What is renal failure?

What is renal failure?
by

1 Answer

Answer :

It is a complete or partial failure of kidneys to work. The main cause of renal failure are I. long term infection II. Diabetes mellitus III. Hypertension
by

Related questions

How stones are formed in the kidney and how can these be removed?

Description : How stones are formed in the kidney and how can these be removed?

Last Answer : Sometimes kidneys cannot work properly to remove salt from blood. In such situation, the salts gather in kidneys and form stones. Stones can be removed in three ways I. By drinking water II. Lithotripsy III. shockwaves

Name any two waste materials produced by the human body

Description : Name any two waste materials produced by the human body

Last Answer : 1: Urine 2: Feces

What is kidney transplant?

Description : What is kidney transplant?

Last Answer : In this method a kidney donated by some healthy person is grafted in the body of the patient. The donar of kidney may be blood relative or any other close relative.

What is dialyzer?

Description : What is dialyzer?

Last Answer : Clearing of blood by artificial methods is called dialysis. It is done by a machine called dialyzer.

What is Hypertension?

Description : What is Hypertension?

Last Answer : It is a state of high blood pressure in the body. 

Define diabetes

Description : Define diabetes 

Last Answer : Diabetes mellitus is disease in which sugar level increases in the blood.

Define Reflex arc.

Description : Define Reflex arc. 

Last Answer : The inter neuron transmit the impulse to motor neuron. They carried the impulse to muscles. The pathway of nerve impulse that complete a reflex action is called reflex arc. It consists of receptor, a sensory neuron, an inter neuron, a motor neuron and effectors.

Define reflex action.

Description : Define reflex action.

Last Answer : An immediate and involuntary response to a stimulus is called reflex action. Quick pulling of hand just after touching the hot object is a common example of reflex action. Explanation When we touch ... arc. It consists of receptor, a sensory neuron, an inter neuron, a motor neuron and effectors.

Describe structure of nephron

Description : Describe structure of nephron

Last Answer : It is the functional unit of kidneys. It consists of two main parts I. Renal corpuscle II. Renal tubule These are the tubules where urine is formed. There are over one million ... and is called Loop of Henle. The last part of the renal tubule is again coiled called distal tubule.

Write a note on internal structure of kidneys

Description : Write a note on internal structure of kidneys

Last Answer : Each kidney is divided into three regions 1. Renal cortex It is the outer most region of kidney 2. Renal medulla and renal pyramids Renal medulla is the middle regions which is divided into conical ... It is the inner area where urine is drained. The urine from renal pelvis moves into ureter.

Describe the main parts of excretory system in man.

Description : Describe the main parts of excretory system in man.

Last Answer : It consists of one pair of kidneys and associated structure. i.e. two ureter, a urinary bladder and urethra. 1. Kidneys Human body has two dark brown bean shaped kidneys in the abdominal ... A fine tube through which urine is released from urinary bladder to the outside is called urethra.

Describe peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Description : Describe peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Last Answer : PNS includes a network of nerves connecting the central system to whole body. The nerves which arise from brain are called cranial nerves. The nerves which arise from spinal cord are called spinal nerves. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves in human body.

Explain central nervous system.

Description : Explain central nervous system.

Last Answer : CNS acts as a control Centre of the whole nervous system. It contains brain and spinal cord. Brain Human brain is enclosed in a bony skull called cranium. It divided into following ... between brain and different body parts. It also controls some reflex actions and some other involuntary actions.

Skin is considered as excretory organ. Why?

Description : Skin is considered as excretory organ. Why?

Last Answer : Because some extra salts are also removed through skin during perspiration.

Write the function of the followings 1. Forebrain 2. Hindbrain

Description : Write the function of the followings 1. Forebrain 2. Hindbrain

Last Answer : 1. Forebrain It is the largest part of the brain. It consists of three main parts I. Cerebrum II. Thalamus III. Hypothalamus Cerebrum is the topmost and the largest part of ... These are the tubules where urine is formed. There are over one million nephrons in each kidney. 

Write the names of main parts of the followings 1. Forebrain 2. Hindbrain

Description : Write the names of main parts of the followings 1. Forebrain 2. Hindbrain

Last Answer : 1. Forebrain It consists of three main parts I. Cerebrum II. Thalamus III. Hypothalamus 2. Hindbrain It consists of three main parts I. Cerebellum II. Pons III. Medulla oblongata 3. Neuron It ... Dendrites III. Axon 4. Nephron It consists of two main parts I. Renal corpuscle II. Renal tubule

How many types of neurons are there?

