The daily dose of estrogen for hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women is: A. Same as for contraception B. Higher than that for contraception C. Lower than that for contraception D. Variable depending on the age of the woman

The daily dose of estrogen for hormone replacement
therapy in postmenopausal women is:
A. Same as for contraception
B. Higher than that for contraception
C. Lower than that for contraception
D. Variable depending on the age of the woman
by

1 Answer

Answer :

C. Lower than that for contraception
by

Related questions

Select the correct statement about tibolone: A. It is an antiestrogen used for palliative treatment of carcinoma breast B. It is an estrogenic + progestational steroid used for hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women C. It is an antiandrogen used for male pattern baldness D. It is a nonsteroidal estrogen used topically for senile vaginitis

Description : Select the correct statement about tibolone: A. It is an antiestrogen used for palliative treatment of carcinoma breast B. It is an estrogenic + progestational steroid used for hormone replacement ... for male pattern baldness D. It is a nonsteroidal estrogen used topically for senile vaginitis

Last Answer : B. It is an estrogenic + progestational steroid used for hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women

Estrogen replacement therapy for postmenopausal women is contraindicated in subjects with: A. Leg vein thrombosis B. Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding C. Migraine D. All of the above

Description : Estrogen replacement therapy for postmenopausal women is contraindicated in subjects with: A. Leg vein thrombosis B. Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding C. Migraine D. All of the above

Last Answer : D. All of the above

Select the compound which used for hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women serves the purpose of both estrogen and progestin with weak androgenic activity: A. Tibolone B. Mestranol C. Desogestrel D. Gestodene

Description : Select the compound which used for hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women serves the purpose of both estrogen and progestin with weak androgenic activity: A. Tibolone B. Mestranol C. Desogestrel D. Gestodene

Last Answer : A. Tibolone

Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women has been implicated in increasing the risk of the following disorders except: A. Gall stones B. Osteoporosis C. Endometrial carcinoma D. Breast cancer

Description : Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women has been implicated in increasing the risk of the following disorders except: A. Gall stones B. Osteoporosis C. Endometrial carcinoma D. Breast cancer

Last Answer : B. Osteoporosis

Select the progestin preparation for coadministration with estrogen for hormone replacement therapy that does not counteract the beneficial effect of the latter on lipid profile due to lack of androgenic activity: A. Micronized oral progesterone B. Norethindrone C. Lynestrenol D. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (p. 281-282)

Description : Select the progestin preparation for coadministration with estrogen for hormone replacement therapy that does not counteract the beneficial effect of the latter on lipid profile due to lack of ... oral progesterone B. Norethindrone C. Lynestrenol D. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (p. 281-282)

Last Answer : Select the indication for which a progestin is used alone without combining with an estrogen: A. Threatened abortion B. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding C. Hormone replacement therapy D. Premenstrual tension

What is true of tamoxifen: A. It can induce endometrial proliferation in postmenopausal women B. It exerts antiestrogenic activity in bone C. It raises LDL-cholesterol levels D. It is ineffective in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer

Description : What is true of tamoxifen: A. It can induce endometrial proliferation in postmenopausal women B. It exerts antiestrogenic activity in bone C. It raises LDL-cholesterol levels D. It is ineffective in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer

Last Answer : A. It can induce endometrial proliferation in postmenopausal women

Which of the following is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that improves bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A. Clomiphene citrate B. Raloxifene C. Ormeloxifene D. Alendronate

Description : Which of the following is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that improves bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A. Clomiphene citrate B. Raloxifene C. Ormeloxifene D. Alendronate

Last Answer : B. Raloxifene

Addition of a progestin for 10-12 days each month to estrogen replacement therapy in menopausal women is recommended because the progestin: A. Blocks the increased risk of myocardial infarction due to estrogen B. Blocks the increased risk of endometrial carcinoma due to estrogen C. Reverses vulval atrophy occurring in postmenopausal women D. Enhances the metabolic benefits of estrogen treatment

Description : Addition of a progestin for 10-12 days each month to estrogen replacement therapy in menopausal women is recommended because the progestin: A. Blocks the increased risk of myocardial ... vulval atrophy occurring in postmenopausal women D. Enhances the metabolic benefits of estrogen treatment

