Explain theory and construction of FBD.

Explain theory and construction of FBD.
by

1 Answer

Answer :

Theory of FBD: The equipment works on a principle of fluidization of the feed materials. In fluidization process, hot air is introduced at high pressure through a perforated bed of moist solid particulate. The wet solids are lifted from the bottom and suspended in a stream of air (fluidized state). Heat transfer is accomplished by direct contact between the wet solid and hot gases. The vaporised liquid is carried away by the drying gasses.


construction of FBD:

In FBD, good contact between hot air and particles to be dried is obtained which cause rapid drying.

Two types of FBD are used in pharmaceutical industry. They are:

1. Vertical FBD

2. Horizontal FBD

The fluidising air stream is induced by a fan which is mounted in the upper part of dryer. The air is heated to the required temperature in air heaters and passed through the wet material contained in a drying chamber fitted with a wire mesh support at bottom. The air flow rate is adjusted by means of recirculation control and fabric filter bags are provided to prevent the passage of fine particles. This type of FBD is a batch type dryer and the drying chamber is removed from the unit for charging ad dumping. The FBD available in different capacities ranging from 5 kg to 200 kg with an average drying time of about 20-40 min. 

image  

by

Related questions

Describe working of FBD with well labelled diagram.

Description : Describe working of FBD with well labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Working of FBD  Two types of FBD are used in pharmaceutical industry. There are: 1. Vertical FBD 2. Horizontal FBD The fluidising air stream is induced by a fan which is mounted in the upper part of ... from 5 kg to 200 kg with an average drying time of about 20- 40 min. Diagram:

Discuss the theory, construction, and working of freeze drying apparatus

Description : Discuss the theory, construction, and working of freeze drying apparatus

Last Answer : Theory: Freeze drying or sublimation drying consists of simply reducing the temperature & pressure to values below the triple point .(4.579mm of Hg& temp. of 0.0099 c) Under these ... . 5. Packing: Biological products are dried packed in aseptic condition immediately after drying.

Explain construction and working of “Evaporation Still”

Description : Explain construction and working of “Evaporation Still”

Last Answer : Construction:  It consist of a hemispherical pan made from copper or stainless steel. It is surrounded by a steam jacket. Still is covered from top and connected to the ... liquid is evaporated and condensed into the condenser 4) The product is collected through product outlet.

Explain the principle and construction of Planetary Mixer.

Description : Explain the principle and construction of Planetary Mixer.

Last Answer : Principle :-  The planetary mixer consists of stationary vessel & anchor shape blade which has planetary motion. The anchor shape blade rotates on its axis & axis moves around . ... iv) The mixing shaft is driven by planetary gear connected to an electric meter. Diagram

Explain construction and working of filter candle.

Description : Explain construction and working of filter candle.

Last Answer : Construction: These are cylindrical candles with an opening, The opening is connected to vacuum pump for reducing pressure under it, durin filtration process. The candles are made up of ... thick wall of the candle & gets collected inside the candle from where it is removed. 

Explain the construction and working of ‘Meta Filter’.

Description : Explain the construction and working of ‘Meta Filter’.

Last Answer : Construction: i. It consists of grooved, drainage rod on which a number of metallic ring are packed. ii. The rings are usually of stainless steel and have 0.8 mm outer thickness, 15 mm inside ... pack of ring act as a base on which the fine filtration medium is supported Diagram: 

Explain the construction and working of cyclone separator.

Description : Explain the construction and working of cyclone separator.

Last Answer : Construction:   It consists of cylindrical vessel with a conical base. In upper part of vessel is fitted with a tangential inlet and fluid outlet. At the base it is fitted with solid outlet. ... solids are thrown out to the wall and fall to the conical base for discharge. Diagram

Explain the construction and working of silverson mixer homogenizer.

Description : Explain the construction and working of silverson mixer homogenizer. 

Last Answer : Construction It consists of emulsified head which is covered with fine meshed stainless steel sieve. The emulsifier head consist of a number of blades which rotates at a very high speed, to produce ... blades. So a fine emulsion is produced which is then expelled out. Diagram:

Explain the construction and working of filter press.

Description : Explain the construction and working of filter press.

Last Answer : Construction: It consists of alternative plate and frame mounted on two parallel support bars. The pressure can be applied through screw thread so that the plate and frame are rigidly fixed between ... Thickness of cake can be varied by using frame of different thickness. Diagram:

With a well labeled diagram explain the construction of Autoclave.

Description : With a well labeled diagram explain the construction of Autoclave.

Last Answer : Construction: It consists of a strong metallic chamber usually made of stainless steel.  It has a cover fitted with a steam vent, pressure gauze and a safety valve. Rubber gasket is ... inner chamber is place on the stand. The material to be sterilized is loosely packed into it.

Explain construction and application of tray dryer.

Description : Explain construction and application of tray dryer.

Last Answer : Construction of tray dryer.   The simplest form of dryer , the source of heat ( electric heater or steam coil) is at floor level & relies on natural convection. Therefore no efficient ... of crude drugs 2)For chemicals 3)For powders 4)For Granules used in tablet manufacturing 

Explain construction and working of ball mill.

Description : Explain construction and working of ball mill.

Last Answer : Principle: Impact and Attrition. Construction: It consists of a hollow cylinder which is mounted on a metallic frame in such a way that it can be rotated on its longitudinal axis. The cylinder contains ... material is taken out and passed through a sieve to get powder of the required size. 

Explain the construction and working of triple roller mill.

Description : Explain the construction and working of triple roller mill.

Last Answer : Construction: It consists of 3 rollers. Rollers are made up of hard abrasion resistant material. Rollers are arranged very close to each other's. Rollers are rotated at different speed & in ... A Scraper is provided to remove the material from roller no.3 Diagram: 

Explain working,construction of filter leaf with neat diagram.

Description : Explain working,construction of filter leaf with neat diagram. 

Last Answer : Construction of filter leaf   It consists of metal frame enclosing a wire screen or a grooved plate. The screen is covered by filter cloth which is fitted in frame, to grip the cloth. The frame ... . The cake can be washed by immersing in a vessel containing water or reverse flow of air

Explain construction and working of cyclone separator with a well labelled diagram.

Description : Explain construction and working of cyclone separator with a well labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Construction:   It consists of cylindrical vessel with a conical base. In upper part of vessel is fitted with a tangential inlet and fluid outlet. At the base it is fitted with solid outlet. ... solids are thrown out to the wall and fall to the conical base for discharge. Diagram  

Explain construction and working of Cutter mill or Hammer mill

Description : Explain construction and working of Cutter mill or Hammer mill

Last Answer : CONSTRUCTION: It consists of a hopper at top and metal casing enclosing two sets of knives i.e. stationary knives attached to stator and rotating are attached to rotor. The lower part of the casing consists ... are not fixed. The mill can produce coarse to moderately fine powder DIAGRAM:  

Explain The theory of freeze drying and state its application.

Description : Explain The theory of freeze drying and state its application.

Last Answer : Theory:-  i) In this process, the material is frozen in a suitable container connected to a high vacuum system, so that the vapour pressure of water vapours is ... antibiotics, blood products, vaccines, enzymes preparation, microbiological cultures & other thermo labile pharmaceutical substances.

Explain the theory of fractional distillation?

Description : Explain the theory of fractional distillation?

Last Answer : Theory of fractional distillation:  i. When substance dissolved in liquid, the vapour pressure of liquid is lowered. ii. When two miscible liquids are mixed together each will act as ... from two miscible liquids at boiling point is richer in component exerting the greater partial pressure.

Explain the theory of fractional distillation.

Description : Explain the theory of fractional distillation.

Last Answer : Theory: When the substance dissolved in a liquid, the vapour pressure of the liquid is lowered. When two miscible liquid are mixed together, each will act as solute or solvent for ... condensing vapour returning to still. This results in enrichment of the vapour in the more volatile component.

Describe construction and working of double cone blender.

Description : Describe construction and working of double cone blender.

Last Answer : Diagram: Construction: Double cone blender is made up of stainless steel and is available in different capacity ranging from 5 kg to 200 kg or even more. The efficiency of ... to produce shearing action and design is useful for mixing powders of different densities in small quantities.

Describe construction and working of equipment used for moist heat sterilization.

Description : Describe construction and working of equipment used for moist heat sterilization. 

Last Answer : Moist heat sterilizer or Autoclave:  Diagram:  Construction:  It consists of a string metallic chamber usually made of stainless steel. It has a cover fitted with a steam vent, pressure gauze ... whole of the steam is removed, the lid is opened and the sterilized material is taken out.

Describe the construction and working of evaporating pan with neat diagram.

Description : Describe the construction and working of evaporating pan with neat diagram.

Last Answer : Construction:  i. It consists of a hemispherical pan made from copper or stainless steel and surrounded by a steam jacket. ii. Hemispherical shape provides large surface area for evaporation. iii. ... . iv. After evaporation remove the product from product outlet. Diagram:

Describe the principle, construction, working and uses of cyclone separator.

Description : Describe the principle, construction, working and uses of cyclone separator.

Last Answer : Principle: Centrifugal force   Construction-  1) Cyclone separator is size separation device 2) It consists of a cylindrical vessel with a conical base. 3) The upper part of the vessel is fitted ... the suspension of a solid in gas 2. It can be used with liquid suspension of solid

Write the principle, construction, working and uses of the disintegrator.

Description : Write the principle, construction, working and uses of the disintegrator.

Last Answer : Principle: The Disintegrator works on the principle of impact.  Construction:  The Disintegrator consists of steel drum having a shaft in the centre. The shaft contains a disc, on which four beaters are ... Use:   This mill is used to powder all types of drugs including very hard drugs.

Give principle construction and working of hammer mill with neat diagram.

Description : Give principle construction and working of hammer mill with neat diagram.

Last Answer : PRINCIPLE: Impact CONSTRUCTION: It consists of a stout metal casing enclosing to which four or more swinging hammer are attached. The lower part of the casing consists of a screen , through which ... are not fixed . The mill can produce coarse to moderately fine powder. DIAGRAM:

Write construction and disadvantages of short tube evaporator.

Description : Write construction and disadvantages of short tube evaporator.

Last Answer : Construction:   It consists of number of tubes which are from 1 to 2 meters in length and from 40- 80 mm in diameter. About 1000 tubes are fitted in a vessel upto 2.5 meter or ... It is quite complicated and expensive in construction. 2. Difficult to clean. 3. Maintenance is costly.

Describe construction of autoclave with diagram.

Description : Describe construction of autoclave with diagram. 

Last Answer : Construction:   It consists of a string metallic chamber usually made of stainless steel. It has a cover fitted with a steam vent, pressure gauze and a safety valve. Rubber gasket is fitted on the inner side ... the stand. The material to be sterilized is loosely packed into it. Diagram:

Draw a well labelled diagram of Vacuum still and describe its theory.

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of Vacuum still and describe its theory.

Last Answer : Theory :-  Liquid boils at lower temperature when pressure on the surface of the liquid is reduced. Therefore, when distillation is carried out under reduced pressure the rate of distillation increases. ... boiling point 100 ºc, at atmospheric pressure (760 mm of Hg ). Diagram: 

Explain principle and working of fluid energy mill with a diagram.

Description : Explain principle and working of fluid energy mill with a diagram.

Last Answer : Principle  It works on the principle of impact and attrition. Working: The air or inert gas is introduced with a very high pressure through nozzles. Solids are introduced into air stream through inlet. ... 100 mesh and then passed through fluid energy mill. Diagram of fluid energy mill :

Explain the factors affecting evaporation of a liquid.

Description : Explain the factors affecting evaporation of a liquid.