Description : How many types of neurons are there?

Last Answer : There are three types of neurons on the basis of functions. I. Sensory neurons II. Motor neurons III. Inter neurons 1. Sensory neurons It carries nerve impulses from sense organs (ears, eyes, skin, ... . 3. Inter neurons These are present in CNS. They form a link between sensory and motor neurons.

Define Nerve.

Description : Define Nerve.

Last Answer : It is an enclosed, cable like bundle of axons present side by side in a common sheath. Nerve conveys messages carried by the individual neurons from one body part to another.

What is Axon?

Description : What is Axon?

Last Answer : A long projection of the cell body that conducts messages away from the cell body is called axon.

Define Dendrites.

Description : Define Dendrites.

Last Answer : A fine projection of the cell body that receives messages is called dendrites.

Define cell body.

Description : Define cell body.

Last Answer : The part of neuron containing nucleus and most of the cytoplasm is called cell body.

Define Nerve impulses

Description : Define Nerve impulses

Last Answer : Neurons carry messages in the form of electro-chemical waves called nerve impulses.

Define Neuron or Nerve Cell.

Description : Define Neuron or Nerve Cell.

Last Answer : Neuron or nerve cell is the basic structure and functional unit of the nervous system. All parts of the nervous system are made up of neurons.

What is PNS?

Description : What is PNS?

Last Answer : PNS means peripheral nervous system that includes a network of nerves connecting the central system to whole body.

What is CNS?

Description : What is CNS?

Last Answer : CNS means central nervous system that includes brain and spinal cord.

Define nervous system

Description : Define nervous system

Last Answer : The organ system in our body that carries messages from one part of the body to another part and coordinates body functions is called nervous system.

Older dogs frequently urinating, is that a sign of renal failure?

Description : Older dogs frequently urinating, is that a sign of renal failure?

Last Answer : It depends. It could be a urinary tract infection, an indication of bladder stones, an indication of a bladder tumor, hormonally responsive incontinence, or renal insufficiency. Some diagnostic testing will help to provide an answer.

Help with diet for Renal Failure & Diabetes

Description : Help with diet for Renal Failure & Diabetes

Last Answer : your doctor could prescribe for you to see a dietitian that is versed in your ailment. that way it may be possible to have the consult covered by insurance. or you could do it yourself. It tough and boring, I know I’m on the kidney transplant list.

What are the symptoms of immediate renal failure ?

Description : What are the symptoms of immediate renal failure ?

Last Answer : Very little , thick and thick urine or no urine at all ; Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood ; Swelling of the body (excess water remains in the body as urine) ; Flank pain between ... pressure ; Blood toilet ; Decreased limb sensation ; Hiccups for a long time ; Frequent breathing etc.

Metabolic alkalosis can occur in (A) Severe diarrhoea (B) Renal failure (C) Recurrent vomiting (D) Excessive use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Description : Metabolic alkalosis can occur in (A) Severe diarrhoea (B) Renal failure (C) Recurrent vomiting (D) Excessive use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Last Answer : Answer : C

Hypokalemia occurs in (A) Cushing’s syndrome (B) Addison’s disease (C) Renal failure (D) Advanced dehydration

Description : Hypokalemia occurs in (A) Cushing’s syndrome (B) Addison’s disease (C) Renal failure (D) Advanced dehydration

Last Answer : Answer : A

Deficiency of magnesium may occur with (A) Alcoholism (B) Diabetes mellitus (C) Hypothyroidism (D) Advanced renal failure

Description : Deficiency of magnesium may occur with (A) Alcoholism (B) Diabetes mellitus (C) Hypothyroidism (D) Advanced renal failure

Last Answer : Answer : A

An important cause of water intoxication is (A) Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (B) Renal failure (C) Gastroenteritis (D) Fanconi syndrome

Description : An important cause of water intoxication is (A) Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (B) Renal failure (C) Gastroenteritis (D) Fanconi syndrome

Last Answer : Answer : B

Inborn errors of urea cycle can cause all the following except (A) Vomiting (B) Ataxia (C) Renal failure (D) Mental retardation