Last Answer : The estrogen commonly used for hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women is: A. Ethinylestradiol B. Estradiol benzoate C. Diethylstilbestrol D. Conjugated estrogens

The estrogen commonly used for hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women is: A. Ethinylestradiol B. Estradiol benzoate C. Diethylstilbestrol D. Conjugated estrogens

Description : The estrogen commonly used for hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women is: A. Ethinylestradiol B. Estradiol benzoate C. Diethylstilbestrol D. Conjugated estrogens

Last Answer : D. Conjugated estrogen

Which of the following is advised when a woman on combined oral contraceptive pill misses a dose: A. Continue with the course without regard to the missed dose B. Take 2 pills the next day and continue with the course C. Take 2 pills everyday for the remaining part of the course D. Discontinue the course and use alternative method of contraception

Description : Which of the following is advised when a woman on combined oral contraceptive pill misses a dose: A. Continue with the course without regard to the missed dose B. Take 2 pills the next ... for the remaining part of the course D. Discontinue the course and use alternative method of contraception

Last Answer : Take 2 pills the next day and continue with the course

The most popular form of hormonal contraception is: A. Combined estrogen + progestin oral pill B. Phased estrogen + progestin oral pill C. Postcoital estrogen + progestin pill D. Depot progestin injection

Description : The most popular form of hormonal contraception is: A. Combined estrogen + progestin oral pill B. Phased estrogen + progestin oral pill C. Postcoital estrogen + progestin pill D. Depot progestin injection

Last Answer : A. Combined estrogen + progestin oral pill

Addition of a progestin for 10-12 days every month to cyclic estrogen replacement therapy during menopause is recommended because the progestin: A. Prevents osteoporosis B. Prevents irregular bleeding C. Blocks increased risk of endometrial carcinoma D. Both ‘B’ and ‘C’ are correct

Description : Addition of a progestin for 10-12 days every month to cyclic estrogen replacement therapy during menopause is recommended because the progestin: A. Prevents osteoporosis B. Prevents irregular bleeding C. Blocks increased risk of endometrial carcinoma D. Both ‘B’ and ‘C’ are correct

Last Answer : D. Both ‘B’ and ‘C’ are correct

The principles of antihypertensive drug usage enunciated in JNC VI and WHO-ISH guidelines include the following except: A. Therapy for grade I and II hypertension should be initiated with a single drug B. Dose of thiazide diuretic should be 12.5-25 mg hydrochlorothiazide or equivalent per day C. All subjects with BP higher than 140/90 mmHg should be put on antihypertensive medication immediately D. If the drug chosen initially fails to lower BP, it should be replaced by a drug/combination from another class

Description : The principles of antihypertensive drug usage enunciated in JNC VI and WHO-ISH guidelines include the following except: A. Therapy for grade I and II hypertension should be initiated with a single drug ... initially fails to lower BP, it should be replaced by a drug/combination from another class

Last Answer : C. All subjects with BP higher than 140/90 mmHg should be put on antihypertensive medication immediately

The regimen(s) used for postcoital emergency contraception is/are: A. Levonorgestrel 0.5 mg + ethinylestradiol 0.1 mg taken twice 12 hour apart B. Levonorgestrel 0.75 mg taken twice 12 hour apart C. Mifepristone 600 mg single dose D. All of the abov

Description : The regimen(s) used for postcoital emergency contraception is/are: A. Levonorgestrel 0.5 mg + ethinylestradiol 0.1 mg taken twice 12 hour apart B. Levonorgestrel 0.75 mg taken twice 12 hour apart C. Mifepristone 600 mg single dose D. All of the abov

Last Answer : D. All of the abov

Safe limit of daily alcohol consumption is: A. Same for men and women B. Relatively lower for women than for men C. Relatively higher for women than for men D. Less than half for women than for men

Description : Safe limit of daily alcohol consumption is: A. Same for men and women B. Relatively lower for women than for men C. Relatively higher for women than for men D. Less than half for women than for men

Last Answer : B. Relatively lower for women than for men

The following measure can minimise pituitary-adrenal suppression during long-term corticosteroid therapy: A. Use of betamethasone in place of prednisolone B. Use of prednisolone on alternate days C. Division of the daily dose in three equal 8 hourly doses D. Administration of the total daily dose at bed time

Description : The following measure can minimise pituitary-adrenal suppression during long-term corticosteroid therapy: A. Use of betamethasone in place of prednisolone B. Use of prednisolone on alternate days C. Division of ... in three equal 8 hourly doses D. Administration of the total daily dose at bed time

Last Answer : B. Use of prednisolone on alternate days

Does postmenopausal hormone therapy cause continuation of menses?

