What serves as a standard of comparison to evaluate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.?

What serves as a standard of comparison to evaluate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.?
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There cannot be one since the answer depends on the form inwhich the effect is measured: whether the effect is qualitative orquantitative.There are various non-parametric measures of correlation orconcordance. For data that are more quantitative there are morepowerful tests such as the F-test for independent Normaldistributions.
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