What is meant by profile leveling and cross-sectioning ?

What is meant by profile leveling and cross-sectioning ?
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1 Answer

Answer :

profile leveling : To know the nature of the ground surface the profile leveling is done along the Centre of the road at some regular intervals if required, staff readings may also be taken at points of importance where the slope of the ground suddenly changes.

cross-sectioning : While profile leveling is in progress, cross-sectional leveling should also be done. The cross-sections are taken perpendicular to the Centre line of the alignment at some regular intervals. The purpose of crosssectional leveling is to know the undulation of the ground surface transverse to the Centre of the road. The length depend upon the nature of the work.
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Related questions

Define fly leveling and profile leveling

Description : Define fly leveling and profile leveling

Last Answer : Fly Leveling adopted to transfer bench marks from one place to other .In this leveling only FS & BS are taken.  Profile leveling:- The operation in which the object is to determine the ... known distanced apart along a given line to obtained the accurate outline of the surface of the ground 

State the purposes of following methods of leveling. i)Profile leveling, ii)Fly leveling, iii)Check leveling iv)Reciprocal leveling

Description : State the purposes of following methods of leveling. i)Profile leveling, ii)Fly leveling, iii)Check leveling iv)Reciprocal leveling

Last Answer : 1. Profile leveling- To determine the undulation of ground surface along given line for alignment of road, canal or pipe, railway line 2. Fly leveling-It is used to for connecting B.M. to ... is used to find the difference in leveling between two points two point obstructed due to river or pond.

State the important point to be remembered while doing profile leveling.

Description : State the important point to be remembered while doing profile leveling.

Last Answer : 1. The chainage of staff stations are continuous from beginning to the end of the section line. 2. Readings of B.S. and F.S. should be taken very accurately with the bubble exactly in ... their width or by offset. 5)All the temporary adjustments at all instrument position shall carefully be done. 

Explain the procedure for profile leveling with neat sketch.

Description : Explain the procedure for profile leveling with neat sketch. 

Last Answer : 1) Let PQR be the given line of section.   2) Mark point at 10 m intervals on this line. 3) Level is set up on a firm ground at a suitable point I1. 4) Temporary adjustment of level is done and B. ... and set up on firm ground at I2 as before. 10) B.S is taken on CP1 and new HI is calculated  

Explain the procedure of profile leveling for construction of road.

Description : Explain the procedure of profile leveling for construction of road.

Last Answer : The operation of taking levels along the center line of any alignment at regular interval is called longitudinal or profile leveling. Along the alignment, spots are marked at regular interval along ... points are plotted against their chainage to obtain ground profile along the alignment.

Explain the procedure for profile levelling and cross Sectioning

Description : Explain the procedure for profile levelling and cross Sectioning

Last Answer : For Profile levelling:   1) Let PQR be the given centre line. 2) Mark point at 10 m intervals on this line. 3) Level is set up on a firm ground at a suitable point I1. 4) ... of 5 m on each side. Additional readings may be taken if the nature of the ground surfaces suddenly changes.  

Write errors in leveling and corresponding precaution

Description : Write errors in leveling and corresponding precaution

Last Answer : i) Instrument error with respect to bubble tube, leveling staff. 1.If bubble tube is sluggish it may apparently be in the center though the bubble line is not horizontal. Precaution - ... reading. Precaution- Leveling should be properly done by bringing the bubble of bubble tube at Centre.

Define Change point and its necessity in leveling.

Description : Define Change point and its necessity in leveling.

Last Answer : Change point : It is the point at which both backsight and foresight readings are taken before and after shifting the level instrument. Necessity of change point in leveling : It is ... observations from single station due to large area, abrupt ground level variation and unavoidable obstruction. 

State different types of leveling. Explain any one in brief.

Description : State different types of leveling. Explain any one in brief.

