Cylcoocygenase-II specific inhibitors block the following (a) Production of cytoprotective prostaglandins (b) Tumor necrosis factor - a (c) Production of prostaglandins responsible for pain and inflammation

Cylcoocygenase-II specific inhibitors block the following (a) Production of cytoprotective prostaglandins (b) Tumor necrosis factor - a (c) Production of prostaglandins responsible for pain and inflammation
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Which of the following enzymes is ultimately responsible for the production of prostaglandins associated with inflammatory reactions? (a) Phospholipase (b) Lipoxygenase (c) Cyclooxygenase-I (d) Cyclooxygenase II (e) Xanthine oxidase

Description : Which of the following enzymes is ultimately responsible for the production of prostaglandins associated with inflammatory reactions? (a) Phospholipase (b) Lipoxygenase (c) Cyclooxygenase-I (d) Cyclooxygenase II (e) Xanthine oxidase

Last Answer : Ans: D

Inflammation is a complex tissue reaction that includes the release of cytokines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and peptides. Prostaglandins involved in inflammatory processes are produced from arachidonic acid by (a) Cyclooxygenase 1 (b) Cyclooxygenase 2 (c) Glutathione – S – transferase (d) Lipoxygenase (e) Phospholipase A2

Description : Inflammation is a complex tissue reaction that includes the release of cytokines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and peptides. Prostaglandins involved in inflammatory processes are produced from arachidonic acid by (a) ... 2 (c) Glutathione - S - transferase (d) Lipoxygenase (e) Phospholipase A2

Last Answer : Ans: B

The distinctive feature of the isoenzyme cyclooxygenase-2 is (a) It is not inhibited by indomethacin (b) It is inducible (c) It generates cytoprotective prostagladins in gastric mucosa (d) It is found only in foetal tissues

Description : The distinctive feature of the isoenzyme cyclooxygenase-2 is (a) It is not inhibited by indomethacin (b) It is inducible (c) It generates cytoprotective prostagladins in gastric mucosa (d) It is found only in foetal tissues

Last Answer : Ans: B

Cyclooxygenase-1 and –2 are responsible for (a) The synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonate (b) The synthesis of leukotrienes from arachidonate (c) The conversion of ATP to cAMP (d) The metabolic degradation of cAMP (e) The conversion of GTP to cGMP

Description : Cyclooxygenase-1 and –2 are responsible for (a) The synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonate (b) The synthesis of leukotrienes from arachidonate (c) The conversion of ATP to cAMP (d) The metabolic degradation of cAMP (e) The conversion of GTP to cGMP

Last Answer : Ans: A

Cytokines with clearly defined actions in acute inflammation and early tissue injury include which of the following? a. Cysteine-X-Cysteine (C-X-C) chemokines b. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNFa) c. Transforming Growth Factor-b (TGF-b) d. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) e. Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)

Description : Cytokines with clearly defined actions in acute inflammation and early tissue injury include which of the following? a. Cysteine-X-Cysteine (C-X-C) chemokines b. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNFa) c. Transforming Growth Factor-b (TGF-b) d. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) e. Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c, d, e Polypeptide mediators, such as TNFa and IL-1, are considered early response cytokines and are actively involved in the initiation of the ... of tissue repair. Thus, coagulation and platelet activation provide the initial foundation for subsequent cellular recruitment

Accidental poisonings are common with both aspirin and ibuprofen, two OC drugs available in tasty chewable tablets. In cases of overdose, aspirin is more likely than ibuprofen to cause (a) Autonomic Instability (b) Hepatic necrosis (c) Metabolic acidosis (d) Thrombocytopenia (e) Ventricular arrhythmias

Description : Accidental poisonings are common with both aspirin and ibuprofen, two OC drugs available in tasty chewable tablets. In cases of overdose, aspirin is more likely than ibuprofen to cause (a) ... Instability (b) Hepatic necrosis (c) Metabolic acidosis (d) Thrombocytopenia (e) Ventricular arrhythmias

