Explain the reason behind a colour of some gem stone with the help of example.

Explain the reason behind a colour of some gem stone with the help of example.
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The colours of many gem stones are due to the presence of transition metal ions & colour are produced due to d-d transition. For example the mineral corundum Al2O3 is colourless when pure but when various M3+ transition metal ions are present in trace amounts various gem stones are formed. Ruby is Al2O3 containing about 0.5 – 1% Cr3+ .
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