What are the Mechanical and chemical barriers the inflammatory response and the immune response?

What are the Mechanical and chemical barriers the inflammatory response and the immune response?
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The neurohormonal arm of the stress response is well defined. Less is known about the inflammatory arm mediated primarily by cytokines. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning this arm of the surgical stress response? a. Cytokines primarily work locally via direct cell-to-cell communication b. Cytokines are never detectable in the systemic bloodstream c. Cytokines are produced only by immune cells attracted to the site of injury d. Cytokine release may stimulate the release of other cytokines leading to an important cascade of events

Description : The neurohormonal arm of the stress response is well defined. Less is known about the inflammatory arm mediated primarily by cytokines. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true ... Cytokine release may stimulate the release of other cytokines leading to an important cascade of events

Last Answer : Answer: a, d Cytokines, which are produced at the site of injury by endothelial cells and by diverse immune cells throughout the body, also occupy a pivotal position in the stress response ... act as hormones and spill over into the systemic circulation and become detectable in the bloodstream

Which of the following immune responses is responsible for rejection of kidney graft? (a) Cell-mediated immune response (b) Auto-immune response (c) Humoral immune response (d) Inflammatory immune response

Description : Which of the following immune responses is responsible for rejection of kidney graft? (a) Cell-mediated immune response (b) Auto-immune response (c) Humoral immune response (d) Inflammatory immune response

Last Answer : (a) Cell-mediated immune response

The figure shows a human blood cell. Identify it and give its characteristics. Blood cell Characteristics (a) Basophil Secretes serotonin, inflammatory response (b) B-lymphocyte Forms about 20% of blood cells involved in immune response (c) Neutrophil Most abundant blood cells, phagocytic (d) Monocyte Lifespan of 3 days, produces antibodies

Description : The figure shows a human blood cell. Identify it and give its characteristics. Blood cell Characteristics (a) Basophil Secretes serotonin, inflammatory response (b) B-lymphocyte Forms about 20% of ... Most abundant blood cells, phagocytic (d) Monocyte Lifespan of 3 days, produces antibodies

Last Answer : (a) Basophil Secretes serotonin, inflammatory response

What are some of the mechanical and chemical barriers to infection?

Description : What are some of the mechanical and chemical barriers to infection?

Last Answer : Mechanical barriers include skin and mucous membranes. The mucous membranes in the respiratory passageways are lined with ciliated epithelium. The cilia continuously move particles trapped in the mucus in ... produced by virus-infected cells and some immune system cells, inhibiting viral growth.  

Why do people ice sprains, or, why do people counter the body's natural inflammatory response?

Description : Why do people ice sprains, or, why do people counter the body's natural inflammatory response?

Last Answer : (Relatedly: is it useful to ice after exercising? Why?)

What are the rarest of WBCs that release histamine and exaggerate the inflammatory response?

Description : What are the rarest of WBCs that release histamine and exaggerate the inflammatory response?

Last Answer : Need answer

How does the inflammatory response affect the kidney?

Description : How does the inflammatory response affect the kidney?

Last Answer : Need answer

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct concerning the immunoinflammatory response to shock? a. The anaphylactoxins, C3a and C5a, are products of activation of only the classical pathway of the compliment cascade b. Eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins are stored in platelets and endothelial cells and released in response to inflammatory stimuli c. Thromboxane and PGI2 have similar effects d. Platelet-activating factor can be released by both circulating and fixed tissue cells

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct concerning the immunoinflammatory response to shock? a. The anaphylactoxins, C3a and C5a, are products of activation of only the classical pathway ... effects d. Platelet-activating factor can be released by both circulating and fixed tissue cells

Last Answer : Answer: d Inflammatory mediators have recently been recognized as playing a significant role in the clinical manifestations and progression of shock and the development ... increased pulmonary vascular resistance, bronchoconstriction, peripheral vasodilatation, and increased vascular permeability

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning tumor necrosis factor (TNF)? a. TNF is a product of activated macrophages secreted in response to contact with endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide, antibody complexes, or inflammatory stimuli b. The liver and gut appear to be a major source of TNF following hypoperfusion c. Circulating levels of TNF correlate well with severity of tissue injury in shock d. Recently completed clinical trials of anti-TNF antibody in septic patients shows a marked improvement in survival

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning tumor necrosis factor (TNF)? a. TNF is a product of activated macrophages secreted in response to contact with endotoxin or ... completed clinical trials of anti-TNF antibody in septic patients shows a marked improvement in survival

Last Answer : Answer: a, b Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a protein product of activated macrophages, is secreted in response to contact with endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide, antibody complexes, or ... patients utilizing infusion of monoclonal antibodies to the TNF molecule have shown no overall survival benefit

