State the formula for acceleration due to gravity at depth ‘d’ and altitude ‘h’ Hence show that their ratio is equal to ((R - d)/(R - 2h))

State the formula for acceleration due to gravity at depth ‘d’ and altitude ‘h’ Hence show that their ratio is equal to ((R - d)/(R - 2h))
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State the formula for acceleration due to gravity at depth d' and altitude h' Hence show that ... small as compared to the radius of the Earth.
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Show that acceleration due to gravity at height h above the Earth’s surface is gh = g(R/R + h)^2

Description : Show that acceleration due to gravity at height h above the Earth’s surface is gh = g(R/R + h)^2

Last Answer : Show that acceleration due to gravity at height h above the Earth’s surface is gh = g \(\left(\frac{R}{R + h}\right)^2\) gh = g(R/R + h)2

Obtain the formula for acceleration due to gravity at the depth ‘d’ below the Earth’s surface.

Description : Obtain the formula for acceleration due to gravity at the depth ‘d’ below the Earth’s surface.

Last Answer : Obtain the formula for acceleration due to gravity at the depth ‘d’ below the Earth’s surface.

Draw a graph showing the variation of gravitational acceleration due to the depth and altitude from the Earth’s surface.

Description : Draw a graph showing the variation of gravitational acceleration due to the depth and altitude from the Earth’s surface.

Last Answer : Draw a graph showing the variation of gravitational acceleration due to the depth and altitude from the Earth’s surface.

What is the variation in acceleration due to gravity with altitude?

Description : What is the variation in acceleration due to gravity with altitude?

Last Answer : What is the variation in acceleration due to gravity with altitude?

A hydrogen filled balloon rises in air because (a) The atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude (b) The acceleration due to gravity decreases with altitude (c) The density of air decreases with altitude (d) The buoyant force exerted by the air on the balloon is greater than the weight of the balloon

Description : A hydrogen filled balloon rises in air because (a) The atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude (b) The acceleration due to gravity decreases with altitude (c) The density of air decreases with ... The buoyant force exerted by the air on the balloon is greater than the weight of the balloon

Last Answer : Ans:(d)

Critical speed of rotation, N (in rps - rotation per second) of a trammel is equal to (where, g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec 2 and, r = radius of trammel, metre.) (A) (1/2π). √(g/r) (B) (1/π). √(g/r) (C) ½ √(g/r) (D) 2π. √(g/r)

Description : Critical speed of rotation, N (in rps - rotation per second) of a trammel is equal to (where, g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec 2 and, r = radius of trammel, metre.) (A) (1/2π). √(g/r) (B) (1/π). √(g/r) (C) ½ √(g/r) (D) 2π. √(g/r)

Last Answer : (A) (1/2π). √(g/r)

The critical radius 'r' of insulation on a pipe is given by (A) r = 2k/h (B) r = k/h (C) r = k/2h (D) r = h/k

Description : The critical radius 'r' of insulation on a pipe is given by (A) r = 2k/h (B) r = k/h (C) r = k/2h (D) r = h/k

Last Answer : (B) r = k/h

A vertical wall is subjected to a pressure due to one kind of liquid, on one of its sides. The total pressure on the wall acts at a distance __________ from the liquid surface. (A) H/3 (B) H/2 (C) 2H/3 (D) 3H/4

Description : A vertical wall is subjected to a pressure due to one kind of liquid, on one of its sides. The total pressure on the wall acts at a distance __________ from the liquid surface. (A) H/3 (B) H/2 (C) 2H/3 (D) 3H/4

Last Answer : Answer: Option C

Two planets have the same density of matter, such that their masses are proportional to the cube of their radii. The ratio of their acceleration due to gravity on their surfaces is (a) r2/r1 (b) (r1/r2)2 (c) r1/r2 (d) (r2/r1)2

Description : Two planets have the same density of matter, such that their masses are proportional to the cube of their radii. The ratio of their acceleration due to gravity on their surfaces is (a) r2/r1 (b) (r1/r2)2 (c) r1/r2 (d) (r2/r1)2

Last Answer : Ans:(d) Direction: In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed by corresponding Reason (R), just below it. Read the statements carefully and mark the correct answer: (a) If both A and ... true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) If A is true but R is false

Calculate the acceleration due to gravity at a height of 300 km from the surface of the Earth. (M = 5.98 × 10^24 kg, R = 6400 km).