Description : Does postmenopausal hormone therapy cause continuation of menses?

Last Answer : answer:This is a really complicated question; having a light period is the least of concerns when considering HRT. Check out Webmd: http://www.webmd.com/menopause/features/HRT-revisiting-the-hormone- ... hand fan worked just fine. Also I found thatdancing around in the snow in underwear was cooling,

Tamoxifen citrate is used for palliative treatment of carcinoma breast in: A. Premenopausal women B. Postmenopausal women C. Mastectomized patients D. All of the above

Description : Tamoxifen citrate is used for palliative treatment of carcinoma breast in: A. Premenopausal women B. Postmenopausal women C. Mastectomized patients D. All of the above

Last Answer : D. All of the above

An epileptic woman controlled by phenytoin therapy conceives. Which of the following measures is most appropriate: A. Medical termination of pregnancy B. Withdraw phenytoin therapy C. Gradually reduce phenytoin dose to the lowest effective level D. Substitute phenytoin with a combination of carbamazepine and sodium valproate

Description : An epileptic woman controlled by phenytoin therapy conceives. Which of the following measures is most appropriate: A. Medical termination of pregnancy B. Withdraw phenytoin therapy C. ... lowest effective level D. Substitute phenytoin with a combination of carbamazepine and sodium valproate

Last Answer : C. Gradually reduce phenytoin dose to the lowest effective level

Estrogen therapy can worsen the following associated conditions except: A. Migraine B. Cholelithiasis C. Acne vulgaris D. Endometriosis

Description : Estrogen therapy can worsen the following associated conditions except: A. Migraine B. Cholelithiasis C. Acne vulgaris D. Endometriosis

Last Answer : C. Acne vulgaris

Transdermal estradiol differs from oral estrogen therapy in that it: A. Causes less induction of hepatic synthesis of clotting factors B. Does not inhibit FSH secretion C. Does not affect vaginal cytology D. All of the above are correct

Description : Transdermal estradiol differs from oral estrogen therapy in that it: A. Causes less induction of hepatic synthesis of clotting factors B. Does not inhibit FSH secretion C. Does not affect vaginal cytology D. All of the above are correct

Last Answer : A. Causes less induction of hepatic synthesis of clotting factors

Benzodiazepines differ from barbiturates in the following aspects except: A. They have a steeper dose response curve B. They have higher therapeutic index C. They have lower abuse liability D. They do not induce microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes

Description : Benzodiazepines differ from barbiturates in the following aspects except: A. They have a steeper dose response curve B. They have higher therapeutic index C. They have lower abuse liability D. They do not induce microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes

Last Answer : A. They have a steeper dose response curve

Low dose therapy with the following category of antihypertensive drugs has been found to be more advantageous in the long-term than high dose therapy with the same drugs: A. β adrenergic blockers B. α1 adrenergic blockers C. Central sympatholytics D. Diuretics

Description : Low dose therapy with the following category of antihypertensive drugs has been found to be more advantageous in the long-term than high dose therapy with the same drugs: A. β adrenergic blockers B. α1 adrenergic blockers C. Central sympatholytics D. Diuretics

Last Answer : D. Diuretics

What website provides information about estrogen replacement therapy?

Description : What website provides information about estrogen replacement therapy?

Last Answer : You can find out about estrogen replacement therapy on the following website: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hormone-therapy/WO00046. They have useful info.

Does estrogen replacement therapy help with controlling heavy menstrual periods?

Description : Does estrogen replacement therapy help with controlling heavy menstrual periods?

Last Answer : The estrogen replacement therapy is one of the ways that is recommeneded by doctors to control overly heavy periods. This treatement is most commonly done through the use of Birth Control pills.

Select the antibiotic which is equally effective whether injected 8 hourly or 24 hourly, provided the total daily dose remains the same: A. Gentamicin B. Sod. penicillin G C. Cefazolin D. Vancomycin

Description : Select the antibiotic which is equally effective whether injected 8 hourly or 24 hourly, provided the total daily dose remains the same: A. Gentamicin B. Sod. penicillin G C. Cefazolin D. Vancomycin

Last Answer : A. Gentamicin

Select the condition for which 3 days treatment with pyrantel pamoate is recommended in place of single dose therapy for others: A. Ascariasis B. Ancylostomiasis C. Necatoriasis D. Enterobiasis

Description : Select the condition for which 3 days treatment with pyrantel pamoate is recommended in place of single dose therapy for others: A. Ascariasis B. Ancylostomiasis C. Necatoriasis D. Enterobiasis

Last Answer : C. Necatoriasis

Recrudescences attending 3 day artesunate therapy of chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria can be prevented by combining it with a single dose of: A. Quinine B. Primaquine C. Tetracycline D. Mefloquine

Description : Recrudescences attending 3 day artesunate therapy of chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria can be prevented by combining it with a single dose of: A. Quinine B. Primaquine C. Tetracycline D. Mefloquine

Last Answer : D. Mefloquine

Addition of pyrazinamide and ethambutol for the first two months to the isoniazid + rifampin therapy of tuberculosis serves the following purpose(s): A. Reduces the total duration of therapy to 6 months B. Produces more rapid sputum conversion C. Permits reduction of rifampin dose D. Both ‘A’ and ‘B’ are correct

Description : Addition of pyrazinamide and ethambutol for the first two months to the isoniazid + rifampin therapy of tuberculosis serves the following purpose(s): A. Reduces the total duration of therapy to 6 months B. ... sputum conversion C. Permits reduction of rifampin dose D. Both A' and B' are correct

Last Answer : D. Both ‘A’ and ‘B’ are correc

Which of the following is not likely to be the cause of failure of antimicrobial therapy of an acute infection: A. Improper selection of drug and dose B. Acquisition of resistance during treatment C. Failure to drain the pus D. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

Description : Which of the following is not likely to be the cause of failure of antimicrobial therapy of an acute infection: A. Improper selection of drug and dose B. Acquisition of resistance during treatment C. Failure to drain the pus D. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

Last Answer : B. Acquisition of resistance during treatment

Low dose subcutaneous heparin therapy is indicated for: A. Prevention of leg vein thrombosis in elderly patients undergoing abdominal surgery B. Ischaemic stroke C. Patients undergoing neurosurgery D. Prevention of extention of coronary artery thrombus in acute myocardial infarction

Description : Low dose subcutaneous heparin therapy is indicated for: A. Prevention of leg vein thrombosis in elderly patients undergoing abdominal surgery B. Ischaemic stroke C. Patients undergoing neurosurgery D. Prevention of extention of coronary artery thrombus in acute myocardial infarction

Last Answer : A. Prevention of leg vein thrombosis in eld

Select the compound that is preferred for high dose intravenous corticosteroid pulse therapy: A. Cortisone B. Hydrocortisone C. Triamcinolone D. Methyl prednisolone

Description : Select the compound that is preferred for high dose intravenous corticosteroid pulse therapy: A. Cortisone B. Hydrocortisone C. Triamcinolone D. Methyl prednisolone

Last Answer : D. Methyl prednisolone

Selective inhibition of thromboxane A2 synthesis by low dose aspirin therapy might retard the progression of: A. Pregnancy induced hypertension B. Steroid induced hypertension C. Renal hypertension D. Malignant hypertension

Description : Selective inhibition of thromboxane A2 synthesis by low dose aspirin therapy might retard the progression of: A. Pregnancy induced hypertension B. Steroid induced hypertension C. Renal hypertension D. Malignant hypertension