Last Answer : Factor affecting evaporation  1. Temperature: The rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the temperature of the liquid. The evaporation can be accelerated by increasing the temperature but it ... of evaporation is maximum at its boiling point when the liquid has maximum vapour pressure.

Explain in detail evaporating still with its advantage and disadvantages.

Description : Explain in detail evaporating still with its advantage and disadvantages.

Last Answer : It consist of a hemispherical pan made from copper or stainless steel. It is surrounded by a steam jacket. Still is covered from top and connected to condenser. Hemispherical shape ... heat transfer is poor. Heating surface is limited. Not suitable for thermolabile material.

State and explain the steps involved in sugar coating of tablet.

Description : State and explain the steps involved in sugar coating of tablet.

Last Answer : Steps of sugar coating of tablet: Sieving Sealing Sub-coating Syrup coating Finishing Polishing i) Sieving :- The tablets to be coated are shaken in a suitable sieve to remove the fine ... on the canvas cloth. This gives a proper shining to the tablets Sugar coating is an art 

State and explain the stages of simple Percolation

Description : State and explain the stages of simple Percolation

Last Answer : Stages of Percolation:- a) Imbibition b) Maceration c) Percolation a) Imbibition :-   1) Powders drug is moistened with a sufficient quantity of menstruum & allowed to stand for 4 hrs in ... constituents present in the drug by the slow passage of the menstruum through the column of the drug.

Explain the importance of closures.

Description : Explain the importance of closures.

Last Answer : Closures are used: To prevent loss of material. To avoid contamination. To prevent deterioration. To prevents spoilage. 

Explain the terms. a) Arka b) Svarasas

Description : Explain the terms. a) Arka b) Svarasas

Last Answer : Arka: It is the liquid preparation obtained by distillation of certain liquid or crude drug soaked in water using distillation unit. They are used in fever, dyspepsia and as cooling lotion when ... fresh medicinal plants in a mortar and expressed and then strained through a clean muslin cloth.

What are various ‘ Novel drug delivery systems’- explain implants.

Description : What are various ‘ Novel drug delivery systems’- explain implants. 

Last Answer : Various drug delivery systems are:  1. Implants 2. Liposome drug carriers 3. Nanoparticles 4. Prodrugs 5. Films and strips 6. Erythrocytes Implants: The hypodermic tablets are placed under the ... placed in the upper thigh at a depth of 5 mm. These implants are useful in hormone therapy.

Explain the factors which affect rate of filtration by Darcy’s law.

Description : Explain the factors which affect rate of filtration by Darcy’s law.

Last Answer : According to Darcy's Law, Where  v = volume of filtrate  K= permeability coefficient & is dependent on filter medium & filter cake.  A = Area of filter bed ... filtration. As the filtration process proceeds, thickness of cake increases which decreases the rate of filtration. 

Explain principle of freeze drying. Give its advantages.

Description : Explain principle of freeze drying. Give its advantages.

Last Answer : Principle:  i. The material is frozen in a suitable container connected to a high vacuum system, so that the vapour pressure of water is reduced to less than that of material being dried. ii. ... it is properly sealed in an inert atmosphere. vii. The sterility of the product can be maintained. 

Explain the objectives of mixing. Explain the different types of mixtures.

Description : Explain the objectives of mixing. Explain the different types of mixtures. 

Last Answer : Objective of mixing 1) To form a uniform mixture. 2)To promote chemical reaction to get uniform product 3) Help in formation of suspension/paste 4) Help in mixing of water and oil .e.g. emulsion. ... not have tendency to mix but once mix, don't separate after mixing. E.g. ointment, paste, cream.

Differentiate between Evaporation and Distillation and explain the working and application of simple distillation.

Description : Differentiate between Evaporation and Distillation and explain the working and application of simple distillation.

Last Answer : Evaporation Distillation:  1. Free escape of vapors from the surface of liquid below its boiling point. Evaporation takes place even at room temperature 1) Process of ... Concentration of liquid and to separate non volatile solid from the volatile liquid such as alcohol and ether.