Description : Calculate the acceleration due to gravity at a height of 300 km from the surface of the Earth. (M = 5.98 × 10^24 kg, R = 6400 km).

Last Answer : Calculate the acceleration due to gravity at a height of 300 km from the surface of the Earth. (M = 5.98 × 1024 kg, R = 6400 km).

If V is speed of a moving vehicle, r is radius of the curve, g is the acceleration due to gravity, W is the width of the carriageway, the super elevation is (A) WV/gr (B) W²V/gr (C) WV²/gr (D) WV/gr²

Description : If V is speed of a moving vehicle, r is radius of the curve, g is the acceleration due to gravity, W is the width of the carriageway, the super elevation is (A) WV/gr (B) W²V/gr (C) WV²/gr (D) WV/gr²

Last Answer : Answer: Option C

People living at sea level have around 5 million RBC per cubic millimeter of their blood whereas those living at an altitude to 5400 metres have around 8 million. This is because at high altitude (a) people eat more nutritive food, therefore more RBCs are formed (b) people get pollution-free air to breath and more oxygen is available (c) atmospheric O2 level is less and hence more RBCs are needed to absorb the required amount of O2 to survive (d) there is more UV radiation which enhances RBC production.

Description : People living at sea level have around 5 million RBC per cubic millimeter of their blood whereas those living at an altitude to 5400 metres have around 8 million. This is because at high altitude ... required amount of O2 to survive (d) there is more UV radiation which enhances RBC production.

Last Answer : (c) atmospheric O2 level is less and hence more RBCs are needed to absorb the required amount of O2 to survive

How far away from the surface of the Earth does the acceleration due to gravity become ½ of its value at the surface of Earth? It is at a (a) Distance equal to radius (b) Distance equal to half the radius (c) Distance equal to twice the radius (d) Distance equal to 0.414 times the radius

Description : How far away from the surface of the Earth does the acceleration due to gravity become ½ of its value at the surface of Earth? It is at a (a) Distance equal to radius (b) Distance equal to half the radius (c) Distance equal to twice the radius (d) Distance equal to 0.414 times the radius

Last Answer : Ans:(d)

The acceleration due to gravity at the equator – (1) is less than that at the poles (2) is greater than that at the poles (3) is equal to that at the poles (4) does not depend on the earth's centripetal acceleration

Description : The acceleration due to gravity at the equator – (1) is less than that at the poles (2) is greater than that at the poles (3) is equal to that at the poles (4) does not depend on the earth's centripetal acceleration

Last Answer : (1) is less than that at the poles Explanation: The gravity of Earth, denoted g, refers to the acceleration that the Earth imparts to objects on or near its surface. At latitudes nearer the Equator ... ) causes objects at the Equator to be farther from the planet's centre than objects at the poles.

The sensation of weightlessness in a spacecraft in an orbit is due to the – (1) Absence of gravity outside (2) Acceleration in the orbit which is equal to the acceleration due to gravity outside (3) Presence of gravity outside but not inside the spacecraft (4) Fact that spacecraft in the orbit has no energy

Description : The sensation of weightlessness in a spacecraft in an orbit is due to the - (1) Absence of gravity outside (2) Acceleration in the orbit which is equal to the acceleration due to gravity outside ... of gravity outside but not inside the spacecraft (4) Fact that spacecraft in the orbit has no energy

Last Answer : (2) Acceleration in the orbit which is equal to the acceleration due to gravity outside Explanation: Weightlessness in space is caused by the simple physical factors that cause the limitation of gravity. ... . Many people believe that a lack of gravity is the root cause for weightlessness in space.