Description : Inborn errors of urea cycle can cause all the following except (A) Vomiting (B) Ataxia (C) Renal failure (D) Mental retardation

Last Answer : Answer : D

Serum potassium level decreases in (A) Familial periodic paralysis (B) Addison’s disease (C) Renal failure (D) All of these

Description : Serum potassium level decreases in (A) Familial periodic paralysis (B) Addison’s disease (C) Renal failure (D) All of these

Last Answer : Answer : A

Hyponatraemia occurs in the following condition: (A) Addison’s disease (B) Chronic renal failure (C) Severe diarrhoea (D) All of these

Description : Hyponatraemia occurs in the following condition: (A) Addison’s disease (B) Chronic renal failure (C) Severe diarrhoea (D) All of these

Last Answer : Answer : D

Serum sodium level rises in all of the following except (A) Renal failure (B) Prolonged steroid therapy (C) Aldosteronism (D) Dehydration

Description : Serum sodium level rises in all of the following except (A) Renal failure (B) Prolonged steroid therapy (C) Aldosteronism (D) Dehydration

Last Answer : Answer : A

Serum inorganic phosphorous decreases in all the following conditions except (A) Hyperparathyroidism (B) Intestinal malabsorption (C) Osteomalacia (D) Chronic renal failure

Description : Serum inorganic phosphorous decreases in all the following conditions except (A) Hyperparathyroidism (B) Intestinal malabsorption (C) Osteomalacia (D) Chronic renal failure

Last Answer : Answer : D

Serum inorganic phosphorous rises in all the following conditions except (A) Hypoparathyroidism (B) Hypervitaminosis D (C) Chronic renal failure (D) After a carbohydrate-rich meal MINERAL METABOLISM 197

Description : Serum inorganic phosphorous rises in all the following conditions except (A) Hypoparathyroidism (B) Hypervitaminosis D (C) Chronic renal failure (D) After a carbohydrate-rich meal MINERAL METABOLISM 197

Last Answer : Answer : D

The product of serum calcium concentration (mg/dl) and serum inorganic phosphorous concentration (mg/dl) is decreased in (A) Rickets (B) Hypoparathyroidism (C) Hyperparathyroidism (D) Renal failure

Description : The product of serum calcium concentration (mg/dl) and serum inorganic phosphorous concentration (mg/dl) is decreased in (A) Rickets (B) Hypoparathyroidism (C) Hyperparathyroidism (D) Renal failure

Last Answer : Answer : A

An important finding in Tay-sach’s disease is (A) Renal failure (B) Accumulation of gangliosides in brain and spleen (C) Cardiac failure (D) Anemia

Description : An important finding in Tay-sach’s disease is (A) Renal failure (B) Accumulation of gangliosides in brain and spleen (C) Cardiac failure (D) Anemia

Last Answer : Answer : B

Character ist ic f ind ing in Gaucher ’s disease is (A) Night blindness (B) Renal failure (C) Hepatosplenomegaly (D) Deafness

Description : Character ist ic f ind ing in Gaucher ’s disease is (A) Night blindness (B) Renal failure (C) Hepatosplenomegaly (D) Deafness

Last Answer : Answer : C

Non-protein nitrogenous substances in blood are raised in (A) Starvation (B) Liver damage (C) Renal failure (D) All of these

Description : Non-protein nitrogenous substances in blood are raised in (A) Starvation (B) Liver damage (C) Renal failure (D) All of these

Last Answer : Answer : B

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the outcome in patients with acute renal failure? a. Mortality for ischemic acute tubular necrosis without other organ failure is approximately 6% b. Multiple organ failure complicated with acute renal failure is associated with mortality ranging from 50% to 90% c. Recovery of renal function after six weeks is unlikely d. There is no difference in survival between oliguric and nonoliguric renal failure

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the outcome in patients with acute renal failure? a. Mortality for ischemic acute tubular necrosis without other organ failure is ... is unlikely d. There is no difference in survival between oliguric and nonoliguric renal failure

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c Survival of patients with acute renal failure is a function of the successful treatment of the primary disease from which the renal failure was derived. The mortality ... is unlikely. Nonoliguric renal failure is usually limited in its extent and is almost always reversible