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning metabolic derangements in sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome which may follow progressive shock? a. Alterations in glucose metabolism lead to the development of efficient substrate utilization b. A progressive rise in serum triglyceride levels result from less efficient clearance and increased hepatic lipogenesis c. A net negative nitrogen balance occurs due to the oxidative metabolism of proteins to meet energy needs d. The serum aromatic amino acids fall rapidly as they are actively used in oxidative metabolism

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning metabolic derangements in sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome which may follow progressive shock? a. Alterations in glucose ... The serum aromatic amino acids fall rapidly as they are actively used in oxidative metabolism

Last Answer : Answer: b, c A broad spectrum of metabolic abnormalities become apparent in sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome following shock. Disruption of the normal cycles of carbohydrate, ... acetyl coenzyme A. This results in reduced serum level of leucine, isoleucine and valine

Under certain circumstances, the gut may become a source of sepsis and serve as the motor of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Microbial translocation is the process by which microorganisms migrate across the mucosal barrier to invade the host. Which of the following mechanisms can promote bacterial translocation? a. An increased number of gut bacteria b. Altered intestinal mucosal permeability c. Decreased host defense mechanisms d. Lack of enteral feeding

Description : Under certain circumstances, the gut may become a source of sepsis and serve as the motor of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Microbial translocation is the process by which microorganisms ... intestinal mucosal permeability c. Decreased host defense mechanisms d. Lack of enteral feeding

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c, d 99 Translocation is promoted in three general ways: 1) altered permeability of the intestinal mucosa as caused by shock, sepsis, distant injury, or cell toxins; 2) ... trauma patient d. Fifty percent of non-nitrogen caloric requirements should be provided in the form of fat

In contrast to adult wound healing with scar formation, which of the following are characteristic of scarless fetal skin repair? A. Matrix rich in hyaluronic acid. B. Increased inflammatory response. C. Increased production of TGF-b. D. No collagen deposition. E. Minimal angiogenesis.

Description : In contrast to adult wound healing with scar formation, which of the following are characteristic of scarless fetal skin repair? A. Matrix rich in hyaluronic acid. B. Increased inflammatory response. C. Increased production of TGF-b. D. No collagen deposition. E. Minimal angiogenesis.

Last Answer : Answer: AE DISCUSSION: The ability of a fetus to heal without scar formation depends on its gestational age at the time of injury and the size of the wound defect. In ... repair has possible clinical applications in the modulation of adult fibrotic diseases and abnormal scar-forming conditions

Which of the following statements are true of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? A. The “two-hit” model proposes that secondary MODS may be produced when even a relatively minor second insult reactivates, in a more amplified form, the systemic inflammatory response that was primed by an initial insult to the host. B. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), shock due to sepsis or SIRS, and MODS may be regarded as a continuum of illness severity. C. Prolonged stimulation or activation of Kupffer cells in the liver is thought to be a critical factor in the sustained, uncontrolled release of inflammatory mediators. D. The incidence of MODS in intensive care units has decreased owing to increased awareness, prevention, and treatment of the syndrome.

Description : Which of the following statements are true of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? A. The two-hit model proposes that secondary MODS may be produced when even a relatively ... intensive care units has decreased owing to increased awareness, prevention, and treatment of the syndrome.

Last Answer : Answer: ABC DISCUSSION: MODS is part of a clinical continuum that begins with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which is the host's stress response to any major insult such ... pathogenesis of MODS, the incidence of MODS continues to increase without a significant improvement in outcome

In a patient of pulmonary tuberculosis, pyrazinamide is most active on the following subpopulation of tubercle bacilli: A. Rapidly multiplying bacilli located on cavity walls B. Slow growing bacilli within macrophages and at sites showing inflammatory response C. Intermittently multiplying bacilli within caseous material D. Dormant bacilli

Description : In a patient of pulmonary tuberculosis, pyrazinamide is most active on the following subpopulation of tubercle bacilli: A. Rapidly multiplying bacilli located on cavity walls B. Slow ... showing inflammatory response C. Intermittently multiplying bacilli within caseous material D. Dormant bacilli

Last Answer : B. Slow growing bacilli within macrophages and at sites showing inflammatory response

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary immune response?

Description : What is the difference between a primary and a secondary immune response?

Last Answer : A: A primary immune response occurs when the immune system is exposed to a pathogen for the first time, while a secondary immune response occurs when the immune system is exposed to a pathogen it has encountered before.

What will our immune system do in response of scarlet fever?