Last Answer : Types of Levelling  1. Simple Levelling.  2. Differential Levelling.  3. Fly Levelling.  4. Longitudinal or profile leveling.  5. Cross-Section Levelling.  6. Check Levelling.  1. ... B are taken. The difference of these readings gives the difference of level between A and B. 

State sources of error in leveling.

Description : State sources of error in leveling. 

Last Answer : There are three sources of Error a) Instrumental Error :- Imperfect permanent adjustment Sluggish bubble Faulty focusing tube The erroneous leveling staff b) Refraction Error ( error due ... in manipulation  Mistake in reading the rod   Errors in sighting   Mistakes in recording

Describe instrumental errors in leveling.

Description : Describe instrumental errors in leveling.

Last Answer : The leveling process requires two instruments namely level and staff. The instrumental errors related to these are1. Error due to imperfect permanent adjustment: When the instrument is not in perfect ... the leveling staff may not be perfect. These errors can be neglected for ordinary work.

State under what situations differential leveling and reciprocal leveling is adopted.

Description : State under what situations differential leveling and reciprocal leveling is adopted.

Last Answer : 1. Differential leveling is adopted when i. The points are at a great distance apart. ii. The difference of elevation between the points is large. iii. There is obstacle between the points. ... or valley as it is not possible to place the level midway between two points on opposite banks.

Explain importance of Bench mark in leveling and state the types of Bench mark.

Description : Explain importance of Bench mark in leveling and state the types of Bench mark. 

Last Answer : Bench marks are fixed points or marks of known RL determined with reference to the datum line. These are very important points which serve as reference points for finding RLs of new points or for conducting ... 2. Permanent bench mark. 3. Arbitrary bench mark. 4. Temporary bench mark.

Define leveling.

Description : Define leveling.

Last Answer : Levelling is an ‘art of determining relative heights or elevations of different points on the earth’s surface so that the same may be represented on a plan or map’. It is essentially a process dealing with the measurements in vertical plane.

Describe in brief profile levelling.

Description : Describe in brief profile levelling.

Last Answer : The operation of taking levels along the center line of any alignment at regular interval is called longitudinal or profile levelling. Along the alignment, spots are marked at regular interval ... the points are plotted against their chainage to obtain ground profile along the alignment.

What is meant by closing error? How will you adjusted graphically?

Description : What is meant by closing error? How will you adjusted graphically?

Last Answer : Closing error : While plotting compass traverse, when first and last survey line does not coincides by some amount of distance, that distance is called as closing error. Adjustment ... . Finally join new points to get corrected traverse ABCDEA after graphical adjustment of closing error.

What is meant by local attraction? How will you suspect local attraction at the field ? state its effect on included angle.

Description : What is meant by local attraction? How will you suspect local attraction at the field ? state its effect on included angle.

Last Answer : Local attraction: It is the deviation or deflection of magnetic needle from its normal position under influence of external magnetic forces is called as local attraction. Suspect of local attraction ... The needle is affected by local attraction therefore it does not give a corrected angle

What is meant by orientation? Explain orientation by back sighting method

Description : What is meant by orientation? Explain orientation by back sighting method

Last Answer : Orientation: The method of setting up the plane table at each of the successive stations parallel to the position it occupied at the starting station is known as orientation. Orientation by back sighting: ... ranging rod at A are perfect, then the orientation is said to be perfect.  

What is meant by closing error? Explain graphical method of adjustment of closing error.

Description : What is meant by closing error? Explain graphical method of adjustment of closing error.

Last Answer : Closing error: The distance by which the traverse fails to close is called closing error. Step 1 ) Draw a horizontal line AA1 Equal to the length of perimeter of the traverse to a suitable scale 1) Mark ... 6) Join the the new points which gives the closed traversed. A, B, C,D and A.

Draw sketch and write the procedure for setting offset to the left or right side of suvey line with open cross-staff.

Description : Draw sketch and write the procedure for setting offset to the left or right side of suvey line with open cross-staff.

