During which step of cellular carcinogenesis do cellular changes
exhibit increased malignant behavior?
a) Progression
During this third step, cells show a propensity to invade adjacent
tissues and metastasize.
b) Promotion
During promotion, repeated exposure to promoting agents causes the
expression of abnormal genetic information even after long latency
periods.
c) Initiation
During this first step, initiators such as chemicals, physical factors, and
biologic agents escape normal enzymatic mechanisms and alter the
genetic structure of cellular DNA.
d) Prolongation
No stage of cellular carcinogenesis is termed prolongation.
exhibit increased malignant behavior?
a) Progression
During this third step, cells show a propensity to invade adjacent
tissues and metastasize.
b) Promotion
During promotion, repeated exposure to promoting agents causes the
expression of abnormal genetic information even after long latency
periods.
c) Initiation
During this first step, initiators such as chemicals, physical factors, and
biologic agents escape normal enzymatic mechanisms and alter the
genetic structure of cellular DNA.
d) Prolongation
No stage of cellular carcinogenesis is termed prolongation.