Description : What will our immune system do in response of scarlet fever?

Last Answer : Need answer

Immune response?

Description : Immune response?

Last Answer : DefinitionThe immune response is how your body recognizes and defends itself against bacteria, viruses, and substances that appear foreign and harmful.Alternative NamesInnate immunity; Humoral immunity; Cellular ... body's cells have proteins that are antigens. These include a group of antigens

What type of blood cells are involved in the immune response?

Description : What type of blood cells are involved in the immune response?

Last Answer : Lymphocytes

Antigens and haptens have the following similarity: (A) They have high molecular weights (B) They can elicit immune response by themselves (C) They can elicit an immune response only in association with some other large molecule (D) Once an immune response develops, free antigen and free hapten can be recognized by the antibody

Description : Antigens and haptens have the following similarity: (A) They have high molecular weights (B) They can elicit immune response by themselves (C) They can elicit an immune response only in association ... ) Once an immune response develops, free antigen and free hapten can be recognized by the antibody

Last Answer : Answer : D

All the following statements about haptens are true except (A) They have high molecular weights (B) They cannot elicit an immune response by themselves (C) When combined with some other large molecule, they can elicit an immune response (D) Once an immune response develops, the free hapten can be recognized by the antibody

Description : All the following statements about haptens are true except (A) They have high molecular weights (B) They cannot elicit an immune response by themselves (C) When combined with some other large ... response (D) Once an immune response develops, the free hapten can be recognized by the antibody

Last Answer : Answer : A

The initiation of a humoral immune response involves a complex interaction of the antigen, cells and intercellular messengers. Which of the following statement(s) concerning the initiation of the humoral immune response is/are correct? a. Helper T lymphocytes stimulate B lymphocytes through secretion of cytokines such as interleukin 4 and 6 b. A number of cells can aid in presenting the antigen to the helper T cell including B lymphocytes and macrophages c. All antigens require coordinated efforts of the various cellular components of the immune system d. An antigen must be a living microorganism

Description : The initiation of a humoral immune response involves a complex interaction of the antigen, cells and intercellular messengers. Which of the following statement(s) concerning the initiation of the ... various cellular components of the immune system d. An antigen must be a living microorganism

Last Answer : Answer: a, b Stimulation of the immune system occurs after a variety of antigen-presenting cells (B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells) act to engulf ... polysaccharides), most antigens require coordinated efforts of the various cellular components of the immune system

What is primary immune response ?

Description : What is primary immune response ?

Last Answer : First exposure to an antigen produces primary immune response.

What is secondary immune response ?

Description : What is secondary immune response ?

Last Answer : Secondary immune response occurs when second exposure to the same antigen occurs after weeks, months or after years.

Erythroblastosis fetalis and neonatal hemolytic anemia are caused by a maternal immune response to which fetal blood group antigen: A A. Rh B. P C. MN D. None of these

Description : Erythroblastosis fetalis and neonatal hemolytic anemia are caused by a maternal immune response to which fetal blood group antigen: A A. Rh B. P C. MN D. None of these

Last Answer : Rh

Which of the following is correct regarding AIDS causative agent HIV? (a) HIV is enveloped virus containing one molecule of single-stranded RNA and one molecule of reverse transcriptase. (b) HIV is enveloped virus that contains two identical molecules of single-stranded RNA and two molecules of reverse transcriptase. (c) HIV is unenveloped retrovirus. (d) HIV does not escape but attacks the acquired immune response

Description : Which of the following is correct regarding AIDS causative agent HIV? (a) HIV is enveloped virus containing one molecule of single-stranded RNA and one molecule of reverse transcriptase. (b) HIV ... ) HIV is unenveloped retrovirus. (d) HIV does not escape but attacks the acquired immune response

Last Answer : (d) HIV does not escape but attacks the acquired immune response.

Grafted kidney may be rejected in a patient due to (a) passive immune response (b) innate immune response (c) humoral immune response (d) cell-mediated immune response.

Description : Grafted kidney may be rejected in a patient due to (a) passive immune response (b) innate immune response (c) humoral immune response (d) cell-mediated immune response.

Last Answer : (d) cell-mediated immune response.

In higher vertebrates, the immune system can distinguish self-cells and non-self. If this property is lost due to genetic abnormality and it attacks self- cells, then it leads to (a) autoimmune disease (b) active immunity (c) allergic response (d) graft rejection.

Description : In higher vertebrates, the immune system can distinguish self-cells and non-self. If this property is lost due to genetic abnormality and it attacks self- cells, then it leads to (a) autoimmune disease (b) active immunity (c) allergic response (d) graft rejection.

Last Answer : (a) autoimmune disease

Transplantation of tissues/organs fails often due to non-acceptance by the patient’s body. Which type of immune response is responsible for such rejections? (a) Cell-mediated immune response (b) Hormonal immune response (c) Physiological immune response (d) Autoimmune response

Description : Transplantation of tissues/organs fails often due to non-acceptance by the patient’s body. Which type of immune response is responsible for such rejections? (a) Cell-mediated immune response (b) Hormonal immune response (c) Physiological immune response (d) Autoimmune response

Last Answer : (a) Cell-mediated immune response

Ig G: a. has a molecular weight of 150000 b. is the principal immunoglobulin in secondary immune response c. is the most common circulating immunoglobulins in the serum d. all above

Description : Ig G: a. has a molecular weight of 150000 b. is the principal immunoglobulin in secondary immune response c. is the most common circulating immunoglobulins in the serum d. all above

Last Answer : all above

Match the following columns and select the correct option. Column-I Column - II (A) Eosinophils (i) Immune response (B) Basophils (ii) Phagocytosis (C) Neutrophils (iii) Release histaminase, destructive enzymes (D) Lymphocytes (iv) Release granules containing histamine (A) (B) (C) (D) (a) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i) (b) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii) (c) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii) (d) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)

Description : Match the following columns and select the correct option. Column-I Column - II (A) Eosinophils (i) Immune response (B) Basophils (ii) Phagocytosis (C) Neutrophils (iii) Release histaminase, destructive enzymes (D) Lymphocytes (iv) ... (iii) (c) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii) (d) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)

Last Answer : (a) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)

____ becomes activated to eliminate "nonself" cells, such as virus- infected cells or cancer cells. a. Humoral immune response b. Cell-mediated immune response c. Complement d. Inflammation

Description : ____ becomes activated to eliminate "nonself" cells, such as virus- infected cells or cancer cells. a. Humoral immune response b. Cell-mediated immune response c. Complement d. Inflammation

Last Answer : b. Cell-mediated immune response

The term used to define the balance between the amount of HIV in the body and the immune response is a) viral set point The viral set point is the balance between the amount of HIV in the body and the immune response.

Description : The term used to define the balance between the amount of HIV in the body and the immune response is a) viral set point The viral set point is the balance between the amount of HIV in the ... rate The amount of virus in circulation and the number of infected cells equals the rate of viral clearance.

Last Answer : a) viral set point The viral set point is the balance between the amount of HIV in the body and the immune response.

During which stage of the immune response does the circulating lymphocyte containing the antigenic message return to the nearest lymph node? a) Proliferation Once in the node, the sensitized lymphocyte stimulates some of the resident dormant T and B lymphocytes to enlarge, divide, and proliferate.

Description : During which stage of the immune response does the circulating lymphocyte containing the antigenic message return to the nearest lymph node? a) Proliferation Once in the node, the sensitized lymphocyte ... cellular response reaches and couples with the antigen on the surface of the foreign invader.

Last Answer : a) Proliferation Once in the node, the sensitized lymphocyte stimulates some of the resident dormant T and B lymphocytes to enlarge, divide, and proliferate.

Proteins formed when cells are exposed to viral or foreign agents that are capable of activating other components of the immune system are referred to as a) interferons. Interferons are biologic response modifiers with nonspecific viricidal proteins.

Description : Proteins formed when cells are exposed to viral or foreign agents that are capable of activating other components of the immune system are referred to as a) interferons. Interferons are biologic ... series of enzymatic proteins in the serum that, when activated, destroy bacteria and other cells.

Last Answer : a) interferons. Interferons are biologic response modifiers with nonspecific viricidal proteins.

Which of the following terms refers to a form of white blood cell involved in immune response? a) Lymphocyte Both B and T lymphocytes respond to exposure to antigens. b) Granulocyte Granulocytes include basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils. c) Spherocyte A spherocyte is a red blood cell without central pallor, seen with hemolysis. d) Thrombocyte A thombocyte is a platelet.

Description : Which of the following terms refers to a form of white blood cell involved in immune response? a) Lymphocyte Both B and T lymphocytes respond to exposure to antigens. b) Granulocyte Granulocytes ... blood cell without central pallor, seen with hemolysis. d) Thrombocyte A thombocyte is a platelet.

Last Answer : a) Lymphocyte Both B and T lymphocytes respond to exposure to antigens.