Last Answer : Procedure for setting offset with open cross staff : 1. Keep the ranging rods at point P(fixed on survey line) and at point A1 approximately. 2. The cross staff with stadia rod is fixed ... can be fixed and perpendicular offset AB is said to be set to given survey line PQ in left side.

State the uses of following instruments in survey: i)Cross staff ii) Chain iii) Pegs iv) Arrows

Description : State the uses of following instruments in survey: i)Cross staff ii) Chain iii) Pegs iv) Arrows

Last Answer : i) Cross-Staff: To set up perpendicular or right angle to given chain line OR to find foot of perpendicular from given object to a chain line. ii) Chain: Chains are used for measuring distances. iii) ... on survey lines. iv) Arrows : They are used to mark the end of each chain during chaining. 

Write the uses of following survey instruments i) Ranging Rod ii) Pegs iii) Cross-staff iv) Plumb bob

Description : Write the uses of following survey instruments i) Ranging Rod ii) Pegs iii) Cross-staff iv) Plumb bob

Last Answer : i) Ranging Rod : Ranging rod are used for ranging. ii) Pegs : Pegs are used for marking the positions of stations or terminals points of survey lines. iii) Cross-staff : It is used ... It is also used for accurate centering of the surveying instruments like theodolite, compass, plane table etc. 

Explain with neat diagram i) Sectioning and paralleling post ii) Sub sectioning post

Description : Explain with neat diagram i) Sectioning and paralleling post ii) Sub sectioning post

Last Answer : i) Sectioning and Paralleling Post: Explanation of Sectioning and Paralleling Post: 1. The power supply arrangement is as shown in above figure for two track lines between feeding posts and ... subsection or the other. 4. There is no interrupter for paralleling the up and down track line

What is changing face

Description : As used in survey

Last Answer : It's the operation of changing the face of telescope from left to right and vice versa.

The process of surveying is therefore in three stages namely:

Description : The process of surveying is therefore in three stages namely:

Last Answer : (i) Taking a general view This part of the definition is important as it indicates the need to obtain an overall picture of what is required before any type of survey work is undertaken. In ... of quantities, datasheets, drawings and in land surveying maps and plan showing the features on the land.

Tacheometric Surveying

Description : Tacheometric Surveying

Last Answer : Tacheometric is a branch of surveying in which horizontal and vertical distances are determined by taking angular observation with an instrument known as a tachometer. Tacheometric surveying is adopted in rough ... be prepared for investigation works within a short time on the basis of such survey.

Explain the temporary adjustments of prismatic compass.

Description : Explain the temporary adjustments of prismatic compass.

Last Answer : Temporary Adjustments of Prismatic Compass 1. Fixing the compass to the tripod The compass is fixed on a tripod by rotating screw head of tripod stand. 2. Centering the compass The prismatic compass ... prism is moved using focusing stud so that readings on graduated ring will be seen clearly. 

State the fundamental axes and mention their relationship for a dumpy level.

Description : State the fundamental axes and mention their relationship for a dumpy level.

Last Answer : Fundamental axis of dumpy level are as follows; i) The vertical axis ii) The axis of bubble tube iii) The line of collimation iv) The axis of the telescope Relationship between ... iii) Axis of telescope and line of collimation should coincide when dumpy level is correctly leveled.

Describe with neat sketch, the optical square and explain its principle.

Description : Describe with neat sketch, the optical square and explain its principle.

Last Answer : Principal of optical square :- the angle between the first incident ray and the last reflected ray is twice the angle between the two mirrors OR If there are two plane mirrors whose reflecting surfaces ... is 450 while that between the first incident ray and last reflected ray is 900 .  

What consideration would you have while selecting survey stations and survey lines in a chain survey?

Description : What consideration would you have while selecting survey stations and survey lines in a chain survey?

Last Answer : Following points to be considered while selecting survey stations and survey lines 1) Main survey station should be mutually visible. 2) All triangles should be well conditioned. 3) The survey line should lie ... of the area so as to form the frame work of triangles on it to cover maximum area. 