The sensation of weightlessness in a spacecraft in an orbit is due to the – (1) Absence of gravity outside (2) Acceleration in the orbit which is equal to the acceleration due to gravity outside (3) Presence of gravity outside but not inside the spacecraft (4) Fact that spacecraft in the orbit has no energy

Description : The sensation of weightlessness in a spacecraft in an orbit is due to the - (1) Absence of gravity outside (2) Acceleration in the orbit which is equal to the acceleration due to gravity outside ... of gravity outside but not inside the spacecraft (4) Fact that spacecraft in the orbit has no energy

Last Answer : (2) Acceleration in the orbit which is equal to the acceleration due to gravity outside Explanation: Weightlessness in space is caused by the simple physical factors that cause the limitation of gravity. ... . Many people believe that a lack of gravity is the root cause for weightlessness in space.

The sensation of weightlessness in a spacecraft in an orbit is due to the (1) absence of gravity outside (2) acceleration in the orbit which is equal to the acceleration due to gravity outside (3) presence of gravity outside but not inside the spacecraft (4) fact that spacecraft in the orbit has no energy

Description : The sensation of weightlessness in a spacecraft in an orbit is due to the (1) absence of gravity outside (2) acceleration in the orbit which is equal to the acceleration due to gravity outside (3 ... of gravity outside but not inside the spacecraft (4) fact that spacecraft in the orbit has no energy

Last Answer :  acceleration in the orbit which is equal to the acceleration due to gravity outside

The acceleration due to gravity at the equator (1) is less than that at the poles (2) is greater than that at the poles (3) is equal to that at the poles (4) does not depend on the earth’s centripetal acceleration

Description : The acceleration due to gravity at the equator (1) is less than that at the poles (2) is greater than that at the poles (3) is equal to that at the poles (4) does not depend on the earth’s centripetal acceleration 

Last Answer : is less than that at the poles

Identify the products in the following disproportional reaction and also mention rate determining step. `2H-overset(D)overset(|)(C)=O + overset(@)(O)H

Description : Identify the products in the following disproportional reaction and also mention rate determining step. `2H-overset(D)overset(|)(C)=O + overset(@)(O)H

Last Answer : Identify the products in the following disproportional reaction and also mention rate determining step. `2H-overset ... ")+underset("(Q)")("Alcohol")`

Identify the products in the following disproportional reaction and also mention rate determining step. `2H-overset(D)overset(|)(C)=O + overset(@)(O)H

Description : Identify the products in the following disproportional reaction and also mention rate determining step. `2H-overset(D)overset(|)(C)=O + overset(@)(O)H

Last Answer : Identify the products in the following disproportional reaction and also mention rate determining step. `2H-overset ... ")+underset("(Q)")("Alcohol")`

According to Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom, the angular momentum of the electron in the fourth orbit is given by (a) h/2p (b) 4h/p (c) h/p (d) 2h/p

Description : According to Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom, the angular momentum of the electron in the fourth orbit is given by (a) h/2p (b) 4h/p (c) h/p (d) 2h/p

Last Answer : Ans:(d)

The magnetic energy of a magnetic material is given by a) BH/2 b) B/2H c) H/2B d) B/H

Description : The magnetic energy of a magnetic material is given by a) BH/2 b) B/2H c) H/2B d) B/H

Last Answer : a) BH/2

The equation of a parabolic arch of span and rise , is given by (A) y = h/l² × (1 - x) (B) y = 2h/l² × (1 - x) (C) y = 3h/l² × (1 - x) (D) y = 4h/l² × (1 - x)

Description : The equation of a parabolic arch of span and rise , is given by  (A) y = h/l² × (1 - x)  (B) y = 2h/l² × (1 - x)  (C) y = 3h/l² × (1 - x)  (D) y = 4h/l² × (1 - x) 

Last Answer : (D) y = 4h/l² × (1 - x) 

An isolated load W is acting at a distance a from the left hand support, of a three hinged arch of span 2l and rise h hinged at the crown, the horizontal reaction at the support, is (A) Wa/h (B) Wa/2h(C) 2W/ha(D) 2h/W

Description : An isolated load W is acting at a distance a from the left hand support, of a three hinged arch of  span 2l and rise h hinged at the crown, the horizontal reaction at the support, is  (A) Wa/h  (B) Wa/2h (C) 2W/ha (D) 2h/W

Last Answer : (B) Wa/2h

Total pressure on the vertical face of a retaining wall of height h acts parallel to free surface and from the base at a distance of (A) h/4 (B) h/3 (C) h/2 (D) 2h/3

Description : Total pressure on the vertical face of a retaining wall of height h acts parallel to free surface and from the base at a distance of (A) h/4 (B) h/3 (C) h/2 (D) 2h/3

Last Answer : Answer: Option B

A recursive function h, is defined as follows: h(m)=k, if m=0 = 1, if m=1 = 2h(m-1) + 4h(m-2), if m≥2 If the value of h(4) is 88 then the value of k is: (1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) -1

Description : A recursive function h, is defined as follows: h(m)=k, if m=0  = 1, if m=1 = 2h(m-1) + 4h(m-2), if m≥2 If the value of h(4) is 88 then the value of k is: (1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) -1

Last Answer : (3) 2 

What is the name and chemical formula of the main product formed by heating baking soda. (a) sodium carbonate,Na 2 CO 3 (b) Bleaching powder ,CaOCl 2 (c) sodium chloride,Na Cl (d)Plaster of paris ,CaSO 4 .I/2H 2 O

Description : What is the name and chemical formula of the main product formed by heating baking soda. (a) sodium carbonate,Na 2 CO 3 (b) Bleaching powder ,CaOCl 2 (c) sodium chloride,Na Cl (d)Plaster of paris ,CaSO 4 .I/2H 2 O

Last Answer : (a) sodium carbonate,Na 2 CO 3

The chemical formula for hydrated copper sulphate is – (a) CuSo4.2H 2 O (b) CuSo4.6H 2 O (c) CuSO 4 .4H 2 O (d) CuSO 4 .5H 2 O

Description : The chemical formula for hydrated copper sulphate is – (a) CuSo4.2H 2 O (b) CuSo4.6H 2 O (c) CuSO 4 .4H 2 O (d) CuSO 4 .5H 2 O

Last Answer : (d) CuSO 4 .5H 2 O

The depth of centre of pressure (h) for a vertically immersed surface from the liquid surface is given by (where IG = Moment of inertia of the immersed surface about horizontal axis through its centre of gravity, A = Area of immersed surface, and x = Depth of centre of gravity of the immersed surface from the liquid surface) (A) (IG/ ) - (B) (IG/ ) - (C) ( /IG) + (D) (IG/ ) +

Description : The depth of centre of pressure (h) for a vertically immersed surface from the liquid surface is given by (where IG = Moment of inertia of the immersed surface about horizontal axis through its centre of gravity, A = Area of immersed surface, ... (IG/ ) - (B) (IG/ ) - (C) ( /IG) + (D) (IG/ ) +

Last Answer : Answer: Option D

Pick out the wrong statement. (A) Aromatics have higher specific gravity than paraffins (B) Gross calorific value (GCV) of petrofuels is equal to (12400 - 2100 ρ 2 ) where, ρ is the specific gravity of the fuel at 15.5°C (C) Heavier petrofuels have higher GCV on weight basis (i.e., Kcal/kg) but lower GCV on volume basis (i.e., Kcal/litre) (D) Higher specific gravity of petrofuels means higher C/H ratio

Description : Pick out the wrong statement. (A) Aromatics have higher specific gravity than paraffins (B) Gross calorific value (GCV) of petrofuels is equal to (12400 - 2100 ρ 2 ) where, ρ is the specific gravity ... volume basis (i.e., Kcal/litre) (D) Higher specific gravity of petrofuels means higher C/H ratio

Last Answer : (C) Heavier petrofuels have higher GCV on weight basis (i.e., Kcal/kg) but lower GCV on volume basis (i.e., Kcal/litre)

Assertion (A) :Sunlight reaches us without dispersion in the form of white light and not as a component. Reason(R) : Dispersion takes place due to variation of refractive index for different wavelength but in vaccum the speed of light is independent of wavelength and hence vaccum is a non- dispersive medium (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true.

Description : Assertion (A) :Sunlight reaches us without dispersion in the form of white light and not as a component. Reason(R) : Dispersion takes place due to variation of refractive index for different wavelength but in vaccum the speed of ... of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true.

Last Answer : (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Find the volume of cone of radius r/2 and height ‘2h’. -Maths 9th

Description : Find the volume of cone of radius r/2 and height ‘2h’. -Maths 9th

Last Answer : Volume of cone = 1 / 3π × (r / 2)2 × 2h = 1 / 3π × r2 / 4 × 2h = 1 / 6 πr2h cu. units.