Transplantation of tissues/organs fails often due to non-acceptance by the patient's body. Which type of immune-response is responsible for such rejections ? (1) Cell - mediated immune response (2) Hormonal immune response (3) Physiological immune response (4) Autoimmune response

Description : Transplantation of tissues/organs fails often due to non-acceptance by the patient's body. Which type of immune-response is responsible for such rejections ? (1) Cell - mediated immune response (2) Hormonal immune response (3) Physiological immune response (4) Autoimmune response

Last Answer : (1) Cell - mediated immune response

Study of individual's immune response to a certain disease is called as __________. a. Clinical pathology b. Surgical pathology c. Neuropathology d. Immunopathology

Description : Study of individual's immune response to a certain disease is called as __________. a. Clinical pathology b. Surgical pathology c. Neuropathology d. Immunopathology

Last Answer : d. Immunopathology

Which of the following statement(s) concerning the gut microflora is/are correct? a. Gut microflora evolves constantly throughout development b. The gut microflora can contribute to the physical and chemical barriers at the mucus membrane level c. Most of the microorganisms found in the oropharynx eventually pass into the intestine d. In the colon, anaerobic organisms outnumber aerobic organisms in a ratio in excess of 100:1

Description : Which of the following statement(s) concerning the gut microflora is/are correct? a. Gut microflora evolves constantly throughout development b. The gut microflora can contribute to the physical and ... the colon, anaerobic organisms outnumber aerobic organisms in a ratio in excess of 100:1

Last Answer : Answer: b, d The composition of the gut microflora is established in neonates after ingestion of microbes that are acquired during contamination from the birth canal and during initial feeding, and ... small number of aerobes are present, these microbes being outnumbered 100-300 to 1 by anaerobes

The first line of host defense is the barrier presented to the external environment. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning host barriers? a. Sebaceous glands secrete chemical compounds that maintain a relatively high pH, providing effective bacterial stasis b. Within the respiratory tract, ciliary function serves to extrude microorganisms trapped within the mucus secretion layer c. The low pH within the stomach markedly decreases bacterial content of the upper gastrointestinal tract d. Gut peristalsis serves to prevent microbial adherence and invasion

Description : The first line of host defense is the barrier presented to the external environment. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning host barriers? a. Sebaceous glands secrete ... of the upper gastrointestinal tract d. Gut peristalsis serves to prevent microbial adherence and invasion

Last Answer : Answer: b, c, d The skin, mucus membranes, and epithelial layers of various organs of the body constitute effective physical barriers against microbial invasion. In certain portions of the ... very low pH within the stomach and gut peristalsis both serve to prevent microbial adherence and invasion

Enrichment of uranium by gaseous diffusion relies on the fact that uranium-235 diffuses through holes in the barriers more readily than uranium-238 does because uranium-235 is: w) a different chemical compound. x) a different wavelength. y) resistant to magnetism. z) slightly lighter than uranium-238.

Description : Enrichment of uranium by gaseous diffusion relies on the fact that uranium-235 diffuses through holes in the barriers more readily than uranium-238 does because uranium-235 is: w) a different chemical ... x) a different wavelength. y) resistant to magnetism. z) slightly lighter than uranium-238.

Last Answer : ANSWER: Z -- SLIGHTLY LIGHTER THAN URANIUM-238.

What are the main physical trade barriers of Europe?

Description : What are the main physical trade barriers of Europe?

Last Answer : We dont give homework answers here but I would go with the specifics if I were you.

Do you have referrals for thermal barriers and other energy saving products?

Description : Do you have referrals for thermal barriers and other energy saving products?

Last Answer : Check out the green building council for green building tips, and for specific products EnergyStar is a great resource.

2. What was the reasons for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian government? Why did it wish to remove these barriers? -Economics 10th

Description : 2. What was the reasons for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian government? Why did it wish to remove these barriers? -Economics 10th

Last Answer : The main reason for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian government was to protect the interest earned by producers and small industrialists of our country from ... and removing these barriers would increase trade and quality of products produced in the country.

In her work each day, a courageous young woman often encounters cobras, vipers, stingrays, barracudas, eagles, cougars, impalas, rams, spiders, beetles, and on rare occasions, a panther. This woman has no fear of any of these as she walks around in the midst of them, never carrying a gun or a whip, and without being protected from them by iron bars or safety barriers of any kind. What is the occupation of this brave, young woman, and why does she have no fear when performing her job? -Riddles

Description : In her work each day, a courageous young woman often encounters cobras, vipers, stingrays, barracudas, eagles, cougars, impalas, rams, spiders, beetles, and on rare occasions, a panther. This woman has no ... of this brave, young woman, and why does she have no fear when performing her job? -Riddles

Last Answer : The young woman is a used-car saleswoman who encounters a wide variety of high and low end trade-ins at the dealership where she works. