Classification of liquid dosage formas

Classification of liquid dosage formas
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Classification of liquid dosage formas

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What are advantages of liquid dosage form?

Description : What are advantages of liquid dosage form? 

Last Answer : i) Usually faster acting than the solid dosage forms ii) Maybe easier to take than an oral solid dosage form for patients having difficulty in swallowing tablets or capsules. iii) More ... practical to administer than solid dosage forms for specific patient cases. v) Good patient compliance.

Define ‘drug’ and ‘dosage form’.

Description : Define ‘drug’ and ‘dosage form’. 

Last Answer : i. Drug: A chemical agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in man or in other animals.   ii. Dosage Form: Dosage form is a ... of a pure chemical compound into a predetermined form by admixing drug components with non drug components. 

Define tablet as a dosage form along with advantages and disadvantages.

Description : Define tablet as a dosage form along with advantages and disadvantages.

Last Answer : Definition:  Tablets are solid unit dosage form containing medicament or medicaments usually circular in shape and may be flat or biconvex. Advantages:   1. Easy to administered. 2. Easy to ... . 4. Bioavailability is low. 5. Bitter- tasting drugs, moisture sensetive drugs requires coating.

Define capsule as a dosage form along with its advantages and disadvantages.

Description : Define capsule as a dosage form along with its advantages and disadvantages. 

Last Answer : Definition: Capsule: Capsules are a solid unit dosage form in which the drug substances are enclosed in a water soluble shell or an envelope. Advantages of capsules:  1. Drugs ... 2. Concentrated preparation which needs dilution before administration cannot be given in form of capsule.

Define the following terms: (i) Drug (ii) Dosage forms (iii) Excipients

Description : Define the following terms:  (i) Drug (ii) Dosage forms (iii) Excipients

Last Answer : (i) Drug- A chemical agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in man or in other animals. (ii) Dosage forms- Dosage form is a ... along with Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients make up the dosage forms. Eg. suspending agent ,emulsifying agent etc.

The comparison of bioavailability between two dosage forms is refereed as____________ A. Bioavailability B. Biopharmaceutics C. Biological D. Bioequivalence

Description : The comparison of bioavailability between two dosage forms is refereed as____________ A. Bioavailability B. Biopharmaceutics C. Biological D. Bioequivalence

Last Answer : D. Bioequivalence 

Write importance of dosage form.

Description : Write importance of dosage form.

Last Answer : Transformation of drug into dosage forms is done for the following reasons: 1. To protect the drug substance from oxidation, hydrolysis and reduction. Eg. Coated tablets and sealed ampoules. ... . Many dosage forms can be easily identified from their distinct colour, shape or identifying markings.

Name some of the modern dosage forms.

Description : Name some of the modern dosage forms.

Last Answer : 1. Implants 2. Liposome drug carriers 3. Nanoparticles 4. Prodrugs 5. Films and strips 6. Erythrocytes 7.Controlled drug delivery system 8.Sustained release system

Give any three importance of dosage forms. Differentiate between Mouthwash and Gargle.

Description : Give any three importance of dosage forms. Differentiate between Mouthwash and Gargle.

Last Answer : Importance of dosage forms : 1. To protect drug substances from oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction etc.eg. coated tablets, sealed ampoules etc. 2. To protect the drug from destructive effect of ... mouth wash, Listrin. 6. Examples: Phenol gargle, potassium chlorate gargle, Betadine.

Define and classify dosage form.

Description : Define and classify dosage form.

Last Answer : Defination: Is a combination of the drug and different kinds of non drug components called additives.  

Define (i) Drug (ii) Dosage forms

Description : Define (i) Drug (ii) Dosage forms

Last Answer : (i) Drug- A chemical agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in man or in other animals.  (ii) Dosage forms- Dosage form is a ... of a pure chemical compound into a predetermined form by admixing drug components with non- drug components. 

What are NDDS? Differentiate between sustained and controlled release dosage forms.

Description : What are NDDS? Differentiate between sustained and controlled release dosage forms.

Last Answer : NDDS:  New drug delivery system delivers or aimed at maximizing the drug effectiveness or minimizing the side effects. Some of the Novel dosage forms are: 1) Implants 2) Controlled drug delivery system 3) ... drug. 6 e.g. sustain release tables. e.g. Transdermal patches. 

Explain why there is need of different dosage form.

Description : Explain why there is need of different dosage form.

Last Answer : Need of dosage forms : 1. To protect drug substances from oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction etc.eg. coated tablets, sealed ampoules etc. 2. To protect the drug from destructive ... Sustained release action to control the release mechanism. Eg. Sustained release tablets, capsules and suspensions.

Define drug. Classify different types of dosage forms with examples

Description : Define drug. Classify different types of dosage forms with examples

Last Answer : Drug- A chemical agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in man or in other animals.

Explain the factors affecting evaporation of a liquid.

Description : Explain the factors affecting evaporation of a liquid.

Last Answer : Factor affecting evaporation  1. Temperature: The rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the temperature of the liquid. The evaporation can be accelerated by increasing the temperature but it ... of evaporation is maximum at its boiling point when the liquid has maximum vapour pressure.

Explain the factors which affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid.

Description : Explain the factors which affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid.

Last Answer : Factors affecting rate of evaporation: 1. Temperature: The rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the temperature of liquid. The evaporation can be accelerated by increasing the temp ... : The rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the vapour pressure of evaporating liquid.

List the various equipment’s used for liquid mixing and explain how vortex formation can be avoided in liquid mixing.

Description : List the various equipment’s used for liquid mixing and explain how vortex formation can be avoided in liquid mixing. 

Last Answer : Equipment used for mixing of liquid:  1. Propeller mixture. 2. Turbine Mixture. 3. Paddle mixture. Vortex formation can be avoided in liquid mixing by making the following changes in the position of the ... the side of vessels. 4. Using push pull propeller. 5. Using baffles.

Describe the factors which affect rate of the evaporation of liquid

Description : Describe the factors which affect rate of the evaporation of liquid

Last Answer : Factors affecting evaporation:  1)Temperature: The rate of evaporation is directly proportional to temp of liquid.  2)Temperature and time of evaporation: It has been observed that exposure to ... : The rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the vapour pressure of the evaporating liquid.

Explain principle and working of fluid energy mill with a diagram.

Description : Explain principle and working of fluid energy mill with a diagram.

Last Answer : Principle  It works on the principle of impact and attrition. Working: The air or inert gas is introduced with a very high pressure through nozzles. Solids are introduced into air stream through inlet. ... 100 mesh and then passed through fluid energy mill. Diagram of fluid energy mill :

Give application of simple distillation. What is the principle of fractional distillation?

Description : Give application of simple distillation. What is the principle of fractional distillation?

Last Answer : Applications of simple distillation:  i. It is used for the preparation of distilled water and water for injection. ii. Preparation of many volatile oils and aromatic water. iii. Purification ... becomes richer with the liquid having the lower boiling point which gets condensed in a condenser. 

Mention official and unofficial evaluation test for tablets. Describe weight variation test.

Description : Mention official and unofficial evaluation test for tablets. Describe weight variation test. 

Last Answer : Official test list: 1. Size and shape of tablet. 2. Appearance. 3. Content of active ingredient. 4. Uniformity of weight/weight variation test 5. Uniformity of content 6. ... the percentage deviation given in the table and none should deviate by more than twice that percentage.

Draw a well labelled diagram of aerosol container and give its advantages and disadvantages.

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of aerosol container and give its advantages and disadvantages.

Last Answer : Diagram of aerosol container Advantages:   1. Medicament can be delivered directly to affected areas. 2. Absence of air prevents oxidation. 3. Hydrolysis of medicament prevented ... on injured skin. 4. Difficulties occurred during formulation when drug not soluble in propellants.

Discuss working of ball mill with neat diagram.

Description : Discuss working of ball mill with neat diagram. 

Last Answer : Working: The drug to be ground is put into the cylinder of the mill and is rotated. The speed of the rotation is very different. At low speed, the mass of balls will slide or roll over each other and ... and passed through a sieve to get powder of the required size. Ball mill diagram:   

Define pharmaceutical container. Give qualities of an ideal container.

Description : Define pharmaceutical container. Give qualities of an ideal container.

Last Answer : Definition: Pharmaceutical container  A device that holds the drug and it may or may not be in direct contact with the pharmaceutical dosage form or preparations. Qualities of an ideal container:  1 ... and temperature. 7. Labelled easily 8. Non-toxic. 9. Closure easily removable/replaceable.

Write the official standards of powder.

Description : Write the official standards of powder.

Last Answer : i. Coarse powder: A powder of which all particles pass through sieve no 10 with nominal aperture size 1.7mm and not more than 40% pass through sieve no 44 with nominal aperture size 355um.  ii. ... powder: A powder of which all particles pass through sieve no 120 with nominal aperture size 125 um.

Write special application of capsule.

Description : Write special application of capsule. 

Last Answer : Applications of capsule:  1. Enteric coated capsule: These capsules do not disintegrate in stomach (Acidic Medium) but break up in intestine (Alkaline medium). On commercial scale, a coating ... gelatine commonly used Capsule punctured by using sterile needle and then instilled into the eye.

Give the principle and working of Fluidised bed dryer.

Description : Give the principle and working of Fluidised bed dryer.

Last Answer : Principle: In FBD, good contact between hot air and particles to be dried is obtained which cause rapid drying. Working of Fluidised bed dryer: Two types of FBD are used in pharmaceutical industry. There are ... ranging from 5 kg to 200 kg with an average drying time of about 20-40 min.

Define aseptic techniques. What are the various sources of contamination?

Description : Define aseptic techniques. What are the various sources of contamination?

Last Answer : Definition: Aseptic technique  The method which is used to prevent the access of microorganism during the preparation of parenteral product and their testing are called Aseptic Technique Sources of ... are also a source of contamination. A handkerchief is the richest source of contamination. 

Give principal and working of silverson homogenizer with labelled diagram.

Description : Give principal and working of silverson homogenizer with labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Principal:   These work on the principal of braking large globules in to small globules by passing them under pressure through a narrow orifice. Working:   The emulsified head is placed in the vessel ... blades. So a fine emulsion is produced which is then expelled out. Diagram :

Define drying. Give application of drying in pharmacy.

Description : Define drying. Give application of drying in pharmacy.

Last Answer : Definition:  Drying: It is defined as final removal of liquid from solid by vaporization with aid of heat. Application:  1) In pharmaceutical industry it is used as a unit process in the ... of product, when powder is dried it gets solublised fast. 7) Drying ensures free flowing of powders.

Write the advantages and disadvantages of glass as a material for packaging. Merits of Glass container

Description : Write the advantages and disadvantages of glass as a material for packaging. Merits of Glass container

Last Answer : Economical. Available in variety of sizes and shapes.  Chemically inert, impermeable, strong and rigid. Does not deteriorate with age. Easy to label. Excellent barrier against light. ... easy to break. Heavy, Bulky to carry. Leaching and absorption of alkalis. Flak formation

Draw a well labelled diagram of filter candle. Give its working and disadvantages.

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of filter candle. Give its working and disadvantages.

Last Answer : Diagram : Working  : The filter candle is placed in a vessel containing the liquid to be filtered. When vacuum is applied, the pressure inside the candle is decreased. Due to ... Disadvantages   1. Chance of clogging/blocking. 2. Traces of material may come in the solution.

Write the working of filter press with well labelled diagram.

Description : Write the working of filter press with well labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Working:  1. The slurry is pumped in under positive pressure up to 20 bar and fill each frame. 2. The filtrate passes through the cloths on opposite sides of the frame and runs down between the ... 6. Thickness of cake can be varied by using frame of different thickness. Diagram: 

Explain in detail evaporating still with its advantage and disadvantages.

Description : Explain in detail evaporating still with its advantage and disadvantages.

Last Answer : It consist of a hemispherical pan made from copper or stainless steel. It is surrounded by a steam jacket. Still is covered from top and connected to condenser. Hemispherical shape ... heat transfer is poor. Heating surface is limited. Not suitable for thermolabile material.

Define sterilisation and classify methods of sterilisation.

Description : Define sterilisation and classify methods of sterilisation.

Last Answer : Definition: Sterilizations is the process of complete destruction of all microorganisms along with their spores present in the system.  Methods of sterilization:  I. Physical methods:  1. Dry heat ... . Seitz filters  3. Sintered glass filters 4. Sintered metal filters  5. Membrane filters

Define Pharmacopoeia. List official books used in India.

Description : Define Pharmacopoeia. List official books used in India. 

Last Answer : Defination: Pharmakon means a drug and poeia means to make . Pharmacopoeia is defined as a compressive book which is issued under the authority of government and contains a list of drug ...  v) International Pharmacopeia  vi) Japanese Pharmacopoeia (J.P.)  vii) Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia 

Give steps involved in moist granulation.

Description : Give steps involved in moist granulation.

Last Answer : Steps: i. Moisten of Medicament with excipients with granulating agent. ii. Sieving of moist mass through sieve number 8 or 10. iii. Drying of wet granules in hot air oven at ... sieve number 20 to collect granules of uniform size v. Lubrication of sifted granules with lubricating agent

List any four equipment used in drying.

Description : List any four equipment used in drying.

Last Answer : Equipment used for drying: i) Tray dryer ii) Tunnel dryer iii) Rotary dryer iv) Fluidized Bed Dryer v)Vacuum dryer vi) Freeze dryer.

Why injectables should not be stored in soda lime glass containers?

Description : Why injectables should not be stored in soda lime glass containers?

Last Answer : Soda lime glass container is not used for the storage of parenterals because: i. It yields an appreciable quantity of alkali to water. ii. Flakes separate comparatively easily. iii. On ... 's relatively high coefficient of expansion makes it liable to fracture with sudden changes of temperature. 

Define ‘menstruum’ and state three ideal qualities of a menstruum.

Description : Define ‘menstruum’ and state three ideal qualities of a menstruum.

Last Answer : Menstruum :- Solvent used to extract the drug.  Ideal properties of menstruum: i) Cheap. ii) Non-toxic. iii) Stable chemically and physically. iv) Selective i.e. remove the desired active constituents with minimum amount of inert materials.

Why are tablets coated ?

Description : Why are tablets coated ?

Last Answer : Reasons for coating of tablets: i. To mask the unpleasant taste and odour. ii. To improve the appearance of tablets. iii. To prevent the medicament from atmospheric effects. iv. To control the ... v. To produce the sustained release product. vi. To prevent the drug degradation in stomach pH.

Define ‘slurry’ and ‘filter cake’.

Description : Define ‘slurry’ and ‘filter cake’.

Last Answer : i) Slurry: Mixture of insoluble substances suspended in a liquid and intended to filter before use.   ii) Filter cake: The solid which gets collected on the filter is called as filter cake.

Name any four materials used for packaging.

Description : Name any four materials used for packaging.

Last Answer : Types of materials used for packaging are: i) Glass ii) Plastic iii) Metal iv) Paper and board 

Write the main objectives of mixing.

Description : Write the main objectives of mixing.

Last Answer : Objectives of mixing:  i. To form uniform mixture.  ii. To promote chemical reaction.  iii. Dispersion of solid particles in liquid.  iv. Dispersion of two immiscible liquids.

Enlist four methods for size reduction.

Description : Enlist four methods for size reduction. 

Last Answer : Methods for size reduction: i) Cutting ii) Compression iii) Impact iv) Attrition iv) Combined impact and attrition.

Write advantages and disadvantages of plastic as a material for container and state its type.

Description : Write advantages and disadvantages of plastic as a material for container and state its type.

Last Answer : Advantages: 1. Light in weight and can be handled easily. 2. Poor conductor of heat. 3. Sufficient mechanical strength. 4. Transported easily. 5. Unbreakable. 6. Available in various shapes ... (PVC) Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Polyester (PES) etc.

Differentiate between Liniment and lotion

Description : Differentiate between Liniment and lotion 

Last Answer : Sr.No. Liniment Lotion 1 Liniments are liquid or semiliquid preparations  Lotions are liquid preparations meant for external application  2 Liniments are viscous Lotions are slightly ... Applied with cotton gauze  8 Ex: Turpentine liniment  Ex: Sulphur lotion

Define desiccation with two example of Desiccants and draw a diagram of “ Desiccator”

Description : Define desiccation with two example of Desiccants and draw a diagram of “ Desiccator”

Last Answer : Definition: Desiccation is the process of complete removal of mechanically admixed water from substances. Examples of desiccants:  Silica, activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, and molecular sieves. Diagram:

Write reasons and remedies for “ Capping”

Description : Write reasons and remedies for “ Capping” 

Last Answer : Reasons:   Excessive fine. Defective punch and die. High speed of machine. Granules too dried. Remedies:  Setting the die and punch properly. Reduce % of fine. Punches ... Maintain the desire moisture in granules. Maintain the speed at optimum. Regulate the pressure of punches.

What do you mean by “Tyndallisation” and “Pasteurisation”. State the methods of pasteurisation.

Description : What do you mean by “Tyndallisation” and “Pasteurisation”. State the methods of pasteurisation.

Last Answer : Tyndallisation : This is a fractional sterilization method. This method is used for sterilization of medicaments unstable at 1150C but able to withstand low temperature heating. This method consist of ... High Temperature Short Time (HTST) Vat pasteurization Ultra High Temperature(UHT)