Last Answer : A. Pregnancy induced hypertension

Choose the correct statement about aspirin: A. In an afebrile patient acute overdose of aspirin produces hypothermia B. Aspirin suppresses flushing attending large dose of nicotinic acid C. Aspirin therapy prevents granulomatous lesions and cardiac complications of acute rheumatic fever D. Long term aspirin therapy increases the risk of developing colon cancer

Description : Choose the correct statement about aspirin: A. In an afebrile patient acute overdose of aspirin produces hypothermia B. Aspirin suppresses flushing attending large dose of nicotinic acid C. Aspirin ... acute rheumatic fever D. Long term aspirin therapy increases the risk of developing colon cancer

Last Answer : B. Aspirin suppresses flushing attending large dose of nicotinic acid

Concurrent use of the following drug is likely to cause failure of oral contraception: A. Isoniazid B. Rifampicin C. Cimetidine D. Propranolol

Description : Concurrent use of the following drug is likely to cause failure of oral contraception: A. Isoniazid B. Rifampicin C. Cimetidine D. Propranolol

Last Answer : C. Cimetidin

In which of the following forms of oral contraception, pills are taken continuously without interruption: A. Combined pill B. Phased pill C. Minipill D. Both 'B' and 'C

Description : In which of the following forms of oral contraception, pills are taken continuously without interruption: A. Combined pill B. Phased pill C. Minipill D. Both 'B' and 'C

Last Answer : C. Minipill

The corticosteroid preferred for replacement therapy in Addison’s disease is: A. Aldosterone B. Fludrocortisone C. Hydrocortisone D. Betamethasone

Description : The corticosteroid preferred for replacement therapy in Addison’s disease is: A. Aldosterone B. Fludrocortisone C. Hydrocortisone D. Betamethasone

Last Answer : C. Hydrocortisone

Paraaminosalicylic acid is a second line antitubercular drug because of the following feature(s): A. Low antitubercular efficacy B. Frequent side effects C. Bulky daily dose D. All of the above

Description : Paraaminosalicylic acid is a second line antitubercular drug because of the following feature(s): A. Low antitubercular efficacy B. Frequent side effects C. Bulky daily dose D. All of the above

Last Answer : D. All of the above

60-year-old patient with creatinine clearance 50 ml/min has to be treated with gentamicin. His daily dose of gentamicin should be reduced to the following percentage of the usual adult dose: A. 70% B. 50% C. 40% D. 30%

Description : 60-year-old patient with creatinine clearance 50 ml/min has to be treated with gentamicin. His daily dose of gentamicin should be reduced to the following percentage of the usual adult dose: A. 70% B. 50% C. 40% D. 30%

Last Answer : B. 50%

A 60-year-old patient with creatinine clearance 50 ml/min has to be treated with gentamicin. His daily dose of gentamicin should be reduced to the following percentage of the usual adult dose: A. 70% B. 50% C. 40% D. 30%

Description : A 60-year-old patient with creatinine clearance 50 ml/min has to be treated with gentamicin. His daily dose of gentamicin should be reduced to the following percentage of the usual adult dose: A. 70% B. 50% C. 40% D. 30%

Last Answer : B. 50%

The daily dose of elemental iron for maximal haemopoietic response in an anaemic adult is: A. 30 mg B. 100 mg C. 200 mg D. 500 mg

Description : The daily dose of elemental iron for maximal haemopoietic response in an anaemic adult is: A. 30 mg B. 100 mg C. 200 mg D. 500 mg

Last Answer : C. 200 mg

A patient of liver cirrhosis with ascitis was treated with hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg twice daily. He responded initially, but over a couple of months the diuretic action gradually diminished and ascitis again appeared. Select the measure to reinduce diuresis: A. Increase hydrochlorothiazide dose to 100 mg twice daily B. Add acetazolamide 250 mg twice daily C. Add spironolactone 50 mg thrice daily D. Substitute hydrochlorothiazide by spironolactone 50 mg 6 hourly

Description : A patient of liver cirrhosis with ascitis was treated with hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg twice daily. He responded initially, but over a couple of months the diuretic action gradually diminished ... Add spironolactone 50 mg thrice daily D. Substitute hydrochlorothiazide by spironolactone 50 mg 6 hourly