Last Answer : Ans: C

Vasodilation by prostaglandins involves (a) Arterioles (b) Precapillary sphincters (c) Postcapillary venules (d) All of the above

Description : Vasodilation by prostaglandins involves (a) Arterioles (b) Precapillary sphincters (c) Postcapillary venules (d) All of the above

Last Answer : Ans: D

Following mediators are involved in acute inflammation except (a) Histamine (b) Leukotrienes (c) Interferons (d) Bradykinin

Description : Following mediators are involved in acute inflammation except (a) Histamine (b) Leukotrienes (c) Interferons (d) Bradykinin

Last Answer : Ans: C

Which of the following medications represents the category proton (gastric acid) pump inhibitors? a) Omeprazole (Prilosec) Omeprazole decreases gastric acid by slowing the hydrogenpotassium-adenosine-triphosphatase pump on the surface of the parietal cells. b) Sucralfate (Carafate) Sucralfate is a cytoprotective drug. c) Famotidine (Pepcid) Famotidine is a histamine-2 receptor antagonist. d) Metronidazole (Flagyl) Metronidazole is an antibiotic, specifically an amebicide.

Description : Which of the following medications represents the category proton (gastric acid) pump inhibitors? a) Omeprazole (Prilosec) Omeprazole decreases gastric acid by slowing the hydrogenpotassium-adenosine ... antagonist. d) Metronidazole (Flagyl) Metronidazole is an antibiotic, specifically an amebicide.

Last Answer : a) Omeprazole (Prilosec) Omeprazole decreases gastric acid by slowing the hydrogenpotassium-adenosine-triphosphatase pump on the surface of the parietal cells.

This drug, which does not activate opioid receptors, has been proposed as a maintenance drug in treatment programs for opioid addicts; a singly oral dose will block the effects of injected heroin for up to 48 hours (a) Amphetamine (b) Buprenorphine (c) Naloxone (d) Naltrexone (e) Propoxyphene

Description : This drug, which does not activate opioid receptors, has been proposed as a maintenance drug in treatment programs for opioid addicts; a singly oral dose will block the effects of injected heroin for up to 48 hours (a) Amphetamine (b) Buprenorphine (c) Naloxone (d) Naltrexone (e) Propoxyphene

Last Answer : Ans: D

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning tumor necrosis factor (TNF)? a. TNF is a product of activated macrophages secreted in response to contact with endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide, antibody complexes, or inflammatory stimuli b. The liver and gut appear to be a major source of TNF following hypoperfusion c. Circulating levels of TNF correlate well with severity of tissue injury in shock d. Recently completed clinical trials of anti-TNF antibody in septic patients shows a marked improvement in survival

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Products of platelet degranulation include: a. Tumor necrosis factor b. Interleukin-1 c. Transforming growth factor b d. Platelet-derived growth factor

Description : Products of platelet degranulation include: a. Tumor necrosis factor b. Interleukin-1 c. Transforming growth factor b d. Platelet-derived growth factor

Last Answer : Answer: c, d The initial response to injury and disruption of a blood vessel is bleeding. The hemostatic response to this is clot formation to stop hemorrhage. Platelet plug ... . Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 also stimulate fibroblast proliferation, however are produced by macrophages

Cytokines which play an important role in the metabolic response to injury include: a. Tumor necrosis factor—a (TNF) b. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) c. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) d. Interferon-g

Description : Cytokines which play an important role in the metabolic response to injury include: a. Tumor necrosis factor—a (TNF) b. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) c. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) d. Interferon-g

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c, d TNF or cachetin is considered the primary mediator of the systemic effects of endotoxin, producing anorexia, fever, tachypnea, and tachycardia at low doses and hypotension, ... infected sells. IFN-g has the ability to upregulate the number of TNF receptors on various cell types