Explain the different steps involved in sugar coating of tablet.

Description : Explain the different steps involved in sugar coating of tablet.

Last Answer : Steps of sugar coating of tablet:-  Sieving Sealing Sub-coating Syrup coating Finishing Polishing i) Sieving :- The tablets to be coated are shaken in a suitable sieve to remove the ... the wax coated tablets are rubbed on the canvas cloth. This gives a proper shining to the tablets

Explain the working, advantages and disadvantages of any one mill based on the principle of combined impact and attrition?

Description : Explain the working, advantages and disadvantages of any one mill based on the principle of combined impact and attrition?

Last Answer : which of the following mill works on the principle of combined impact and attrition

Explain the factors which affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid.

Description : Explain the factors which affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid.

Last Answer : Factors affecting rate of evaporation: 1. Temperature: The rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the temperature of liquid. The evaporation can be accelerated by increasing the temp ... : The rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the vapour pressure of evaporating liquid.

Explain the term ‘Immunological products’. Discuss any one vaccine in brief.

Description : Explain the term ‘Immunological products’. Discuss any one vaccine in brief. 

Last Answer : Immunological Product: These are the preparations which are meant for the prevention of diseases, such as vaccines or for treatment of diseases. Immunological Products: A. Active immunization: ... (TAF) iii. Adsorbing an aluminium hydroxide (PTAH) or hydrate aluminium phosphate (PTAP).

Explain the term aseptic techniques. What are the various points to be considered while designing an aseptic room?

Description : Explain the term aseptic techniques. What are the various points to be considered while designing an aseptic room?

Last Answer : Definition: The method which is used to prevent the access of microorganism during the preparation of parenteral product and their testing are called aseptic Technique . Design of aseptic room: 1. Site: ... connection. Vacuum. Disposable waste. 6. Furniture: Shack type. Fume -cupboard.

Explain in detail about maceration with adjustment. How does it differ from simple maceration process?

Description : Explain in detail about maceration with adjustment. How does it differ from simple maceration process?

Last Answer : Maceration with adjustment: This process is carried out for unorganized drug. Method: i) Place unorganized drug with 4/5th of the menstruum in a close vessel for 2-7 days. ii) ... of Capsicum Examples of tinctures: Compound Tincture of Benzoin, Tincture of Tolu, Tincture of Myrrh

Name different methods of size separation. Explain any one with labelled diagram.

Description : Name different methods of size separation. Explain any one with labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Different methods of size separation are:  1 Sieving 2 Cyclone separator 3 Air separator 4 Elutriation SIEVING: Diagram: Construction: In this method fine powder is separated from ... tank is used to separate the coarse and fine particles of powder after levigation Diagram:

Explain different types of excipients used in formulation of tablets with suitable examples.

Description : Explain different types of excipients used in formulation of tablets with suitable examples.

Last Answer : The following are some of the excipients which are generally required in the formulation of tablets: Diluents Granulating agents Binding agents Disintegrating agents Lubricants ,Glidant , Anti ... patient compliance. E.g. approved FD and C dyes, volatile oils and saccharin respectively

Explain with a neat sketch the working of the apparatus used for distillation on laboratory scale.

Description : Explain with a neat sketch the working of the apparatus used for distillation on laboratory scale. 

Last Answer : There are two apparatus used for distillation on laboratory scale. 1. Simple apparatus. 2. Still apparatus. Simple apparatus: Working: 1. Water is filled in the round bottom flask. ... level device is fitted in such a way that only heated water free from gases enters the boiler. 

Explain with the help of a neat sketch one of the evaporators covered under the group of natural circulation evaporators.

Description : Explain with the help of a neat sketch one of the evaporators covered under the group of natural circulation evaporators.

Last Answer : Natural circulation evaporators: The movement of liquid takes place as a result of convection current set up by heating process. Ex. evaporating pan, evaporating still, and short tube evaporator.  1. Evaporating ... area for evaporation. It consist of product outlet at bottom. Diagram: