Define drug. Classify different types of dosage forms with examples

Define drug. Classify different types of dosage forms with examples
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Drug- A chemical agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in man or in other animals.

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Define the following terms: (i) Drug (ii) Dosage forms (iii) Excipients

Description : Define the following terms:  (i) Drug (ii) Dosage forms (iii) Excipients

Last Answer : (i) Drug- A chemical agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in man or in other animals. (ii) Dosage forms- Dosage form is a ... along with Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients make up the dosage forms. Eg. suspending agent ,emulsifying agent etc.

Define (i) Drug (ii) Dosage forms

Description : Define (i) Drug (ii) Dosage forms

Last Answer : (i) Drug- A chemical agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in man or in other animals.  (ii) Dosage forms- Dosage form is a ... of a pure chemical compound into a predetermined form by admixing drug components with non- drug components. 

Define and classify dosage form.

Description : Define and classify dosage form.

Last Answer : Defination: Is a combination of the drug and different kinds of non drug components called additives.  

Define ‘drug’ and ‘dosage form’.

Description : Define ‘drug’ and ‘dosage form’. 

Last Answer : i. Drug: A chemical agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in man or in other animals.   ii. Dosage Form: Dosage form is a ... of a pure chemical compound into a predetermined form by admixing drug components with non drug components. 

The comparison of bioavailability between two dosage forms is refereed as____________ A. Bioavailability B. Biopharmaceutics C. Biological D. Bioequivalence

Description : The comparison of bioavailability between two dosage forms is refereed as____________ A. Bioavailability B. Biopharmaceutics C. Biological D. Bioequivalence

Last Answer : D. Bioequivalence 

Name some of the modern dosage forms.

Description : Name some of the modern dosage forms.

Last Answer : 1. Implants 2. Liposome drug carriers 3. Nanoparticles 4. Prodrugs 5. Films and strips 6. Erythrocytes 7.Controlled drug delivery system 8.Sustained release system

Give any three importance of dosage forms. Differentiate between Mouthwash and Gargle.

Description : Give any three importance of dosage forms. Differentiate between Mouthwash and Gargle.

Last Answer : Importance of dosage forms : 1. To protect drug substances from oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction etc.eg. coated tablets, sealed ampoules etc. 2. To protect the drug from destructive effect of ... mouth wash, Listrin. 6. Examples: Phenol gargle, potassium chlorate gargle, Betadine.

What are NDDS? Differentiate between sustained and controlled release dosage forms.

Description : What are NDDS? Differentiate between sustained and controlled release dosage forms.

Last Answer : NDDS:  New drug delivery system delivers or aimed at maximizing the drug effectiveness or minimizing the side effects. Some of the Novel dosage forms are: 1) Implants 2) Controlled drug delivery system 3) ... drug. 6 e.g. sustain release tables. e.g. Transdermal patches. 

Define and classify different types of tablets

Description : Define and classify different types of tablets

Last Answer : Definition : Tablets are solid unit dosage form containing medicament or medicaments usually circular flat or biconvex. OR Tablet is a solid unit dosage form prepared by compression. ... solutions a) Effervescence tablets b) Dispensing tablets c) Hypodermic tablets d) Tablet triturates

Define tablet as a dosage form along with advantages and disadvantages.

Description : Define tablet as a dosage form along with advantages and disadvantages.

Last Answer : Definition:  Tablets are solid unit dosage form containing medicament or medicaments usually circular in shape and may be flat or biconvex. Advantages:   1. Easy to administered. 2. Easy to ... . 4. Bioavailability is low. 5. Bitter- tasting drugs, moisture sensetive drugs requires coating.

Define capsule as a dosage form along with its advantages and disadvantages.

Description : Define capsule as a dosage form along with its advantages and disadvantages. 

Last Answer : Definition: Capsule: Capsules are a solid unit dosage form in which the drug substances are enclosed in a water soluble shell or an envelope. Advantages of capsules:  1. Drugs ... 2. Concentrated preparation which needs dilution before administration cannot be given in form of capsule.

Explain why there is need of different dosage form.

Description : Explain why there is need of different dosage form.

Last Answer : Need of dosage forms : 1. To protect drug substances from oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction etc.eg. coated tablets, sealed ampoules etc. 2. To protect the drug from destructive ... Sustained release action to control the release mechanism. Eg. Sustained release tablets, capsules and suspensions.

Define: i) Sterilization ii) Disinfection Classify different methods of sterilization.

Description : Define: i) Sterilization ii) Disinfection Classify different methods of sterilization.

