hemoglobin bind other gas molecules besides oxygen?

Description : Can hemoglobin bind other gas molecules besides oxygen?

Last Answer : Yes. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) also bind to hemoglobin. Hemoglobin, when saturated with oxygen, is called oxyhemoglobin. It is cherry red in color. When oxyhemoglobin loses its ... has. It is this competitive exclusion of oxygen that makes carbon monoxide so dangerous a gas. 

are single-stranded DNA molecules that can recognize and bind to a distinctive nucLeotide sequence of a pathogen. a. Prophages b. Plasmids c. Cloning vectors d. DNA probes

Description : are single-stranded DNA molecules that can recognize and bind to a distinctive nucLeotide sequence of a pathogen. a. Prophages b. Plasmids c. Cloning vectors d. DNA probes

Last Answer : d. DNA probes

T cell receptors (or TCR) on CD4+ T cells A.recognize peptides not associated with MHC molecules B.recognize peptides associated with MHC class I molecules C.recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules D.are secreted out into the environment to bind antigens

Description : T cell receptors (or TCR) on CD4+ T cells A.recognize peptides not associated with MHC molecules  B.recognize peptides associated with MHC class I molecules  C.recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules  D.are secreted out into the environment to bind antigens

Last Answer : C.recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules

cell receptors (or TCR) on CD4+ T cells A-recognize peptides not associated with MHC molecules B- recognize peptides associated with MHC class I moleculesC- recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules D- are secreted out into the environment to bind antigens

Description : cell receptors (or TCR) on CD4+ T cells A-recognize peptides not associated with MHC molecules B- recognize peptides associated with MHC class I moleculesC- recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules D- are secreted out into the environment to bind antigens

Last Answer : recognize peptides associated with MHC class II molecules

The organophosphates produce irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase because: A. They bind to an allosteric site of the enzyme resulting in unfavourable conformation of esteratic site to bind acetylcholine B. Regeneration time of the phosphorylated enzyme is longer than the turnover time of the enzyme molecules C. Phosphorylation results in rapid degradation of enzyme molecules D. They are neither metabolized nor excreted from the body

Description : The organophosphates produce irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase because: A. They bind to an allosteric site of the enzyme resulting in unfavourable conformation of esteratic site to bind ... degradation of enzyme molecules D. They are neither metabolized nor excreted from the body

Last Answer : B. Regeneration time of the phosphorylated enzyme is longer than the turnover time of the enzyme molecules

Aspirin in low doses produces longlasting inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase (COX) because: A. Platelets contain low quantity of COX B. Platelets cannot synthesize fresh COX molecules C. Platelets bind aspirin with high affinity D. Platelet COX is inducible

Description : Aspirin in low doses produces longlasting inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase (COX) because: A. Platelets contain low quantity of COX B. Platelets cannot synthesize fresh COX molecules C. Platelets bind aspirin with high affinity D. Platelet COX is inducible

Last Answer : B. Platelets cannot synthesize fresh COX molecules

The organophosphates produce irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase because: A. They bind to an allosteric site of the enzyme resulting in unfavourable conformation of esteratic site to bind acetylcholine B. Regeneration time of the phosphorylated enzyme is longer than the turnover time of the enzyme molecules C. Phosphorylation results in rapid degradation of enzyme molecules D. They are neither metabolized nor excreted from the body

Description : The organophosphates produce irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase because: A. They bind to an allosteric site of the enzyme resulting in unfavourable conformation of esteratic site to bind ... degradation of enzyme molecules D. They are neither metabolized nor excreted from the body

Last Answer : B. Regeneration time of the phosphorylated enzyme is longer than the turnover time of the enzyme molecules

Can two normal individuals of the same species with sexual reproduction have identical genomes and identical karyotypes ? How the human karyotype is usually represented?

Description : Can two normal individuals of the same species with sexual reproduction have identical genomes and identical karyotypes ? How the human karyotype is usually represented?

Last Answer : Except for clones (individuals created from nucleus transplantation, like the Dolly sheep) and monozygotic twins, it is very improbable the genomes of two individuals of the same species and generated by sexual ... normal karyotype is represented by the formula 44+XX for women and 44+XY for men.

What is the difference between the concepts of karyotype and genome ?

Description : What is the difference between the concepts of karyotype and genome ?

Last Answer : Genome is the set of DNA molecules that characterizes each living being or each species. The concept then includes the specific nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecules of each individual or species. ... of each chromosome or pair of homologous. Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: karyotype

What are homologous chromosomes ?

Description : What are homologous chromosomes ?

Last Answer : Which are the human cells that do not have homologous chromosomes? Chromosomes contain genes (genetic information in the form of nucleotide sequences) that command the protein synthesis thus ... chromosomes are the gametes since during meiosis the homologous chromosomes are separated.

What are the primary and the secondary constrictions of a chromosome ?

Description : What are the primary and the secondary constrictions of a chromosome ?

Last Answer : What is the other name given to the secondary constriction? Primary constriction is the narrower region of a condensed chromosome where the centromere, the structure that unites identical chromatids, is located. ... can be one or more in chromosome) is called nucleolus organizer region (NOR).

How the chromosome region where the centromere is located is called ?

Description : How the chromosome region where the centromere is located is called ?

Last Answer : How are chromosomes classified in relation to the position of their centromere? The chromosome region where the centromere is located is called primary constriction. In microscopic view ... constriction the chromosomes are classified as telocentric, acrocentric, submetacentric or metacentric.