A 59-year-old trauma patient has suffered multiple septic complications including severe pneumonia, intraabdominal abscess, and major wound infection. He has now developed signs of multisystem organ failure. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning necessary changes to be made in his nutritional management? a. Carbohydrate load should be reduced in the face of respiratory failure b. In patients with renal failure, protein intake should be diminished c. During hemodialysis protein intake should be limited to the same extent d. In patients with hepatic failure, carbohydrate load should be increased

Description : A 59-year-old trauma patient has suffered multiple septic complications including severe pneumonia, intraabdominal abscess, and major wound infection. He has now developed signs of multisystem organ ... the same extent d. In patients with hepatic failure, carbohydrate load should be increased

Last Answer : Answer: a, b The most severe complication of sepsis is multiple system organ dysfunction syndrome, which may result in death. The development of organ failure requires changes in the ... should be provided as fat emulsion. If encephalopathy develops, protein load should also be reduced0

Altering the amino acid profile in total parenteral nutrition solutions can be of benefit in certain conditions. Which of the following conditions are associated with a benefit by supplementation with the amino acid type listed? a. Acute renal failure and essential amino acids b. Hepatic failure and aromatic amino acids c. Short gut syndrome and glutamine d. Chronic renal failure and essential amino acids

Description : Altering the amino acid profile in total parenteral nutrition solutions can be of benefit in certain conditions. Which of the following conditions are associated with a benefit by supplementation with the ... c. Short gut syndrome and glutamine d. Chronic renal failure and essential amino acids

Last Answer : Answer: a, c In a number of conditions, altering the amino acid profile of the total parenteral nutrition solution can be of benefit. TPN with amino acids of high biologic value ... Glutamine-enriched TPN partially attenuates villous atrophy and may be useful in treatment of short gut syndrome

Essential amino acids have been advocated as standard therapy for renal failure. Which of the following statements are true? A. Increased survival from acute renal failure has been reported with both essential and nonessential amino acid therapy of patients in renal failure. B. Essential amino acids retard the rise of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) secondary to decreased urea appearance. C. Essential amino acids and hypertonic dextrose are a convenient form of therapy for hyperkalemia. D. Essential amino acids decrease BUN and creatinine to the same degree as solutions containing excessive nonessential amino acids.

Description : Essential amino acids have been advocated as standard therapy for renal failure. Which of the following statements are true? A. Increased survival from acute renal failure has been reported ... BUN and creatinine to the same degree as solutions containing excessive nonessential amino acids.

Last Answer : Answer: BC DISCUSSION: Essential amino acids and hypertonic dextrose, as opposed to hypertonic dextrose alone, was reported by Abel and co-workers to be associated with a decreased mortality rate ... renal failure have not been carried out in sufficient numbers to yield answers to this question

Which of the following statements about head injury and concomitant hyponatremia are true? A. There are no primary alterations in cardiovascular signs. B. Signs of increased intracranial pressure may be masked by the hyponatremia. C. Oliguric renal failure is an unlikely complication. D. Rapid correction of the hyponatremia may prevent central pontine injury. E. This patient is best treated by restriction of water intake.

Description : Which of the following statements about head injury and concomitant hyponatremia are true? A. There are no primary alterations in cardiovascular signs. B. Signs of increased intracranial pressure may be ... central pontine injury. E. This patient is best treated by restriction of water intake.

Last Answer : Answer: A DISCUSSION: Acute symptomatic hyponatremia is characterized by central nervous system signs of increased intracranial pressure. Changes in blood pressure and pulse are secondary to ... lead to central pontine myelinolysis. Oliguric renal failure may rapidly develop in severe hyponatremia

Clinical uses of Vitamin D do not include (a) Chronic renal failure (b) Hyperparathyroidism (c) Intestinal osteodystrophy (d) Nutritional rickets (e) Osteoporosis

Description : Clinical uses of Vitamin D do not include (a) Chronic renal failure (b) Hyperparathyroidism (c) Intestinal osteodystrophy (d) Nutritional rickets (e) Osteoporosis

Last Answer : Ans: B

Which of the following conditions is an indication for the use of calcitonin? (a) Chronic renal failure (b) Hypoparathyroidism (c) Intestinal osteodystrophy (d) Pager’s disease (e) Rickets

Description : Which of the following conditions is an indication for the use of calcitonin? (a) Chronic renal failure (b) Hypoparathyroidism (c) Intestinal osteodystrophy (d) Pager’s disease (e) Rickets

Last Answer : Ans: D