State under what situations differential leveling and reciprocal leveling is adopted.

1 Answer

Answer :

1. Differential leveling is adopted when

i. The points are at a great distance apart.

ii. The difference of elevation between the points is large.

iii. There is obstacle between the points.

iv. The elevations of various points in the area of interest are required.

2. Reciprocal leveling is adopted when the leveling operation is to be continued across the river or valley as it is not possible to place the level midway between two points on opposite banks.

Related questions

Description : State the purposes of following methods of leveling. i)Profile leveling, ii)Fly leveling, iii)Check leveling iv)Reciprocal leveling

Last Answer : 1. Profile leveling- To determine the undulation of ground surface along given line for alignment of road, canal or pipe, railway line 2. Fly leveling-It is used to for connecting B.M. to ... is used to find the difference in leveling between two points two point obstructed due to river or pond.

Description : State the important point to be remembered while doing profile leveling.

Last Answer : 1. The chainage of staff stations are continuous from beginning to the end of the section line. 2. Readings of B.S. and F.S. should be taken very accurately with the bubble exactly in ... their width or by offset. 5)All the temporary adjustments at all instrument position shall carefully be done. 

Description : State different types of leveling. Explain any one in brief.

Last Answer : Types of Levelling  1. Simple Levelling.  2. Differential Levelling.  3. Fly Levelling.  4. Longitudinal or profile leveling.  5. Cross-Section Levelling.  6. Check Levelling.  1. ... B are taken. The difference of these readings gives the difference of level between A and B. 

Description : State sources of error in leveling. 

Last Answer : There are three sources of Error a) Instrumental Error :- Imperfect permanent adjustment Sluggish bubble Faulty focusing tube The erroneous leveling staff b) Refraction Error ( error due ... in manipulation  Mistake in reading the rod   Errors in sighting   Mistakes in recording

Description : Explain importance of Bench mark in leveling and state the types of Bench mark. 

Last Answer : Bench marks are fixed points or marks of known RL determined with reference to the datum line. These are very important points which serve as reference points for finding RLs of new points or for conducting ... 2. Permanent bench mark. 3. Arbitrary bench mark. 4. Temporary bench mark.

Description : Define fly leveling and profile leveling

Last Answer : Fly Leveling adopted to transfer bench marks from one place to other .In this leveling only FS & BS are taken.  Profile leveling:- The operation in which the object is to determine the ... known distanced apart along a given line to obtained the accurate outline of the surface of the ground 

Description : Write errors in leveling and corresponding precaution

Last Answer : i) Instrument error with respect to bubble tube, leveling staff. 1.If bubble tube is sluggish it may apparently be in the center though the bubble line is not horizontal. Precaution - ... reading. Precaution- Leveling should be properly done by bringing the bubble of bubble tube at Centre.

Description : Define Change point and its necessity in leveling.

Last Answer : Change point : It is the point at which both backsight and foresight readings are taken before and after shifting the level instrument. Necessity of change point in leveling : It is ... observations from single station due to large area, abrupt ground level variation and unavoidable obstruction. 

Description : What is meant by profile leveling and cross-sectioning ?

Last Answer : profile leveling : To know the nature of the ground surface the profile leveling is done along the Centre of the road at some regular intervals if required, staff readings may also be taken at points ... surface transverse to the Centre of the road. The length depend upon the nature of the work.

Description : Explain the procedure for profile leveling with neat sketch. 

Last Answer : 1) Let PQR be the given line of section.   2) Mark point at 10 m intervals on this line. 3) Level is set up on a firm ground at a suitable point I1. 4) Temporary adjustment of level is done and B. ... and set up on firm ground at I2 as before. 10) B.S is taken on CP1 and new HI is calculated  

Description : Describe instrumental errors in leveling.

Last Answer : The leveling process requires two instruments namely level and staff. The instrumental errors related to these are1. Error due to imperfect permanent adjustment: When the instrument is not in perfect ... the leveling staff may not be perfect. These errors can be neglected for ordinary work.

Description : Explain the procedure of profile leveling for construction of road.

