(a) Reflex actions
An Immediate and involuntary responses to a stimulus is called reflex actions. For example quick pulling of hand just after touching the hot object
(b) Renal failure
Renal failure is the complete or partial failure of kidney to work .The main causes of renal failure is Long term infection ,Diabetes ,high pressure, Kidney stone ,Hardening of arteries .Dialyzer and kidney transplant are the treatment of renal failure
(c) Dialysis
Cleaning of blood by artificial method is called dialysis it is done by by a machine called dialyzer. The blood of patients is passed through the dialyzer which contains dialysis fluid. Blood flows through the tubes of the dialyzer and dialysis fluid flows around these tubes. The waste material moves from blood to the dialysis fluid