Last Answer : C. Add spironolactone 50 mg thrice daily

A patient of chronic bronchial asthma maintained on oral prednisolone 20 mg daily and inhaled salbutamol as required develops chest infection. Which of the following measures is recommended: A. Stop prednisolone B. Reduce prednisolone dose to 5 mg/day C. No change/increase in prednisolone dose D. Substitute prednisolone with inhaled budesonid

Description : A patient of chronic bronchial asthma maintained on oral prednisolone 20 mg daily and inhaled salbutamol as required develops chest infection. Which of the following measures is recommended: A. ... mg/day C. No change/increase in prednisolone dose D. Substitute prednisolone with inhaled budesonid

Last Answer : C. No change/increase in prednisolone dose

A patient being treated with 20 mg prednisolone daily has to be shifted on to dexamethasone. What should be his daily dose of dexamethasone: A. 0.75 mg B. 3 mg C. 10 mg D. 40 mg

Description : A patient being treated with 20 mg prednisolone daily has to be shifted on to dexamethasone. What should be his daily dose of dexamethasone: A. 0.75 mg B. 3 mg C. 10 mg D. 40 mg

Last Answer : B. 3 mg

In the multidrug therapy of leprosy, rifampicin is given: A. Daily B. On alternate days C. Weekly D. Monthly

Description : In the multidrug therapy of leprosy, rifampicin is given: A. Daily B. On alternate days C. Weekly D. Monthly

Last Answer : D. Monthly

A patient of megaloblastic anaemia was treated with oral folic acid 5 mg daily. After 2 weeks he reported back with cognitive deficit, sensory disturbance, depressed knee jerk, while blood picture and haemoglobin level were improved. What could be the most likely explanation: A. Folic acid was not adequately absorbed resulting in partial response B. Folate therapy has precipitated vitamin B12 deficiency in the neural tissue C. Folate therapy has unmasked pyridoxine deficiency D. Patient has folate reductase abnormality in the nervous system

Description : A patient of megaloblastic anaemia was treated with oral folic acid 5 mg daily. After 2 weeks he reported back with cognitive deficit, sensory disturbance, depressed knee jerk, while ... therapy has unmasked pyridoxine deficiency D. Patient has folate reductase abnormality in the nervous system

Last Answer : D. Patient has folate reductase abnormality in the nervous system

Chlorpromazine therapy increases the secretion of the following hormone: A. Prolactin B. Gonadotropin C. Corticotropin D. Antidiuretic hormone

Description : Chlorpromazine therapy increases the secretion of the following hormone: A. Prolactin B. Gonadotropin C. Corticotropin D. Antidiuretic hormone

Last Answer : A. Prolactin

Features of atorvastatin include the following: A. Dose to dose most potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor B. Higher ceiling of LDL-cholesterol lowering action than lovastatin C. Antioxidant property D. All of the above

Description : Features of atorvastatin include the following: A. Dose to dose most potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor B. Higher ceiling of LDL-cholesterol lowering action than lovastatin C. Antioxidant property D. All of the above

Last Answer : D. All of the above

58 years old woman has presented with complaints of postmenopausal bleeding for the past two weeks. The most essential investigation would be: a) Colposcopy. b) Pap smear. c) Cone biopsy. d) D & C (dilatation & Curettage). e) Hysteroscopy

Description : 58 years old woman has presented with complaints of postmenopausal bleeding for the past two weeks. The most essential investigation would be: a) Colposcopy. b) Pap smear. c) Cone biopsy. d) D & C (dilatation & Curettage). e) Hysteroscopy

Last Answer : d) D & C (dilatation & Curettage).

The density of seawater is greater than that of fresh water. A boat will float: w) Higher in fresh water than in seawater x) Lower in fresh water than in seawater y) At the same level in both z) Any of the above, depending upon its shape

Description : The density of seawater is greater than that of fresh water. A boat will float: w) Higher in fresh water than in seawater x) Lower in fresh water than in seawater y) At the same level in both z) Any of the above, depending upon its shape

Last Answer : ANSWER: X -- LOWER IN FRESH WATER THAN IN SEAWATER