Last Answer : i) Sterilization: Sterilization is a process of complete destruction of all micro-organisms & their spores present in a system. ii) Disinfection: A process that removes the infection potential by ... ) Seitz filters 3) Sintered glass filters 4) Sintered metal filters 5) Membrane filters

Define sterilization. Classify different methods used for sterilization.

Description : Define sterilization. Classify different methods used for sterilization.

Last Answer : Sterilization: It is the process of complete destruction of microorganisms present in the system Different methods of Sterilization : I. Physical methods 1. Dry heat sterilization 2. Moist heat ... filters 3. Sintered glass filters 4. Sintered metal filters 5. Membrane filters

What are advantages of liquid dosage form?

Description : What are advantages of liquid dosage form? 

Last Answer : i) Usually faster acting than the solid dosage forms ii) Maybe easier to take than an oral solid dosage form for patients having difficulty in swallowing tablets or capsules. iii) More ... practical to administer than solid dosage forms for specific patient cases. v) Good patient compliance.

Classification of liquid dosage formas

Description : Classification of liquid dosage formas

Last Answer : Classification of liquid dosage formas

Write importance of dosage form.

Description : Write importance of dosage form.

Last Answer : Transformation of drug into dosage forms is done for the following reasons: 1. To protect the drug substance from oxidation, hydrolysis and reduction. Eg. Coated tablets and sealed ampoules. ... . Many dosage forms can be easily identified from their distinct colour, shape or identifying markings.

Define sterilisation and classify methods of sterilisation.

Description : Define sterilisation and classify methods of sterilisation.

Last Answer : Definition: Sterilizations is the process of complete destruction of all microorganisms along with their spores present in the system.  Methods of sterilization:  I. Physical methods:  1. Dry heat ... . Seitz filters  3. Sintered glass filters 4. Sintered metal filters  5. Membrane filters

Define aerosol. Classify aerosol. Give formula of aerosol with example.

Description : Define aerosol. Classify aerosol. Give formula of aerosol with example. 

Last Answer : Definition: Aerosol   Aerosols may be defined as disperse phase system in which very fine solid particles or liquid droplet get dispersed in the gases which act as continuous phase. These are ... in the formulation. 7) The propellant, medicament, additives are filled into an aerosol container.

Define and classify Immunity.

Description : Define and classify Immunity.

Last Answer : Definition: The power of body to resist the effects of invasion of micro-organisms is called immunity. Classification:

Classify the different methods of sterilizations.

Description : Classify the different methods of sterilizations.

Last Answer : A. Physical Method: 1. Dry heat sterilization. 2. Moist heat sterilization. 3. Radiation sterilization. B. Chemical method: 1. Sterilization by heating with bactericidal. 2. Gaseous sterilization. C. ... 1. Ceramic filter. 2. Seitz filter. 3. Sintered glass filter. 4. Membrane filter. 

Classify different methods used for extraction. Draw a labelled diagram of soxhelt extractor

Description : Classify different methods used for extraction. Draw a labelled diagram of soxhelt extractor

Last Answer : Methods Of Extraction:   a) Infusion b) Decoction c) Maceration d) Percolation e) Digestion Diagram of Soxhlet apparatus: 

Explain different types of excipients used in formulation of tablets with suitable examples.

Description : Explain different types of excipients used in formulation of tablets with suitable examples.

Last Answer : The following are some of the excipients which are generally required in the formulation of tablets: Diluents Granulating agents Binding agents Disintegrating agents Lubricants ,Glidant , Anti ... patient compliance. E.g. approved FD and C dyes, volatile oils and saccharin respectively

Classify the methods of sterilisation with example.

Description : Classify the methods of sterilisation with example.

Last Answer : Method of sterilization :-  A)Physical method Dry heat sterilization e.g. hot air oven Moist heat sterilization e.g. Autoclave Radiation sterilization a) Use of ultra violet rays ... Ceramic filters Seitz glass filter Sintered glass filters Sintered metal filters Membrane filters

Define immunity. What are the different types of immunity?

Description : Define immunity. What are the different types of immunity?

Last Answer : Definition: Immunity is the power of body to resist effect of invasion of micro organisms Active Immunity-Antigens are injected in human body; as a result antibodies are formed. It ... are injected in human body. It develops quickly, it remains for short period treatment is therapeutic

Define the term ‘Closures’. Write in detail about different types of closures commonly used in pharmaceutical industry.

Description : Define the term ‘Closures’. Write in detail about different types of closures commonly used in pharmaceutical industry.

Last Answer : CLOSURES are devices by means of which containers can be opened and closed. TYPES OF CLOSURES WITH EXAMPLES: 1. Plug type - It is a push-fit into the neck of the container. E.g. cork ... and paper impregnated with a suitable resin, wax or plastic. E.g. Caps of pharmaceutical liquid dosage forms.

Define and discuss different types of container

Description : Define and discuss different types of container

Last Answer : Container is a device that holds the drug and it may or may not be in direct contact with the pharmaceutical preparations. containers are divided into following types on the basis of ... : These containers have adequate mechanical strength in order to bear the pressure of aerosol packing

Define mixing, explain types and mechanism of mixing.

Description : Define mixing, explain types and mechanism of mixing.

Last Answer : Definition of Mixing: Mixingis the method in which two or more than two substances are combined together. Types of mixtures-   1) Positive Mixture-When two/more miscible liquids are mixed or ... them to change position relative to one another. It produced by any agitation of powder.

Define Drying .What are different factors affecting to the rate of drying?

Description : Define Drying .What are different factors affecting to the rate of drying?

Last Answer : Definition: Final removal of liquid from the solid with the help of heat is called drying. Factor affecting the rate of drying: Following factor can affect the rate of drying: 1) Surface area of ... (Hs-Hg) between surface layer and atmospheric: if difference is more rate of drying will be fast.

Define microencapsulation.What are its advantages and different techniques involved in it?

Description : Define microencapsulation.What are its advantages and different techniques involved in it?

Last Answer : Microencapsulation : it is the technique in which a thin coating is applied on the particles of solids, liquids, resulting in the formation of micro-capsules ranging from micron to ... 4) Electrostatic Deposition 5) Vacuum deposition 6) Polymerization 7) Multiorific Centrifugal Process.

Define size reduction .What are different factors affecting to the rate of size reduction?

Description : Define size reduction .What are different factors affecting to the rate of size reduction?

Last Answer : Size reduction is the process of reducing drugs into smaller pieces , coarse particles or fine powder. Factor affecting size reduction: 1.Hardness: Soft material easy break than hard. 2. ... size reduction of the material in a machine depends upon the bulk density of the substance.

Define emulsion and list the different emulsifying agents

Description : Define emulsion and list the different emulsifying agents

Last Answer : Definition: Emulsions are biphasic liquid preparation consisting of two immiscible liquid phasesone of which is dispersed as minute globules into other phase that is continuous phase and made miscible by ... monoesters, Milk of magnesia, Mg oxide, Mg trioxide, Carbowax, cholesterol and lecithin.

What are various ‘ Novel drug delivery systems’- explain implants.

Description : What are various ‘ Novel drug delivery systems’- explain implants. 

Last Answer : Various drug delivery systems are:  1. Implants 2. Liposome drug carriers 3. Nanoparticles 4. Prodrugs 5. Films and strips 6. Erythrocytes Implants: The hypodermic tablets are placed under the ... placed in the upper thigh at a depth of 5 mm. These implants are useful in hormone therapy.

Differentiate Maceration for organized drug and Maceration for unorganized drug

Description : Differentiate Maceration for organized drug and Maceration for unorganized drug

Last Answer : Maceration for organized drug Maceration for unorganized drug 1 Drug along with whole of menstrum is used in maceration process  Drug along with 4/5th of the menstrum is used ... lemon Example of tincture: Tincture of tolu, Tincture of catechu, compound tincture of benzoin.

Why imbibition is necessary before packing of the drug into the percolator?

Description : Why imbibition is necessary before packing of the drug into the percolator?

Last Answer : . Imbibition is done in order to: i. It allow the swelling of tissue of drug before packing. ii .It is imbibed for uniform packing in percolator. iii. It allows the entrapped air to escape. iv. Quantity of menstrum required can be reduced.

Name various Novel drug Delivery systems.

Description : Name various Novel drug Delivery systems.

Last Answer : 1. Implants 2. Liposome drug carriers 3. Nanoparticles 4. Prodrugs 5. Films and strips 6. Resealed Erythrocytes etc.

Discuss novel drug delivery system.

Description : Discuss novel drug delivery system.

Last Answer : New drug delivery system delivers or aimed at maximizing the drug effectiveness or minimizing the side effects. Some of the Novel dosage forms are: 1) Implants 2) Controlled drug delivery system 3) Sustained ... these days are I. Zero order release film. II. Buccal Stip. III. Spray bandages.

Differentiate between Active and Passive Immunity along with examples.

Description : Differentiate between Active and Passive Immunity along with examples. 

Last Answer : Active Immunity Passive Immunity  1) Antigens are injected in the human body as result antibodies are formed. 2) it develops slowly 3) it remains for longer time 4) the treatment is ... therapeutic 5) immunological memory is absent 6) Useful for immune-deficient host 7) Ex: Sera

Write the qualities of an ideal filter aids. Give examples of filter aid.

Description : Write the qualities of an ideal filter aids. Give examples of filter aid.

Last Answer : Ideal qualities of filter aid: i. It should be remain suspended in the liquid. ii. It should be free from impurities. iii. It should be inert. iv. It should have a particle size distribution ... ii. Cellulose. iii. Carbon. iv. Diatomaceous earth (silica). v.Perlite. vi.Activated Charcoal

Explain the objectives of mixing. Explain the different types of mixtures.

Description : Explain the objectives of mixing. Explain the different types of mixtures. 

Last Answer : Objective of mixing 1) To form a uniform mixture. 2)To promote chemical reaction to get uniform product 3) Help in formation of suspension/paste 4) Help in mixing of water and oil .e.g. emulsion. ... not have tendency to mix but once mix, don't separate after mixing. E.g. ointment, paste, cream.

What are the different types of distillation?

Description : What are the different types of distillation? 

Last Answer : Following are the different types of distillation: 1) Simple distillation 2) Distillation under reduced pressure 3) Fractional distillation 4) Steam distillation 5) Destructive distillation

What are different types of vaccines? Write method of preparation of small pox vaccine.

Description : What are different types of vaccines? Write method of preparation of small pox vaccine.

Last Answer : There are 4 main types of vaccines: Live-attenuated vaccines Inactivated vaccines Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines Toxoid vaccines Small pox vaccine ... to produce homogenized suspension. ↓ Transfer to suitable sterile container and freeze dried

Mention different types of closures. Comment on materials used for making closures.

Description : Mention different types of closures. Comment on materials used for making closures.

Last Answer : Types of closures with examples:  1. Plug type. 2. Crown cap. 3. Push-fit cap. 4. Screw closures. Materials used in pharmaceutical closures:   1) Rubber Cork is obtained ... the construction of closure meant for vials, transfusion fluid bottles. Rubber, two types natural or synthetic, 

Define pharmaceutical container. Give qualities of an ideal container.

Description : Define pharmaceutical container. Give qualities of an ideal container.

Last Answer : Definition: Pharmaceutical container  A device that holds the drug and it may or may not be in direct contact with the pharmaceutical dosage form or preparations. Qualities of an ideal container:  1 ... and temperature. 7. Labelled easily 8. Non-toxic. 9. Closure easily removable/replaceable.

Define aseptic techniques. What are the various sources of contamination?

Description : Define aseptic techniques. What are the various sources of contamination?

Last Answer : Definition: Aseptic technique  The method which is used to prevent the access of microorganism during the preparation of parenteral product and their testing are called Aseptic Technique Sources of ... are also a source of contamination. A handkerchief is the richest source of contamination. 

Define drying. Give application of drying in pharmacy.

Description : Define drying. Give application of drying in pharmacy.

Last Answer : Definition:  Drying: It is defined as final removal of liquid from solid by vaporization with aid of heat. Application:  1) In pharmaceutical industry it is used as a unit process in the ... of product, when powder is dried it gets solublised fast. 7) Drying ensures free flowing of powders.

Define Pharmacopoeia. List official books used in India.

Description : Define Pharmacopoeia. List official books used in India. 

Last Answer : Defination: Pharmakon means a drug and poeia means to make . Pharmacopoeia is defined as a compressive book which is issued under the authority of government and contains a list of drug ...  v) International Pharmacopeia  vi) Japanese Pharmacopoeia (J.P.)  vii) Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia 

Define ‘menstruum’ and state three ideal qualities of a menstruum.

Description : Define ‘menstruum’ and state three ideal qualities of a menstruum.

Last Answer : Menstruum :- Solvent used to extract the drug.  Ideal properties of menstruum: i) Cheap. ii) Non-toxic. iii) Stable chemically and physically. iv) Selective i.e. remove the desired active constituents with minimum amount of inert materials.

Define ‘slurry’ and ‘filter cake’.

Description : Define ‘slurry’ and ‘filter cake’.

Last Answer : i) Slurry: Mixture of insoluble substances suspended in a liquid and intended to filter before use.   ii) Filter cake: The solid which gets collected on the filter is called as filter cake.

Define desiccation with two example of Desiccants and draw a diagram of “ Desiccator”

Description : Define desiccation with two example of Desiccants and draw a diagram of “ Desiccator”

Last Answer : Definition: Desiccation is the process of complete removal of mechanically admixed water from substances. Examples of desiccants:  Silica, activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, and molecular sieves. Diagram: