Discuss working of ball mill with neat diagram. 

1 Answer

Answer :

Working: The drug to be ground is put into the cylinder of the mill and is rotated. The speed of the rotation is very different. At low speed, the mass of balls will slide or roll over each other and only a negligible amount of size reduction will occur. At a high speed, the balls will be thrown out to the walls by centrifugal force and no grinding will occur. But at about 2/3rd of the speed, the centrifugal force just occurs, the balls are carried almost to the top of the mill and cascading occurs. By this way, the maximum size reduction is effected by the Impact of particles between the balls and by attrition between the balls. After a suitable time, the material is taken out and passed through a sieve to get powder of the required size.


Ball mill diagram: 

image  

Related questions

Description : Give principle construction and working of hammer mill with neat diagram.

Last Answer : PRINCIPLE: Impact CONSTRUCTION: It consists of a stout metal casing enclosing to which four or more swinging hammer are attached. The lower part of the casing consists of a screen , through which ... are not fixed . The mill can produce coarse to moderately fine powder. DIAGRAM:

Description : Explain working of fluid energy mill with a neat diagram.

Last Answer : Working:  1. The material which is to be size reduced is fed in the grinding chamber from the bottom through the feed inlet. 2. The air or inert gas is introduced with a very high pressure through ... particle size to the order of 100# and then passed through fluid energy mill. Diagram:   

Description : Explain the working of ball mill with a well labeled diagram and give any two advantages

Last Answer : Working:   The drug to be ground is put into the cylinder of the mill and is rotated. The speed of the rotation is very different. At low speed, the mass of balls will slide or roll over each other ... for batch as well as continuous grinding vi)can be used for dry as well as wet grinding.

Description : Explain construction and working of ball mill.

Last Answer : Principle: Impact and Attrition. Construction: It consists of a hollow cylinder which is mounted on a metallic frame in such a way that it can be rotated on its longitudinal axis. The cylinder contains ... material is taken out and passed through a sieve to get powder of the required size. 

Description : Explain principle and working of fluid energy mill with a diagram.

Last Answer : Principle  It works on the principle of impact and attrition. Working: The air or inert gas is introduced with a very high pressure through nozzles. Solids are introduced into air stream through inlet. ... 100 mesh and then passed through fluid energy mill. Diagram of fluid energy mill :

Description : Define The term Clarification. Write the working of filter candle with neat diagram.

Last Answer : Clarification:-  When solids are present in a very small proportion i.e. not exceeding 1.0 % the process of its separation from liquid, is called clarification. Working :-   1) These are ... the candle & gets collected inside the candle from where it is removed. Diagram :

Description : Describe the construction and working of evaporating pan with neat diagram.

Last Answer : Construction:  i. It consists of a hemispherical pan made from copper or stainless steel and surrounded by a steam jacket. ii. Hemispherical shape provides large surface area for evaporation. iii. ... . iv. After evaporation remove the product from product outlet. Diagram:

Description : Explain working,construction of filter leaf with neat diagram. 

Last Answer : Construction of filter leaf   It consists of metal frame enclosing a wire screen or a grooved plate. The screen is covered by filter cloth which is fitted in frame, to grip the cloth. The frame ... . The cake can be washed by immersing in a vessel containing water or reverse flow of air

Description : Draw well labelled diagram of “triple roller mill”.

Last Answer : diagram of “triple roller mill”.

Description : Give principle and working of “Fluid Energy mill”

Last Answer : Principle:  It works on the principle of combined impact and attrition. Working   1. The material which is to be size reduced is fed in the grinding chamber from the bottom through the feed ... -treated to reduce the particle size to the order of 100# and then passed through fluid energy mill

Description : Explain the working, advantages and disadvantages of any one mill based on the principle of combined impact and attrition?

Last Answer : which of the following mill works on the principle of combined impact and attrition

Description : Explain the construction and working of triple roller mill.

Last Answer : Construction: It consists of 3 rollers. Rollers are made up of hard abrasion resistant material. Rollers are arranged very close to each other's. Rollers are rotated at different speed & in ... A Scraper is provided to remove the material from roller no.3 Diagram: 

Description : Explain construction and working of Cutter mill or Hammer mill

Last Answer : CONSTRUCTION: It consists of a hopper at top and metal casing enclosing two sets of knives i.e. stationary knives attached to stator and rotating are attached to rotor. The lower part of the casing consists ... are not fixed. The mill can produce coarse to moderately fine powder DIAGRAM:  

Description : Draw a neat labelled diagram showing steam distillation at laboratory scale

Last Answer : labelled diagram showing steam distillation at laboratory scale

Description : Discuss the theory, construction, and working of freeze drying apparatus

Last Answer : Theory: Freeze drying or sublimation drying consists of simply reducing the temperature & pressure to values below the triple point .(4.579mm of Hg& temp. of 0.0099 c) Under these ... . 5. Packing: Biological products are dried packed in aseptic condition immediately after drying.

Description : Discuss working of freeze dryer.

Last Answer : Working: steps involved in freeze drying are 1. Pre-treatment: Solution is concentrated in normal vacuum tray dryer before introducing in the chamber this reduces drying by 8-10 times. 2. ... under aseptic conditions. Containers are labeled and packed in card-board boxes.after drying.

Description : Explain with a neat sketch the working of the apparatus used for distillation on laboratory scale. 

Last Answer : There are two apparatus used for distillation on laboratory scale. 1. Simple apparatus. 2. Still apparatus. Simple apparatus: Working: 1. Water is filled in the round bottom flask. ... level device is fitted in such a way that only heated water free from gases enters the boiler. 

Description : Define ‘Homogenisation’. Write the principle of homogenisation. Write in detail about ‘Colloidal Mill’.

Last Answer : Homogenization is the process of preparing fine emulsion from a coarse emulsion by converting the large globules in to small globules. Principle: These work on the principal of braking large ... thus reduced to fine particle size The material is thrown outward due to centrifugal action

Description : Give principal and working of silverson homogenizer with labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Principal:   These work on the principal of braking large globules in to small globules by passing them under pressure through a narrow orifice. Working:   The emulsified head is placed in the vessel ... blades. So a fine emulsion is produced which is then expelled out. Diagram :

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of filter candle. Give its working and disadvantages.

Last Answer : Diagram : Working  : The filter candle is placed in a vessel containing the liquid to be filtered. When vacuum is applied, the pressure inside the candle is decreased. Due to ... Disadvantages   1. Chance of clogging/blocking. 2. Traces of material may come in the solution.

Description : Write the working of filter press with well labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Working:  1. The slurry is pumped in under positive pressure up to 20 bar and fill each frame. 2. The filtrate passes through the cloths on opposite sides of the frame and runs down between the ... 6. Thickness of cake can be varied by using frame of different thickness. Diagram: 

Description : Describe working of FBD with well labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Working of FBD  Two types of FBD are used in pharmaceutical industry. There are: 1. Vertical FBD 2. Horizontal FBD The fluidising air stream is induced by a fan which is mounted in the upper part of ... from 5 kg to 200 kg with an average drying time of about 20- 40 min. Diagram:

Description : Explain construction and working of cyclone separator with a well labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Construction:   It consists of cylindrical vessel with a conical base. In upper part of vessel is fitted with a tangential inlet and fluid outlet. At the base it is fitted with solid outlet. ... solids are thrown out to the wall and fall to the conical base for discharge. Diagram  

Description : Discuss the excipients used in filling of hard gelatin capsule.

Last Answer : i. Diluents: To increase bulk, e.g. lactose, sorbitol, starch etc. ii. Absorbents: Eutectic or hygroscopic drug need absorbent for, e.g. oxides and carbonates of magnesium and calcium. iii. ... filling machine a lot of dust comes out to avoid this Antidusting agent added e.g. inert oils.

Description : What are toxoids ? Discuss general methods for preparation of toxoids.

Last Answer : Toxoids: The pathogenic bacteria during their growth in a suitable medium produce toxic substances known as toxins . These toxins are disease producing and antigenic in nature. These toxins may be ... are Diphtheria vaccines, Tetanus toxoid (adsorbed) I.P., Staphylococcus toxoid I.P. etc 

Description : Discuss in brief disintegration test for uncoated tablet.

Last Answer : Disintegration test: Disintegration of a tablet means to break a tablet into smaller particles after swallowing. The time required to disintegrate the tablet is called disintegration time. The apparatus ... the test if not less than 16 of the total 18 tablets tested have disintegrated.  

Description : Discuss factors affecting evaporation.

Last Answer : Factors affecting evaporation: 1) Temperature: The rate of evaporation is directly proportional to temp of liquid. 2) Temperature and time of evaporation: It has been observed that exposure ... : The rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the vapour pressure of the evaporating liquid.

Description : Discuss in brief gaseous sterilization using ethylene oxide. 

Last Answer : Gaseous sterilization using Ethylene oxide:  It is gas at room temperature, highly inflammable & forms explosive mixture with air. This disadvantage can be overcome by using mixture of 10% ethylene ... toxic & inflammable gas. Sophisticated instruments are required & skilled persons are needed.

Description : Discuss in brief the stepwise process of percolation used in preparation of tincture.

Last Answer : Stages involved in preparation of tincture by percolation:  a. Imbibition: Drug is kept is moistened with sufficient quantity of menstruum. Allow to stand for 4 hr. Significance: o It allow ... extraction. After collecting 3/4th volume of product then marc is pressed. Mix the liquids.

Description : Discuss in brief about ‘Multiple Maceration’. 

Last Answer : This is done to achieve maximum extraction of active constituents as well as complete exhaustion of drugs. Double maceration: It is carried in the same way as simple maceration. The menstruum ... the finished product. Adjust volume with water. Allow it to stand for 14 days and filter.

Description : Explain the term ‘Immunological products’. Discuss any one vaccine in brief. 

Last Answer : Immunological Product: These are the preparations which are meant for the prevention of diseases, such as vaccines or for treatment of diseases. Immunological Products: A. Active immunization: ... (TAF) iii. Adsorbing an aluminium hydroxide (PTAH) or hydrate aluminium phosphate (PTAP).

Description : Discuss in brief about moist granulation method.

Last Answer : Drug + Excipients → Blending → Formation of cohesive mass → Screening → Drying → Screening → Blending → Compression. This method consists of the following steps:  1. Milling of drugs ... 8) lubricating agent , glidant and disintegrating agent added/mixed. 8) Granules ready for compression

Description : Discuss in brief about gaseous sterilization.

Last Answer : Gaseous sterilization using Ethylene oxide: Ethylene oxide: It is colourless gas at room temperature. It can be liquefied easily and boil at 10.80C. It is highly ... contamination & penetrability of material . Others gases used are formaldehyde and Beta-propiolactone.

Description : Discuss in brief about BCG vaccine.

Last Answer : PREPARATION: The bacilli are grown on a suitable culture media until 1 mg when plated out on a suitable solid culture media shows not less than 20 million colonies. The growth period should ... freeze-dried. Then containers are sealed so as to prevent contamination or deterioration of the vaccine.

Description : Discuss in brief Freeze drying.

Last Answer : Principle:  The material is frozen in a suitable container connected to a high vacuum system, so that the vapour pressure of water is reduced to less than that of material being dried. Thus, it ... special precautions. 3. The period of drying is quite long.(usually not less than 10 hours)  

Description : Give the full form of BCG. Discuss in brief about BCG vaccine.

Last Answer : Full form of B.C.G. is Baccillus Calmettee Guerin Method of preparation of BCG vaccine It is freeze- dried preparation containing live culture of the bacillus Calmette and Guerin strain of ... against tuberculosis. Dose: Prophylactic, 0.1 ml as a single dose by intra-cutaneous injection 

Description : Discuss natural immunity in brief.

Last Answer : Natural immunity to diseases is possessed by an individual due to following factors: Age: majority of children in the age between 2-5 years are susceptible to diphtheria, where as adults ... susceptible. Individual: Some persons have more resistance against cold and skin diseases than others.

Description : Discuss novel drug delivery system.

Last Answer : New drug delivery system delivers or aimed at maximizing the drug effectiveness or minimizing the side effects. Some of the Novel dosage forms are: 1) Implants 2) Controlled drug delivery system 3) Sustained ... these days are I. Zero order release film. II. Buccal Stip. III. Spray bandages.

Description : Define the term vaccine. Discuss the method of preparation of small pox vaccine using animals

Last Answer : Definition:   Vaccines are antigenic preparations which stimulate antibody formation and producing immunity. Small pox vaccine is prepared by two methods 1) By using animals 2) By using Eggs ... Filling sealing and storage: filled in final container under aseptic condition and freeze drying. 

Description : Discuss different official grades of powders according to I.P. 2010

Last Answer : According to IP 2010 official grades of powders are as follows: i. Coarse powder: A powder of which all particles pass through sieve no 10 with nominal aperture size 1.7mm and not more than 40% pass ... powder: A powder of which not less than 90% by weight of particles are less than 10 µm.

Description : Define Pharmacopoeia. Discuss history of Indian Pharmacopoeia.

Last Answer : Pharmacopoeia: Pharmakon means a drug and poein means to make . Pharmacopoeia is defined as a compressive book which is issued under the authority of government and contains a list of drug and ... in 2010. The eight edition of Pharmacopoeia of India was compiled and then published in 2014. 

Description : Define and discuss different types of container

Last Answer : Container is a device that holds the drug and it may or may not be in direct contact with the pharmaceutical preparations. containers are divided into following types on the basis of ... : These containers have adequate mechanical strength in order to bear the pressure of aerosol packing

Description : Based on Darcy’s law, discuss different factors which affect rate of filtration

Last Answer : This is also called as theory of filtration which gives idea about factors affecting rate of filtration through the filter medium. Any fluid while passing through porous medium offers resistance ... the filtration process proceeds, thickness of cake increases which decreases the rate of filtration.

Description : Explain with the help of a neat sketch one of the evaporators covered under the group of natural circulation evaporators.

Last Answer : Natural circulation evaporators: The movement of liquid takes place as a result of convection current set up by heating process. Ex. evaporating pan, evaporating still, and short tube evaporator.  1. Evaporating ... area for evaporation. It consist of product outlet at bottom. Diagram:

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of aerosol container and give its advantages and disadvantages.

Last Answer : Diagram of aerosol container Advantages:   1. Medicament can be delivered directly to affected areas. 2. Absence of air prevents oxidation. 3. Hydrolysis of medicament prevented ... on injured skin. 4. Difficulties occurred during formulation when drug not soluble in propellants.

Description : Define desiccation with two example of Desiccants and draw a diagram of “ Desiccator”

Last Answer : Definition: Desiccation is the process of complete removal of mechanically admixed water from substances. Examples of desiccants:  Silica, activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, and molecular sieves. Diagram:

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of Vacuum still and describe its theory.

Last Answer : Theory :-  Liquid boils at lower temperature when pressure on the surface of the liquid is reduced. Therefore, when distillation is carried out under reduced pressure the rate of distillation increases. ... boiling point 100 ºc, at atmospheric pressure (760 mm of Hg ). Diagram: 

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of aerosol container and state method of aerosol packaging. 

Last Answer : Diagram of aerosol container : Depending on the nature of the product concentrate the aerosol can be filed by cold filling or pressure filling process  1) Cold-filling fill process:- ... air present in the container must be expelled before filing the contents in to the aerosol container.

Description : Draw a labelled diagram of double cone blender

Last Answer : diagram of double cone blender

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of ‘Soxhlet apparatus.’ Mention the various limitations of continuous hot percolation process. 

Last Answer : Limitation: 1. Physical character of the drug: If the drug would block the soxhlet apparatus then this process cannot be used for extraction. Eg opium. Gum, resin, ... for drugs having thermolabile active constituents such as enzymes, alkaloids, anthraquinone derivatives, esters, etc.