Explain waterfall process model. State its advantages and disadvantages.

Explain waterfall process model. State its advantages and disadvantages.
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The waterfall model is a traditional method, sometimes called the classic life cycle. This is one of the initial models. As the figure implies stages are cascaded and shall be developed one after the other. It suggests a systematic, sequential approach to software development that begins with customer specification of requirements and progresses through, communication, planning, modeling construction and deployment. In other words, one stage should be completed before the other begins. Hence, when all the requirements are elicited by the customer, analyzed for completeness and consistency, documented as per requirements, the development and design activities commence. One of the main needs of this model is the user ‘s explicit prescription of complete requirements at the start of development. For developers it is useful to layout what they need to do at the initial stages. Its simplicity makes it easy to explain to customers who may not be aware of software development process. It makes explicit with intermediate products to begin at every stage of development. One of the biggest limitations is it does not reflect the way code is really developed. Problem is well understood but software is developed with great deal of iteration. Often this is a solution to a problem which was not solved earlier and hence software developers shall have extensive experience to develop such application; as neither the user nor the developers are aware of the key factors affecting the desired outcome and the time needed. Hence at times the software development process may remain uncontrolled. Today software work is fast paced and subject to a never-ending stream of changes in features, functions and information content. Waterfall model is inappropriate for such work. This model is useful in situation where the requirements are fixed and work proceeds to completion in a linear manner. 

Advantages of waterfall model: 1. This model is simple and easy to understand and use. 2. It is easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model – each phase has specific deliverables and a review process. 3. In this model phases are processed and completed one at a time. Phases do not overlap. 4. Waterfall model works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well understood.

Disadvantages of waterfall model: 1. Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very difficult to go back and change something that was not well-thought out in the concept stage. 2. No working software is produced until late during the life cycle. 3. High amounts of risk and uncertainty. 4. Not a good model for complex and object-oriented projects. 5. Poor model for long and ongoing projects. 6. Not suitable for the projects where requirements are at a moderate to high risk of changing.

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