Find the volume of cone of radius r/2 and height ‘2h’. -Maths 9th

Description : Find the volume of cone of radius r/2 and height ‘2h’. -Maths 9th

Last Answer : Volume of cone = 1 / 3π × (r / 2)2 × 2h = 1 / 3π × r2 / 4 × 2h = 1 / 6 πr2h cu. units.

Frame the formula: The lateral surface area of a cylinder S is equal to twice the product of `pi`, radius (r) and height (h) of the cylinder.

Description : Frame the formula: The lateral surface area of a cylinder S is equal to twice the product of `pi`, radius (r) and height (h) of the cylinder.

Last Answer : Frame the formula: The lateral surface area of a cylinder S is equal to twice the product of `pi`, radius (r) ... `S=pirh` C. `2S=pirh` D. `S=2pirh`

if seve times the curved surface area (A) of a cylinder is equal to 44 times the proudct of base radius (r) and height (h) then what si the formula wi

Description : if seve times the curved surface area (A) of a cylinder is equal to 44 times the proudct of base radius (r) and height (h) then what si the formula wi

Last Answer : if seve times the curved surface area (A) of a cylinder is equal to 44 times the proudct of base ... (h) then what si the formula with subject A?

State the factors on which acceleration due to gravity depends. -Science

Description : State the factors on which acceleration due to gravity depends. -Science

Last Answer : The acceleration due to gravity depends upon the radius of the earth,mass of the earth and on a constant having unit Nm^2/kg^2.

Prove that the length of the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal, hence show that the centre lies on the bisector of the angle between the two tangents? -SST 10th

Description : Prove that the length of the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal, hence show that the centre lies on the bisector of the angle between the two tangents? -SST 10th

Last Answer : Given: PT and TQ are two tangent drawn from an external point T to the circle C (O, r). To prove: 1. PT = TQ 2. ∠OTP = ∠OTQ Construction: Join OT. Proof: We know that, a tangent to ... point to a circle are equal. ∠OTP = ∠OTQ, ∴ Centre lies on the bisector of the angle between the two tangents.

According to Rankine's formula, the minimum depth of foundation (A) h = (P/W) [(1 - sin )/(1 + sin )]² (B) h = (w/P) [(1 - sin )/(1 + sin )]² (C) h = (P/w) [(1 - sin )/(1 + tan )]² (D) h = (P/w) [(1 - tan )/(1 + tan )]²

Description : According to Rankine's formula, the minimum depth of foundation (A) h = (P/W) [(1 - sin )/(1 + sin )]² (B) h = (w/P) [(1 - sin )/(1 + sin )]² (C) h = (P/w) [(1 - sin )/(1 + tan )]² (D) h = (P/w) [(1 - tan )/(1 + tan )]²

Last Answer : Answer: Option A

raft increases with increase in forward speed for most of the implement, mainly due to a) More rapid acceleration of any soil particles that is moved appreciably b) More working width c) Increased working depth d) Draft decreases with increase in speed of implement

Description : raft increases with increase in forward speed for most of the implement, mainly due to a) More rapid acceleration of any soil particles that is moved appreciably b) More working width c) Increased working depth d) Draft decreases with increase in speed of implement

Last Answer : a) More rapid acceleration of any soil particles that is moved appreciably

the acceleration of gravity is a constant equal to _______ meters per second squared. -General Knowledge

Description : the acceleration of gravity is a constant equal to _______ meters per second squared. -General Knowledge

Last Answer : The acceleration of gravity is a constant equal to 9.8 meters per second squared.

A force applied to a rocket gives it an upward acceleration equal to 2 times the acceleration of gravity. The magnitude of the force is equal to: w) the weight of the rocket x) twice the weight of the rocket y) three times the weight of the rocket z) four times the weight of the rocket

Description : A force applied to a rocket gives it an upward acceleration equal to 2 times the acceleration of gravity. The magnitude of the force is equal to: w) the weight of the rocket x) twice the weight of the rocket y) three times the weight of the rocket z) four times the weight of the rocket

Last Answer : ANSWER: Y -- THREE TIMES THE WEIGHT OF THE ROCKET

The value of acceleration due to gravity is 980 cm/sec2. Its value in meter per (hour)2 will be a.1.27 x 108 b.127 c.1270 d.1.27 x 107 e.1270000

Description : The value of acceleration due to gravity is 980 cm/sec2. Its value in meter per (hour)2 will be a.1.27 x 108 b.127 c.1270 d.1.27 x 107 e.1270000

Last Answer : a. 1.27 x 108

At what distance below the surface of the Earth, the acceleration due to gravity decreases by 10% of its value at the surface,

Description : At what distance below the surface of the Earth, the acceleration due to gravity decreases by 10% of its value at the surface,

Last Answer : At what distance below the surface of the Earth, the acceleration due to gravity decreases by 10% of ... surface, given radius of Earth is 6400 km.

The value of acceleration due to gravity is maximum at

Description : The value of acceleration due to gravity is maximum at

Last Answer : The value of acceleration due to gravity is maximum at (A) the equator of the Earth (B) the ... . (D) slightly above the surface of the Earth.

The acceleration due to gravity is determined by using a simple pendulum of length l = (100 ± 0.1) cm. If its time period is T = (2 ± 0.01)

Description : The acceleration due to gravity is determined by using a simple pendulum of length l = (100 ± 0.1) cm. If its time period is T = (2 ± 0.01)

Last Answer : The acceleration due to gravity is determined by using a simple pendulum of length l = (100 ... the maximum percentage error in the measurement of g.

When your mass is 96 kg. The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 ms 2 . How much work against gravity do you do when you climb a flight of stairs 3.8 m high Answer in units of J.?

Description : When your mass is 96 kg. The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 ms 2 . How much work against gravity do you do when you climb a flight of stairs 3.8 m high Answer in units of J.?

Last Answer : 4

What is the acceleration due to gravity?

Description : What is the acceleration due to gravity?

Last Answer : It's the best way to describe the gravity in any given place. Notice that itdoesn't depend on the object that's being weighed there. Naturally, objectswith more mass will be heavier, and objects with less mass ... On Earth, that number is 9.8 meters (32.2 feet) per second2 .It is just mass then.

At high altitudes it is difficult to cook eggs or vegetables properly because of (a) High boiling point of water and low atmospheric pressure (b) Low boiling point of water and low atmospheric pressure (c) Low value of acceleration due to gravity (d) High atmospheric pressure and low billing point of water

Description : At high altitudes it is difficult to cook eggs or vegetables properly because of (a) High boiling point of water and low atmospheric pressure (b) Low boiling point of water and low atmospheric ... Low value of acceleration due to gravity (d) High atmospheric pressure and low billing point of water

Last Answer : Ans:(b)

An artificial satellite stays in the orbit around the Earth because (a) The Earth’s gravity does not act on the satellite due to the great distance between them (b) The Earth’s attraction produces the necessary centripetal acceleration (c) The Earth’s attraction is balanced by the attraction of other planets (d) There is an engine in the satellite that constantly applies an upward force to balance its weight

Description : An artificial satellite stays in the orbit around the Earth because (a) The Earth's gravity does not act on the satellite due to the great distance between them (b) The Earth's attraction ... (d) There is an engine in the satellite that constantly applies an upward force to balance its weight

Last Answer : Ans:(b)

If we want to calculate the pressure of a liquid at the bottom of a vessel, the quantity which is not required to determine it, is – (1) Height of the liquid column (2) Surface area of the bottom of the vessel (3) Density of the liquid (4) Acceleration due to gravity at the bottom of the vessel

Description : If we want to calculate the pressure of a liquid at the bottom of a vessel, the quantity which is not required to determine it, is – (1) Height of the liquid column (2) Surface area of the bottom of the vessel (3) Density of the liquid (4) Acceleration due to gravity at the bottom of the vessel

Last Answer : (2) Surface area of the bottom of the vessel Explanation: The pressure exerted by a static fluid depends only upon the depth of the fluid, the density of the fluid, and the acceleration of gravity. Static fluid pressure does not depend on the shape, total mass, or surface area of the liquid.