Explain working of surge absorber with neat diagram.

Explain working of surge absorber with neat diagram.
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Answer :

Surge Absorber: Voltage transients or surges on the power system may originate from switching or lightning. These surges set up traveling waves in the transmission lines. These traveling waves may reach the terminals of expensive equipment in power system and may cause damage to it.

This amount of damage caused by surges not only depends upon the amplitude of the surge but also upon the steepness of its wavefront. The steeper the wavefront of the surge, the more the damage caused to the equipment. To reduce the steepness of the wavefront of a surge generally, surge absorbers are used.

A surge absorber is a protective device, which reduces the steepness of wavefront of a surge by absorbing surge energy.

Some popular types of surge absorber used in power system are as under: 1. Condenser or capacitor surge absorber. 2. Inductor and resistance surge absorber. 3. Ferranti surge absorber.

Condenser or Capacitor Surge Absorber: A condenser connected between the line and earth can act as a surge absorber. In Figure, a capacitor is used as surge absorber to protect the transformer winding.

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Since the reactance of a condenser is inversely proportional to frequency, it will be low at high frequency and high at low frequency. The surges are of high frequency, therefore, the capacitor acts as a short circuit and passes them directly to earth. However, for power frequency, the reactance of the capacitor is very high and practically no current flows to the ground.


Inductor and Resistance Surge Absorber: This type of surge absorber consists of a parallel combination of choke and resistance connected in series with the line.

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The choke offers high reactance to high frequencies (XL = 2 π f L). The surges have high frequencies therefore, are forced to flow through the resistance R where the surge energy is dissipated.

Ferranti Surge Absorber: It consists of an air cored inductor connected in series with the line. The inductor is surrounded by but insulated from an earthed metallic cylinder called dissipator. This arrangement is equivalent to a transformer with short-circuited secondary.

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The inductor acts as the primary of transformer whereas the dissipator as the shortcircuited secondary. The energy of the surge is consumed in the dissipator in form of heat due to transformer action. Generally, it is used for the protection of transformers.

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