Which of the following statements about septic shock are true? A. A circulating myocardial depressant factor may account for the cardiac dysfunction sometimes seen with shock due to sepsis or SIRS. B. A cardiac index (CI) of 6 liters per minute per square meter of body surface, a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 15 mm. Hg, and a systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) of 800 dynes-sec/(cm 5-m 2) is a hemodynamic profile consistent with septic shock. C. An increase in SvO 2 in septic patients may be explained by the finding of anatomic arteriovenous shunts. D. Results of human trials employing antimediator therapy, such as antiendotoxin antibodies, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies, have confirmed animal studies that demonstrate a significant im

Description : Which of the following statements about septic shock are true? A. A circulating myocardial depressant factor may account for the cardiac dysfunction sometimes seen with shock due to sepsis or ... animal studies that demonstrate a significant improvement in survival with the use of such agents.

Last Answer : Answer: AB DISCUSSION: Shock due to sepsis or SIRS frequently manifests as a hyperdynamic cardiovascular response, consisting of an elevated CI and a decreased SVR or SVRI. Occasionally, ... been encouraging thus far in human clinical trials, despite the promising results from many animal studies

Which of the following statements regarding cytokines is incorrect? A. Cytokines act directly on target cells and may potentiate the actions of one another. B. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a major proinflammatory mediator with multiple effects, including regulation of skeletal muscle proteolysis in patients with sepsis or significant injury. C. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a major cytokine that results in platelet aggregation, bronchoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability. D. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), despite its short plasma half-life, appears to be a principal mediator in the evolution of sepsis and the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome because of its multiple actions and the secondary cascades that it stimulates.

Description : Which of the following statements regarding cytokines is incorrect? A. Cytokines act directly on target cells and may potentiate the actions of one another. B. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) ... organ dysfunction syndrome because of its multiple actions and the secondary cascades that it stimulates.

Last Answer : Answer: C DISCUSSION: Cytokines are soluble peptide molecules that are synthesized and secreted by a number of cell types in response to injury, inflammation, and infection. Cytokines, which ... is thought to play a central role in the stress response, particularly in response to endotoxemia

In patients with chronic granulomatous disease which of the following agents increases the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor, leading to activation of phagocytosis? (a) Aldesleukin (b) Cyclosporine (c) Filgrastim (d) Infliximab (e) Interferon gamma

Description : In patients with chronic granulomatous disease which of the following agents increases the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor, leading to activation of phagocytosis? (a) Aldesleukin (b) Cyclosporine (c) Filgrastim (d) Infliximab (e) Interferon gamma

Last Answer : Ans: E

Bacterial opsonization is mediated by? C A. histamine B. prostaglandin C. immunoglobulins D. tumor Necrosis Factor

Description : Bacterial opsonization is mediated by? C A. histamine B. prostaglandin C. immunoglobulins D. tumor Necrosis Factor

Last Answer : immunoglobulins

Aspirin produces analgesia by (a) Preventing sensitization of peripheral pain receptors (b) Affecting gating of pain impulses at spinal level (c) Raising pain threshold at subcortical level (d) Both (a) and (b)

Description : Aspirin produces analgesia by (a) Preventing sensitization of peripheral pain receptors (b) Affecting gating of pain impulses at spinal level (c) Raising pain threshold at subcortical level (d) Both (a) and (b)

Last Answer : Ans: D

Morphine is contraindicated in head injury because (a) It does not relieve the pain of head injury (b) It can raise intracranial tension (c) It can cause constipation (d) It is liable to cause addiction

Description : Morphine is contraindicated in head injury because (a) It does not relieve the pain of head injury (b) It can raise intracranial tension (c) It can cause constipation (d) It is liable to cause addiction

Last Answer : Ans: B

Morphine produces analgesia by acting at (a) Peripheral pain receptors (b) A spinal site (c) Suspraspinal sites (d) Both (b) and (c)

Description : Morphine produces analgesia by acting at (a) Peripheral pain receptors (b) A spinal site (c) Suspraspinal sites (d) Both (b) and (c)

Last Answer : Ans: B

A very common side effect of morphine is (a) Allergic response (b) Blood dyscrasias (c) Constipation (d) Liver damage (e) Visceral pain

Description : A very common side effect of morphine is (a) Allergic response (b) Blood dyscrasias (c) Constipation (d) Liver damage (e) Visceral pain

Last Answer : Ans: C

A 65-year-old is interested in taking ginkgo. Which of the following statements is correct regarding ginkgo? (a) Ginkgo is contraindicated in diabetes and pregnancy (b) There is a drug-herb interaction between ginkgo and aspirin (c) Toxic effects include hypertension and cardiac arrest (d) There is a drug-herb interaction between ginkgo and phenelzine (e) Ginkgo is contraindicated in patients with gallstone pain

Description : A 65-year-old is interested in taking ginkgo. Which of the following statements is correct regarding ginkgo? (a) Ginkgo is contraindicated in diabetes and pregnancy (b) There is a ... drug-herb interaction between ginkgo and phenelzine (e) Ginkgo is contraindicated in patients with gallstone pain

Last Answer : Ans: B

What is the most commom sign/symptom of hemorrhoids? (a) Bleeding (b) Pain (c) Seepage (d) Pruritus

Description : What is the most commom sign/symptom of hemorrhoids? (a) Bleeding (b) Pain (c) Seepage (d) Pruritus

Last Answer : Ans: A

Which local anesthetic should be used to treat symptoms of pain, itching, burning, and disconfort in patients with an established lidocaine allergy? (a) Tetracaine (b) Dibucaine (c) Pramoxine (d) Benzocaine

Description : Which local anesthetic should be used to treat symptoms of pain, itching, burning, and disconfort in patients with an established lidocaine allergy? (a) Tetracaine (b) Dibucaine (c) Pramoxine (d) Benzocaine

Last Answer : Ans: C

Autacoids differ from hormones in that (a) Autacoids are involved only in the causation of pathological states (b) Autacoids do not have a specific cell/ tissue of origin (c) Autacoids generally act locally at the site of generation and release (d) Both (b) and (c)

Description : Autacoids differ from hormones in that (a) Autacoids are involved only in the causation of pathological states (b) Autacoids do not have a specific cell/ tissue of origin (c) Autacoids generally act locally at the site of generation and release (d) Both (b) and (c)

Last Answer : Ans: D

Aspirin reduces fever by (a) Decreasing heat production in the body (b) Enhancing cutaneous blood flow (c) Inducing sweating (d) Both (b) and (c)

Description : Aspirin reduces fever by (a) Decreasing heat production in the body (b) Enhancing cutaneous blood flow (c) Inducing sweating (d) Both (b) and (c)

Last Answer : Ans: D

Agents that often cause vasoconstriction include all of the following except (a) Angiotensin II (b) Methysergide (c) PGF2a (d) Prostacyclin (e) Thromboxane

Description : Agents that often cause vasoconstriction include all of the following except (a) Angiotensin II (b) Methysergide (c) PGF2a (d) Prostacyclin (e) Thromboxane

Last Answer : Ans: D

The following class of gastric antisecretory drug also reduce gastric motility and have primary effect on juice volume, with less marked effect on acid and pepsin content: A. Histamine H2 blockers B. Anticholinergics C. Proton pump inhibitors D. Prostaglandins

Description : The following class of gastric antisecretory drug also reduce gastric motility and have primary effect on juice volume, with less marked effect on acid and pepsin A. Histamine H2 blockers B. Anticholinergics C. Proton pump inhibitors D. Prostaglandins

Last Answer : B. Anticholinergics

Frozen tissue section of a lymph node biopsy from the neck of an old dog shows granulomatous inflammation with large areas of necrosis. Which one would be most important to do? C A. cell surface markers for lymphocyte identification B. chromosomal analysis by karyotyping

Description : Frozen tissue section of a lymph node biopsy from the neck of an old dog shows granulomatous inflammation with large areas of necrosis. Which one would be most important to do? C A. cell surface markers for lymphocyte identification B. chromosomal analysis by karyotyping

Last Answer : cultures for acid fast bacilli and fungi

A very quick and wide separation of teeth causes: A. Gingival inflammation B. Vasodilation C. Wider spaces D. Necrosis of bone

Description : A very quick and wide separation of teeth causes: A. Gingival inflammation B. Vasodilation C. Wider spaces D. Necrosis of bone

Last Answer : A. Gingival inflammation

When immature permanent molars have been treated with Ledermix pulp capping, the most probable pathology is, A. Chronic inflammation of the pulp B. Necrosis of the pulp

Description : When immature permanent molars have been treated with Ledermix pulp capping, the most probable pathology is, A. Chronic inflammation of the pulp B. Necrosis of the pulp

Last Answer : B. Necrosis of the pulp

Which of the following property of prostaglandins has been utilized by chinicians in hospital for (A) Inducing fever (B) Causing inflammation (C) Effecting smooth muscle contraction (D) Disaggregation of spermatozoa

Description : Which of the following property of prostaglandins has been utilized by chinicians in hospital for (A) Inducing fever (B) Causing inflammation (C) Effecting smooth muscle contraction (D) Disaggregation of spermatozoa

Last Answer : Answer : C

Eicosanoids mediate inflammation in a variety of ways. Of the following statements, which are true with regard to this? a. Eicosanoids are stored in cytoplasmic granules for release after receptor mediated signaling b. Eicosanoids include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and lipoxins c. Eicosanoids generally have a plasma half-life measured in hours d. Physiologic responses to eicosanoids include vasodilatation, vasoconstriction, increased vascular permeability and both chemotaxis and chemoattractant inhibition

Description : Eicosanoids mediate inflammation in a variety of ways. Of the following statements, which are true with regard to this? a. Eicosanoids are stored in cytoplasmic granules ... include vasodilatation, vasoconstriction, increased vascular permeability and both chemotaxis and chemoattractant inhibition

Last Answer : Answer: b, d The eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid (eicosatetraenoic acid) and consist of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and lipoxins. The eicosanoids are not ... nervous system d. Mononuclear phagocytes release a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors

Generally the earliest manifestation of salicylism is (a) Visual disturbance (b) Excitement (c) Hyperventillation (d) Tinnitus

Description : Generally the earliest manifestation of salicylism is (a) Visual disturbance (b) Excitement (c) Hyperventillation (d) Tinnitus

Last Answer : Ans: D

In the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, the most important limitation of aspirin is (a) Acid – base and electrolytc disturbances (b) Hypersensitivity and idiosyncratic reactions (c) Gastric mucosal damage (d) Salicylism

Description : In the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, the most important limitation of aspirin is (a) Acid – base and electrolytc disturbances (b) Hypersensitivity and idiosyncratic reactions (c) Gastric mucosal damage (d) Salicylism

Last Answer : Ans: C

Lower dose of naloxone is required to (a) Antagonise the actions of nalorphine (b) Antagonise the actions of pentazocine (c) Precipitate withdrawal in mildly morphine dependent subjects (d) Precipitate withdrawal in highly morphine dependent subjects

Description : Lower dose of naloxone is required to (a) Antagonise the actions of nalorphine (b) Antagonise the actions of pentazocine (c) Precipitate withdrawal in mildly morphine dependent subjects (d) Precipitate withdrawal in highly morphine dependent subjects

Last Answer : Ans: D

Which action of morphine is incompletely reversed by naloxone ? (a) Analgesia (b) Respiratory depression (c) Sedation (d) Miosis

Description : Which action of morphine is incompletely reversed by naloxone ? (a) Analgesia (b) Respiratory depression (c) Sedation (d) Miosis

Last Answer : Ans: C

Pentazocine differs from morphine in that (a) It is inactive by the oral route (b) It does not produce physical dependence (c) It has a lower ceiling of analgesic effect (d) Its action is not blocked by naloxone

Description : Pentazocine differs from morphine in that (a) It is inactive by the oral route (b) It does not produce physical dependence (c) It has a lower ceiling of analgesic effect (d) Its action is not blocked by naloxone

Last Answer : Ans: C

Which of the following is an agonistantagonist type of opioid analgesic (a) Pethidine (b) Pentazocine (c) Fentanyl (d) Buprenorphine

Description : Which of the following is an agonistantagonist type of opioid analgesic (a) Pethidine (b) Pentazocine (c) Fentanyl (d) Buprenorphine

Last Answer : Ans: B

Morphine has high affinity for the following opioid receptor(s). (a) µ (Mu) (b) k (Kappa) (c) d (Delta) (d) All of the above

Description : Morphine has high affinity for the following opioid receptor(s). (a) µ (Mu) (b) k (Kappa) (c) d (Delta) (d) All of the above

Last Answer : Ans: A

An opioid analgesic is preferred over aspirin like analgesic in the following condition. (a) Acute gout (b) Burn (c) Toothache (d) Neuralgia

Description : An opioid analgesic is preferred over aspirin like analgesic in the following condition. (a) Acute gout (b) Burn (c) Toothache (d) Neuralgia

Last Answer : Ans: B

Select the analgesic which acts through opioids as well as additional spinal monoaminergic mechanisms. (a) Tramadol (b) Ethoheptazine (c) Dextropropoxyphene (d) Alfentanil

Description : Select the analgesic which acts through opioids as well as additional spinal monoaminergic mechanisms. (a) Tramadol (b) Ethoheptazine (c) Dextropropoxyphene (d) Alfentanil

Last Answer : Ans: A

Which of the following opioid analgesics is similar to codeine in pharmacological profile but is less constipating ? (a) Methadone (b) Buprenorphine (c) Butorphanol (d) Dextropropoxyphene

Description : Which of the following opioid analgesics is similar to codeine in pharmacological profile but is less constipating ? (a) Methadone (b) Buprenorphine (c) Butorphanol (d) Dextropropoxyphene

Last Answer : Ans: D

Which of the following opioids is more potent than morphine ? (a) Pethidine (b) Fentanyl (c) Dextropropoxyphene (d) Tramadol

Description : Which of the following opioids is more potent than morphine ? (a) Pethidine (b) Fentanyl (c) Dextropropoxyphene (d) Tramadol

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Morphine dependence is characterized by (a) Marked drug seeking behavior (b) Physical dependence without psychic dependence (c) Physical as well as psychic dependence (d) Both (a) and (c)

Description : Morphine dependence is characterized by (a) Marked drug seeking behavior (b) Physical dependence without psychic dependence (c) Physical as well as psychic dependence (d) Both (a) and (c)

Last Answer : Ans: D

Instead of being effective in hyperuricaemia following drug is contradictred in the treatment of gout (a) Indomethacin (b) Diclofenac (c) Piroxicam (d) Aspirin

Description : Instead of being effective in hyperuricaemia following drug is contradictred in the treatment of gout (a) Indomethacin (b) Diclofenac (c) Piroxicam (d) Aspirin

Last Answer : Ans: D

In a comatose patient suspected of poisoning, which of the following findings would be against the drug being morphine (a) Selegiline (b) Chlorgiline (c) Moclobemide (d) Tranylcypromine

Description : In a comatose patient suspected of poisoning, which of the following findings would be against the drug being morphine (a) Selegiline (b) Chlorgiline (c) Moclobemide (d) Tranylcypromine

Last Answer : Ans: A

Instead of depressing, morphine stimulates (a) Vasomotor centre (b) Edinger westphal nucleus (c) Temperature regulating centre (d) Cough centre

Description : Instead of depressing, morphine stimulates (a) Vasomotor centre (b) Edinger westphal nucleus (c) Temperature regulating centre (d) Cough centre

Last Answer : Ans: B

In man sedation caused by morphine is characterized by (a) Initial excitement (b) Little or no motor incoordination (c) Rise in seizure threshold (d) All of the above

Description : In man sedation caused by morphine is characterized by (a) Initial excitement (b) Little or no motor incoordination (c) Rise in seizure threshold (d) All of the above

Last Answer : Ans: B