Last Answer : The operation of taking levels along the center line of any alignment at regular interval is called longitudinal or profile leveling. Along the alignment, spots are marked at regular interval along ... points are plotted against their chainage to obtain ground profile along the alignment.

Description : Define leveling.

Last Answer : Levelling is an ‘art of determining relative heights or elevations of different points on the earth’s surface so that the same may be represented on a plan or map’. It is essentially a process dealing with the measurements in vertical plane.

Description : State the situations under which chain survey is most suitable

Last Answer : Situations under which chain survey is most suitable 1) It is suitable for moderately small areas 2) When the ground is fairly level with simple details ( free from obstructions such as trees, building, poles etc ) 

Description : Explain reciprocal ranging with neat sketch. 

Last Answer : Reciprocal ranging is done when ends of survey line are not intervisible due to hill intervening or ends of survey line are at far distance apart. Step wise procedure reciprocal ranging: 1. Let A and B be ... chained. 8. This method can also be used in ranging a line across a valley.  

Description : Explain with neat sketch the procedure of reciprocal ranging.

Last Answer : Reciprocal ranging / Indirect ranging Procedure: Let A and B be two survey stations. They are not mutually visible due to high ground between them. Let two assistant stands at M1 and N1 as ... and N1 which are nearer to line AB. Repeat same process until points M and N are established. 

Description : Explain reciprocal levelling with neat sketch. 

Last Answer : Reciprocal levelling is adopted i) To find the difference in level accurately Between the two points considerably apart. ii) When it is not possible to set up the level in between the two points ... true difference is equal to the mean of the two apparent differences of level between A and B 

Description : Differentiate between simple levelling and differential levelling with neat sketch. 

Last Answer : S.N Simple Levelling Differential levelling 1 Instrument is not shifted till the end of survey work.  Instrument is shifted as per requirements. 2 In this difference in elevation between ... elevation between two points is more or any obstacle between them. 4

Description : Explain Fly Levelling with neat sketch. State situation under which fly levelling is needed.

Last Answer : Ans: When DifferentialLevelling is done in order to connect a bench mark to the starting point of the alignment of any project, it is called as fly levelling. Fly levelling is also done to connect ...  ii)if distance is more between two points.  iii)if there obstacles between the two points.  

Description : The method of finding out the difference in elevation between two points for eliminating the  effect of curvature and refraction, is  (A) Reciprocal levelling  (B) Precise levelling  (C) Differential levelling  (D) Flying levelling 

Last Answer : (A) Reciprocal levelling 

Description : State the fundamental axes and mention their relationship for a dumpy level.

Last Answer : Fundamental axis of dumpy level are as follows; i) The vertical axis ii) The axis of bubble tube iii) The line of collimation iv) The axis of the telescope Relationship between ... iii) Axis of telescope and line of collimation should coincide when dumpy level is correctly leveled.

Description : State the situation where plane table is suitable. 

Last Answer : 1) It is most suitable for preparing small scale maps 2) It is suitable in magnetic are where compass survey is not reliable 3) It is most suitable for filling in details between stations fixed by triangulation 4) It is suitable where accuracy is not required.

Description : State the two uses of survey based on geodetic surveying

Last Answer : Two uses of survey based on geodetic surveying:- i) To determine the precise position s on the surface of the earth. ii) Preparation of maps of large area like map of a country, state ... ) Establishment of GTS bench Marks across the country. iv) Preparation of military maps for defense purposes.

Description : State the important points kept in mind while recording the staff readings in level pages with respect first reading, intermediate reading, last reading, change point, carry forward from one page to next page-Remark

Last Answer : 1) First reading is on bench mark point and should be noted in back sight(BS) column 2) Intermediate reading (IS) should be taken on the points between first and last station. 3) Last reading ... column of next page 6) Remark column should have denote First and Last RL along with change points.

Description : State fundamental lines and their relationships with each other of dumpy level.

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Description : State advantages of plane table survey one each with respect to booking and suitability

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Description : State two advantages of telescopic alidade over simple alidade.

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Description : Define orientation. State two methods of orientation. Which method is most accurate and why? 

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Description : State temporary adjustments of prismatic compass

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Description : State four instruments used for setting offsets.

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Description : Define local attraction. State two causes of local attraction.

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Description : What is bench mark? State the types of bench mark and explain any one type.

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Description : Describe quadrantal bearing system. State the purpose it is used. 

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Description : State and describe the types of offsets. 

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Description : State any two uses of survey.

Last Answer : Survey is useful for following: 1. To prepare a map or plan of the surveyed area for attaching it to legal documents. 2. To plot control points of boundries of locality 3. To determine ... . 5. To decide suitable gradient and camber of road depending on equal volume of cutting and filling.

Description : What is meant by local attraction? How will you suspect local attraction at the field ? state its effect on included angle.

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Description : State any four sources of errors in compass survey 

Last Answer : Following are the sources of errors in compass survey1. Instrumental survey-  a. Needle may not be perfectly straight and might not be balanced properly over the station.  b. Graduations of the rings ... substances near the station.  b. Magnetic field may vary on account of some natural causes. 

Description : State fundamental axis of dumpy level and give their relationship 

Last Answer : Fundamental axes of dumpy level : i) The vertical axis ii) The axis of bubble tube iii) The line of collimation iv) The axis of the telescope Relations of Fundamental axes : i) The ... parallel to the axis of the bubble tube. iii) Axis of telescope and line of collimation should coincide. 

Description : State the use of following- 1. Arrow 2. Wooden peg

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Description : Define surveying & state its objectives

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Description : State different methods of plotting compass traverse. 

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Description : State any eight component parts with its functions of prismatic compass. 

Last Answer : Component parts of prismatic compass are as follows. 1. Break pin - It is used to stop the oscillations of aluminum ring. 2. Lifting pin - It lifts the magnetic needle when sight vane is folded. ... and sighting vane when the compass is not in use to protect the compass from dirt, dust etc.

Description : State the procedure to find the foot of the perpendicular on the chain line to take the offset. 

Last Answer : Ans: By cross staff 1. The cross staff is held vertically on the chain line where the offset is likely to occur. It is turned until one pair of opposite slits is directed to the ranging rod ( say ... the ranging rod at B. 3. The point P1 vertically under the instruments is required point. 

Description : State the uses of following instruments in survey: i)Cross staff ii) Chain iii) Pegs iv) Arrows

Last Answer : i) Cross-Staff: To set up perpendicular or right angle to given chain line OR to find foot of perpendicular from given object to a chain line. ii) Chain: Chains are used for measuring distances. iii) ... on survey lines. iv) Arrows : They are used to mark the end of each chain during chaining. 

Description : State the meaning of local attraction and state its effect on prismatic compass and how it taken care of. 

Last Answer : Local attraction: It is the deviation or deflection of magnetic needle from its normal position under influence of external magnetic forces is called as local attraction.  Effect on prismatic compass: ... compass. 3) If local attraction still persists, it is corrected by mathematical calculation. 

Description : State the classification of surveys based on i) The nature of the field of survey. ii) The object of survey. 

Last Answer : i)The nature of the field of survey.  1.Land surveying.  2.Marine surveying or Hydrographic surveying.  3.Astronomical surveying.  ii) The object of survey. 1.Geological surveying. 2.Mine surveying. 3.Archaeological surveying. 4. Military surveying. 5. Engineeringsurveying.

Description : State objectives of levelling.

Last Answer : 1) Obtain the level difference between two points. 2) To find the reduced level of points with respective to mean sea level. 3) To obtain the R.L. with respect to arbitrary bench mark. 4) To establish point on a given RL

Description : State different tapes used based on material of which they are made. 

Last Answer : Ans:1) Cloth or Linen tape 2) Metallic Tape 3) Steel Tape 4) Invar Tape 5) Fiber Glass wired Tape

Description : State any four classification of surveying based on instrument uesd. 

Last Answer : i) Chain survey ii) Plane table survey iii) Theodolite survey, iv) Tachometric survey v) compass survey vi) photographic survey, vii) Aerial survey