What is the structure that maintains identical chromatids bound ?

Description : What is the structure that maintains identical chromatids bound ?

Last Answer : The structure that maintains identical chromatids bound is the centromere. Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: centromere

How are the concepts of chromosome ?

Description : How are the concepts of chromosome ?

Last Answer : chromatin and chromatids related? In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplicate? Chromatin is a set of filamentous DNA molecules dispersed in the karyoplasm forming euchromatin and heterochromatin ... chromosomes (and not only one). Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: chromatids

In the phase when the cell is not dividing ?

Description : In the phase when the cell is not dividing ?

Last Answer : interphase) is there activity within the cell nucleus? In the interphase there is intense metabolic activity in the cell nucleus: DNA is duplicating, euchromatin is being transcript and RNA is produced.

What is the relation between the concepts of chromatin and chromosome ?

Description : What is the relation between the concepts of chromatin and chromosome ?

Last Answer : Are euchromatin and heterochromatin part of chromosomes? Every filament of chromatin is a complete DNA molecule (a complete double helix), i.e., a complete chromosome. A DNA molecule may form ... thus both are part of chromosomes. Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: chromosome structure

What are heterochromatin and euchromatin ?

Description : What are heterochromatin and euchromatin ?

Last Answer : Chromatin is uncondensed nuclear DNA, the typical DNA morphology in interphase (the phase of the cell cycle in which the cells is not dividing itself). In this phase of the cell cycle ... inactive portions of the DNA molecule. Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: heterochromatin euchromatin

Do all eukaryotic cells have nucleus and only one nucleus ?

Description : Do all eukaryotic cells have nucleus and only one nucleus ?

Last Answer : There are eukaryotic cells without nucleus and others with more than one nucleus. Osteoclasts, the cells responsible for resorption of the osseous matrix, for example, are multinucleate cells; ... cells. Cell Nucleus Review - Image Diversity: cell nucleus miltinucleate cells enucleated cells

How are cells with delimited nucleus called ?

Description : How are cells with delimited nucleus called ?

Last Answer : What are the main elements of the nucleus? Cells with delimited nucleus are called eukaryotic cells. Organisms composed of one or more eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes. The mains elements of the ... the nucleolus, the karyolymph, or nucleoplasm, and the nuclear membrane (or karyotheca).

What are some biological examples in which lysosomic enzymes play fundamental role ?

Description : What are some biological examples in which lysosomic enzymes play fundamental role ?

Last Answer : The remodelation of the osseous tissue, the function of acrosomes in sperm cells and the elimination of the tadpole tail are examples of biological processes in which lysosomic enzymes are key factors. The ... cell by its own mechanisms is called autolysis, a type of apoptosis (celll suicide).

What is autophagic intracellular digestion ?

Description : What is autophagic intracellular digestion ?

Last Answer : Why is this type of intracellular digestion intensified in an organism undergoing starvation? Autophagic intracellular digestion is the cellular internal digestion of waste and residual materials. In general ... obtain from its own constituent materials the nutrients necessary to stay alive.

What is heterophagic intracellular digestion ?

Description : What is heterophagic intracellular digestion ?

Last Answer : How is this process accomplished? Heterophagic intracellular digestion is the breaking into smaller substances of external substances engulfed in the cell by pinocytosis or phagocytosis. Phagosomes or pinosomes fuse ... with the plasma membrane and liberates its waste in the exterior space.

What is the main cell organelle involved in cell digestion ?

Description : What is the main cell organelle involved in cell digestion ?

Last Answer : What are the properties of that organelle that enable it to the task? The organelles responsible for intracellular digestion are the lysosomes. Lysosomes are vesicles that contain digestive enzymes ... digested and then digestion takes place. Cell Digestion Review - Image Diversity: lysosomes

What is intracellular digestion ?

Description : What is intracellular digestion ?

Last Answer : Intracellular digestion, or cellular digestion, is the breaking in the interior of the cell of big molecules coming from outside or even from the own cell metabolism into smaller ... is classified into two types: heterophagic intracellular digestion and autophagic intracellular digestion.

What is extracellular digestion ?

Description : What is extracellular digestion ?

Last Answer : Extracellular digestion is that in which food breaking into utile molecules that can be internalized by the cell is done in the extracellular space, i.e., outside the cell. In extracellular digestion ... the external environment. Later the cell can benefit from these products of the digestion.

What are some examples of secretory cells ?

Description : What are some examples of secretory cells ?

Last Answer : Endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cells, thyroid and parathyroid endocrine cells, adenohypophysis, adrenal and pineal endocrine cells, the many types of gastric exocrine and endocrine cells, the mucous secretory cells ... of the ovaries and testicles, etc., are all examples of secretory cells.

How do the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus act in the production and releasing of proteins ?

Description : How do the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus act in the production and releasing of proteins ?

Last Answer : The rough endoplasmic reticulum has in its outer membrane numerous ribosomes, structures where translation of messenger RNA and protein synthesis occur. These proteins are stored in the rough endoplasmic reticulum ... exocytosis) in the right place and its content is liberated outside the cell.

Which cell organelles are well-developed in secretory cells ?

Description : Which cell organelles are well-developed in secretory cells ?

Last Answer : In secretory cells, like the secretory cells of endocrine glands, organelles related to production, processing and exportation of substances are widely present and well-developed. These ... protein synthesis between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus