Define The term Clarification. Write the working of filter candle with neat diagram.

1 Answer

Answer :

Clarification:- 

When solids are present in a very small proportion i.e. not exceeding 1.0 % the process of its separation from liquid, is called clarification.


Working :-  

1) These are ceramic filters & are made of porcelain or kieselghur.

2) The candle is placed in the solution be filtered.

3) When vacuum is applied, the liquid will pass through the thick wall of the candle & gets collected inside the candle from where it is removed.

Diagram :


image

Related questions

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of filter candle. Give its working and disadvantages.

Last Answer : Diagram : Working  : The filter candle is placed in a vessel containing the liquid to be filtered. When vacuum is applied, the pressure inside the candle is decreased. Due to ... Disadvantages   1. Chance of clogging/blocking. 2. Traces of material may come in the solution.

Description : Explain working,construction of filter leaf with neat diagram. 

Last Answer : Construction of filter leaf   It consists of metal frame enclosing a wire screen or a grooved plate. The screen is covered by filter cloth which is fitted in frame, to grip the cloth. The frame ... . The cake can be washed by immersing in a vessel containing water or reverse flow of air

Description : Draw well labelled diagram of filter candle.

Last Answer : diagram of filter candle.

Description : Explain construction and working of filter candle.

Last Answer : Construction: These are cylindrical candles with an opening, The opening is connected to vacuum pump for reducing pressure under it, durin filtration process. The candles are made up of ... thick wall of the candle & gets collected inside the candle from where it is removed. 

Description : Differentiate between filtration and clarification. Enlist various filter media used in Pharmacy.

Last Answer : Sr. no. Filtration Clarification 1 It is process of removal of solids or suspended matter in a liquid or gas by passing through a porous medium in which solids are retained. ... wool iv) Asbestos v) Fine muslin vi) Filter cloth vii) Membrane filters viii) Sintered glass filters.

Description : Write the working of filter press with well labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Working:  1. The slurry is pumped in under positive pressure up to 20 bar and fill each frame. 2. The filtrate passes through the cloths on opposite sides of the frame and runs down between the ... 6. Thickness of cake can be varied by using frame of different thickness. Diagram: 

Description : Discuss working of ball mill with neat diagram. 

Last Answer : Working: The drug to be ground is put into the cylinder of the mill and is rotated. The speed of the rotation is very different. At low speed, the mass of balls will slide or roll over each other and ... and passed through a sieve to get powder of the required size. Ball mill diagram:   

Description : Describe the construction and working of evaporating pan with neat diagram.

Last Answer : Construction:  i. It consists of a hemispherical pan made from copper or stainless steel and surrounded by a steam jacket. ii. Hemispherical shape provides large surface area for evaporation. iii. ... . iv. After evaporation remove the product from product outlet. Diagram:

Description : Give principle construction and working of hammer mill with neat diagram.

Last Answer : PRINCIPLE: Impact CONSTRUCTION: It consists of a stout metal casing enclosing to which four or more swinging hammer are attached. The lower part of the casing consists of a screen , through which ... are not fixed . The mill can produce coarse to moderately fine powder. DIAGRAM:

Description : Explain working of fluid energy mill with a neat diagram.

Last Answer : Working:  1. The material which is to be size reduced is fed in the grinding chamber from the bottom through the feed inlet. 2. The air or inert gas is introduced with a very high pressure through ... particle size to the order of 100# and then passed through fluid energy mill. Diagram:   

Description : Differentiate filtration and clarification. Enlist the different factors affecting the rate of filtration.

Last Answer : Sr.No. Filtration Clarification 1 It is the separation of an insoluble solid from a fluid or gas by means of a porous medium that retain the solid but allow the fluid to pass. ... be filtered. 6. Particle size: 7. Pore size of filter medium: 8. Nature of solid material:

Description : What is difference between filtration and clarification

Last Answer : Filtration Clarification Filtration may be defined or separation of a solid from fluid by means of by means of porous medium that retain the solid but allows fluid to pass. When ... the collection of filter cake.  Intention of Clarification may be the collection of filtrate.

Description : Draw a neat labelled diagram showing steam distillation at laboratory scale

Last Answer : labelled diagram showing steam distillation at laboratory scale

Description : Explain any four factors affecting filtration. Draw a well labelled diagram of leaf filter.

Last Answer : Factors which affect the rate of filtration are:   1. Pressure: The rate of filtration of liquid is directly proportional to the pressure difference between the filter medium and filter cake. Thus, the ... cake increases which decreases the rate of filtration.  Diagram of leaf filter :

Description : Explain with a neat sketch the working of the apparatus used for distillation on laboratory scale. 

Last Answer : There are two apparatus used for distillation on laboratory scale. 1. Simple apparatus. 2. Still apparatus. Simple apparatus: Working: 1. Water is filled in the round bottom flask. ... level device is fitted in such a way that only heated water free from gases enters the boiler. 

Description : Explain the construction and working of ‘Meta Filter’.

Last Answer : Construction: i. It consists of grooved, drainage rod on which a number of metallic ring are packed. ii. The rings are usually of stainless steel and have 0.8 mm outer thickness, 15 mm inside ... pack of ring act as a base on which the fine filtration medium is supported Diagram: 

Description : Explain the construction and working of filter press.

Last Answer : Construction: It consists of alternative plate and frame mounted on two parallel support bars. The pressure can be applied through screw thread so that the plate and frame are rigidly fixed between ... Thickness of cake can be varied by using frame of different thickness. Diagram:

Description : Define ‘slurry’ and ‘filter cake’.

Last Answer : i) Slurry: Mixture of insoluble substances suspended in a liquid and intended to filter before use.   ii) Filter cake: The solid which gets collected on the filter is called as filter cake.

Description : Write the qualities of an ideal filter aids. Give examples of filter aid.

Last Answer : Ideal qualities of filter aid: i. It should be remain suspended in the liquid. ii. It should be free from impurities. iii. It should be inert. iv. It should have a particle size distribution ... ii. Cellulose. iii. Carbon. iv. Diatomaceous earth (silica). v.Perlite. vi.Activated Charcoal

Description : Explain principle and working of fluid energy mill with a diagram.

Last Answer : Principle  It works on the principle of impact and attrition. Working: The air or inert gas is introduced with a very high pressure through nozzles. Solids are introduced into air stream through inlet. ... 100 mesh and then passed through fluid energy mill. Diagram of fluid energy mill :

Description : Give principal and working of silverson homogenizer with labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Principal:   These work on the principal of braking large globules in to small globules by passing them under pressure through a narrow orifice. Working:   The emulsified head is placed in the vessel ... blades. So a fine emulsion is produced which is then expelled out. Diagram :

Description : Describe working of FBD with well labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Working of FBD  Two types of FBD are used in pharmaceutical industry. There are: 1. Vertical FBD 2. Horizontal FBD The fluidising air stream is induced by a fan which is mounted in the upper part of ... from 5 kg to 200 kg with an average drying time of about 20- 40 min. Diagram:

Description : Explain construction and working of cyclone separator with a well labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Construction:   It consists of cylindrical vessel with a conical base. In upper part of vessel is fitted with a tangential inlet and fluid outlet. At the base it is fitted with solid outlet. ... solids are thrown out to the wall and fall to the conical base for discharge. Diagram  

Description : Explain the working of ball mill with a well labeled diagram and give any two advantages

Last Answer : Working:   The drug to be ground is put into the cylinder of the mill and is rotated. The speed of the rotation is very different. At low speed, the mass of balls will slide or roll over each other ... for batch as well as continuous grinding vi)can be used for dry as well as wet grinding.

Description : Define the term ‘Closures’. Write in detail about different types of closures commonly used in pharmaceutical industry.

Last Answer : CLOSURES are devices by means of which containers can be opened and closed. TYPES OF CLOSURES WITH EXAMPLES: 1. Plug type - It is a push-fit into the neck of the container. E.g. cork ... and paper impregnated with a suitable resin, wax or plastic. E.g. Caps of pharmaceutical liquid dosage forms.

Description : Define desiccation with two example of Desiccants and draw a diagram of “ Desiccator”

Last Answer : Definition: Desiccation is the process of complete removal of mechanically admixed water from substances. Examples of desiccants:  Silica, activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, and molecular sieves. Diagram:

Description : Define container and closure. Draw a well labelled diagram of Aerosol container. 

Last Answer : Definition: Container is a device that holds the drug and it may or may not be in direct contact with the pharmaceutical preparations. Closure is the device by means of which container can be opened and closed. Diagram of aerosol container:

Description : Explain the method of hot percolation process with well labelled diagram and write its limitations.

Last Answer : Diagram: Procedure :  1) The menstrum is placed in a round bottom flask. 2) The drug to be extracted is packed in a filter paper and placed in the body ... is unsuitable for drugs having thermolabile active constituents such as enzymes, alkaloids, anthraquinone derivatives, esters, etc.

Description : Explain with the help of a neat sketch one of the evaporators covered under the group of natural circulation evaporators.

Last Answer : Natural circulation evaporators: The movement of liquid takes place as a result of convection current set up by heating process. Ex. evaporating pan, evaporating still, and short tube evaporator.  1. Evaporating ... area for evaporation. It consist of product outlet at bottom. Diagram:

Description : List qualities of an ideal filter aid and state any two example of it.

Last Answer : Ideal qualities of filter aid:  i. It should be remain suspended in the liquid. ii. It should be free from impurities. iii. It should be inert. iv. It should have a particle size distribution suitable ... i. Asbestos. ii. Cellulose. iii. Carbon. iv. Diatomaceous earth (silica). v. Perlite.

Description : Enlist the different filter medium used for filtration.

Last Answer : i) Filter paper. ii) Cotton wool. iii) Glass wool. iv) Asbestos. v) Fine muslin. vii)FilterMembranefilter. viii)Sintered glass filter. 

Description : What are filter aid. What should be qualities of filter aid?

Last Answer : Filter Aid: These are the substance which reduces the resistance of filtrate to flow. Ideal qualities of filter aid:  i. It should be remain suspended in the liquid. ii. It should be free ... suitable for retention of solid. v. It should have structure that permits formation of porous cake. 

Description : Name the commonly used filter aids.

Last Answer : Commonly used filter aids are as follows: 1) Cellulose 2) Asbestos 3) Carbon 4) Diatomaceous earth 5) Perlite

Description : Enlist the ideal qualities of Filter aids.

Last Answer : Ideal qualities of filter aid:It should remain suspended in the liquid. 1. It should be free from impurities. 2. It should be inert. 3. It should have a particle size distribution suitable for retention of solid. 4. It should have structure that permits formation of porous cake.

Description : Define the term “phagocytosis and antibodies”.

Last Answer : Phagocytosis is the process of ingestion of bacteria by certain cells of the body ,which make them harmless.  Antibodies are immunoglobulin produced mainly in the body in response to the presence of foreign proteins and certain other material in tissues(antigens).

Description : Define the term “Pharmacopoeia.” 

Last Answer : Pharmacopoeia: Pharmakon means a drug and poein means to make . Pharmacopoeia is defined as a compressive book which is issued under the authority of government and contains a list of drug ... with description and the tests for those substances and the standards to which they must confirm.

Description : Define the term vaccine. Discuss the method of preparation of small pox vaccine using animals

Last Answer : Definition:   Vaccines are antigenic preparations which stimulate antibody formation and producing immunity. Small pox vaccine is prepared by two methods 1) By using animals 2) By using Eggs ... Filling sealing and storage: filled in final container under aseptic condition and freeze drying. 

Description : Write the principle, construction, working and uses of the disintegrator.

Last Answer : Principle: The Disintegrator works on the principle of impact.  Construction:  The Disintegrator consists of steel drum having a shaft in the centre. The shaft contains a disc, on which four beaters are ... Use:   This mill is used to powder all types of drugs including very hard drugs.

Description : Define ‘Homogenisation’. Write the principle of homogenisation. Write in detail about ‘Colloidal Mill’.

Last Answer : Homogenization is the process of preparing fine emulsion from a coarse emulsion by converting the large globules in to small globules. Principle: These work on the principal of braking large ... thus reduced to fine particle size The material is thrown outward due to centrifugal action

Description : Define ‘Viscosity’. Write the applications in Pharmacy.

Last Answer : Defination of Viscosity: It is the property of liquid to resistance to flow. Applications of Viscosity in Pharmacy: i.Viscosity plays an important role in the stability of emulsions ... certain liquid preparations is increased in order to improve pourability or to make preparation more palatable.

Description : Define Menstrum and Marc. Write the advantages of alcohol as menstrum.

Last Answer : Menstrum :-Solvent used to extract the drug. Marc:-The drug residue which remains behind after extraction. Advantages of alcohol as menstrum   i) The mould and bacteria cannot grow ... is required to concentrate the alcoholic preparations. v) It dissolves selective active ingredients of drugs.

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of aerosol container and give its advantages and disadvantages.

Last Answer : Diagram of aerosol container Advantages:   1. Medicament can be delivered directly to affected areas. 2. Absence of air prevents oxidation. 3. Hydrolysis of medicament prevented ... on injured skin. 4. Difficulties occurred during formulation when drug not soluble in propellants.

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of Vacuum still and describe its theory.

Last Answer : Theory :-  Liquid boils at lower temperature when pressure on the surface of the liquid is reduced. Therefore, when distillation is carried out under reduced pressure the rate of distillation increases. ... boiling point 100 ºc, at atmospheric pressure (760 mm of Hg ). Diagram: 

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of aerosol container and state method of aerosol packaging. 

Last Answer : Diagram of aerosol container : Depending on the nature of the product concentrate the aerosol can be filed by cold filling or pressure filling process  1) Cold-filling fill process:- ... air present in the container must be expelled before filing the contents in to the aerosol container.

Description : Draw well labelled diagram of “triple roller mill”.

Last Answer : diagram of “triple roller mill”.

Description : Draw a labelled diagram of double cone blender

Last Answer : diagram of double cone blender

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of ‘Soxhlet apparatus.’ Mention the various limitations of continuous hot percolation process. 

Last Answer : Limitation: 1. Physical character of the drug: If the drug would block the soxhlet apparatus then this process cannot be used for extraction. Eg opium. Gum, resin, ... for drugs having thermolabile active constituents such as enzymes, alkaloids, anthraquinone derivatives, esters, etc. 

Description : Name different methods of size separation. Explain any one with labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Different methods of size separation are:  1 Sieving 2 Cyclone separator 3 Air separator 4 Elutriation SIEVING: Diagram: Construction: In this method fine powder is separated from ... tank is used to separate the coarse and fine particles of powder after levigation Diagram:

Description : Draw a labelled diagram of apparatus used for continuous hot extraction process. Mention limitations of the process.

Last Answer : Diagram: Limitations: process cannot be used in following conditions.  Physical character of the drug: Drugs which may block the apparatus such as opium, gums, resins, etc cannot ... process. Chemical constituents: Unsuitable for thermolabile drugs, such as enzymes, alkaloids, etc

Description : With a well labeled diagram explain the construction of Autoclave.

Last Answer : Construction: It consists of a strong metallic chamber usually made of stainless steel.  It has a cover fitted with a steam vent, pressure gauze and a safety valve. Rubber gasket is ... inner chamber is place on the stand. The material to be sterilized is loosely packed into it.