What are offsets? How are they taken and recorded? Explain with sketch.

Description : What are offsets? How are they taken and recorded? Explain with sketch.

Last Answer : Offsets are lateral measurement to the base line. They are Located by judgment if short And by instruments (optical square or cross staff) if long and measured by metallic tape and shown with their chainages on base line

Define : 1) Bench mark 2) Datum surface 3) Line of collimation 4) Change Point

Description : Define : 1) Bench mark 2) Datum surface 3) Line of collimation 4) Change Point 

Last Answer : 1) Bench mark: - It is a fixed reference point of known elevation.. 2)Datum surface :-It is any arbitrarily assumed level surface from which vertical distance are measured 3) Line of collimation:- ... which the fore and back sights are taken.  It is the point denoting the shifting of the level.

State the situation where plane table is suitable.

Description : State the situation where plane table is suitable. 

Last Answer : 1) It is most suitable for preparing small scale maps 2) It is suitable in magnetic are where compass survey is not reliable 3) It is most suitable for filling in details between stations fixed by triangulation 4) It is suitable where accuracy is not required.

How would you detect presence of local attraction at a place ?

Description : How would you detect presence of local attraction at a place ?

Last Answer : The presence of local attraction may be detected by finding difference of FB & BB of the line. If the fore bearing and back bearing difference is 1800 then there is no local attraction at both ... difference is not equal to 1800 then there is local attraction at both or any one station. 

Define: WCB and Quadrantal Bearing system

Description : Define: WCB and Quadrantal Bearing system

Last Answer : Ans.: 1)WCB:-In this system the bearing of a line is always measured clockwise for the north point of the reference meridian towards the line round the circle the angle thus measured is called ... the bearing of a line is measured clockwise from the north point or south point whichever is nearest .

State the two uses of survey based on geodetic surveying

Description : State the two uses of survey based on geodetic surveying

Last Answer : Two uses of survey based on geodetic surveying:- i) To determine the precise position s on the surface of the earth. ii) Preparation of maps of large area like map of a country, state ... ) Establishment of GTS bench Marks across the country. iv) Preparation of military maps for defense purposes.

State the important points kept in mind while recording the staff readings in level pages with respect first reading, intermediate reading, last reading, change point, carry forward from one page to next page-Remark

Description : State the important points kept in mind while recording the staff readings in level pages with respect first reading, intermediate reading, last reading, change point, carry forward from one page to next page-Remark

Last Answer : 1) First reading is on bench mark point and should be noted in back sight(BS) column 2) Intermediate reading (IS) should be taken on the points between first and last station. 3) Last reading ... column of next page 6) Remark column should have denote First and Last RL along with change points.

Draw a sketch and explain how to find height of chajja or slab using dumpy level.

Description : Draw a sketch and explain how to find height of chajja or slab using dumpy level.

Last Answer : Explanation : 1. First the back sight reading is taken on floor level whose RL is known to us; from which RL of instrument axis can be find out by adding RL of BM and BS reading. 2. Now ... staff reading. 4. Finally height of chajja is calculated as RL of slab bottom -  RL of floor top.

Explain temporary adjustment.

Description : Explain temporary adjustment.

Last Answer : 1) Place the telescope parallel to foot screw (fig. a) 2) Bring the bubble at Centre by moving foot screw inward or outward simultaneously. 3) Then turn the telescope through 900 so that it ... 6) Once both positions give centered bubble, leveling of instrument is said to be completed.

State fundamental lines and their relationships with each other of dumpy level.

Description : State fundamental lines and their relationships with each other of dumpy level.

Last Answer : Fundamental axes of dumpy level : i) The vertical axis ii) The axis of bubble tube iii) The line of collimation iv) The axis of the telescope Relations of Fundamental axes : i) The ... to the axis of the bubble tube. iii) Axis of telescope and line of collimation should coincide.

State advantages of plane table survey one each with respect to booking and suitability

Description : State advantages of plane table survey one each with respect to booking and suitability

Last Answer : Booking of observations: i) Field work and plotting work done simultaneously ii) ) Notes of measurement are seldom required and possibility of mistakes in booking is eliminated. Suitability of PT ... and work where great accuracy is not required. ii) Mostly suitable for survey in plain terrain

State two advantages of telescopic alidade over simple alidade.

Description : State two advantages of telescopic alidade over simple alidade.

Last Answer : Advantages of telescopic alidade : i) Telescopic alidade is more accurate in bisection than simple alidade ii) Telescopic alidade is useful in comparatively longer range objects. iii) It can be easily ... is not possible by simple alidade. iv) It gives quicker bisection which saves time ultimately.

Write any four advantages of intersection method of plane tabling over radiation method of plane tabling.

Description : Write any four advantages of intersection method of plane tabling over radiation method of plane tabling.

Last Answer : Advantages of intersection method: 1. Interection method requires less ground distance measurement than radiation method. 2. By this method we can locate inaccessible points which cannot be ... to radiation method, intersection method eliminates undulation error, bisection error and plotting errors.

Draw sketch and explain method of traversing of plane table surveying.

Description : Draw sketch and explain method of traversing of plane table surveying. 

Last Answer : Procedure: 1.Set plane table over station A use plumbing fork for transferring station point from ground on sheet. Draw the direction of magnetic meridian with the help of compass. 2. With the ... scale Similarly, the table can be set at other successive station and traverse is completed.

Define orientation. State two methods of orientation. Which method is most accurate and why?

Description : Define orientation. State two methods of orientation. Which method is most accurate and why? 

Last Answer : Orientation is the process of keeping plane table in same position as that is occupied in previous station. Methods of orientation: i) Magnetic meridian method using trough compass ii) Back ... and not by using trough compass. Therefore there is no error occurring due to local attraction.

Why zero is marked at south end on a graduated circle of prismatic compass?

Description : Why zero is marked at south end on a graduated circle of prismatic compass?

Last Answer : As bearing of any line is measured with respective north direction, while observing north direction, reading should be 00 0'. Therefore when object vane is bisecting north direction, at the same ... get bearings with respective north direction always, zero is marked at south end of magnetic needle.

State temporary adjustments of prismatic compass

Description : State temporary adjustments of prismatic compass

Last Answer : a) Setting the prismatic compass over prefixed survey station b) Centering the compass over nail point of station using plumb bob c) Leveling of compass in horizontal plane using level tube d) Focusing of prism by raising and lowering the focussing stud

Define the terms i) Fore Bearing, ii) Open traverse, iii) Closing error, iv) Reduced bearing

Description : Define the terms i) Fore Bearing, ii) Open traverse, iii) Closing error, iv) Reduced bearing

Last Answer : i) Fore bearing : The bearing observed in the direction of progress of survey in clockwise manner is called fore bearing  ii) Open traverse : When the first and last survey lines does ... north or south direction in clockwise or anticlockwise manner is known as reduced or quadrantal bearing. 

Write the functions of the following components of prismatic compass i) Prism, ii) Lifting pin, iii) Prism cap, iv) Agate cap

Description : Write the functions of the following components of prismatic compass i) Prism, ii) Lifting pin, iii) Prism cap, iv) Agate cap

Last Answer : i) Prism: Reading printed on horizontal face of compass ring can be read from vertical position  ii) Lifting pin: When the instrument not in use the sight vane passes against the lifting pin which lift ... piece of hard glass provided on top of pivoted point, to reduce wear and tear of the point

Define Dip and deflection of needle.

Description : Define Dip and deflection of needle.

Last Answer : Dip of the magnetic needle: It is the upward or downward movement of magnetic needle in vertical plane due to earth's gravitational force is known as dip of needle. Deflection of needle : ... west direction, that horizontal angle between magnetic and true north is said to be declination of needle.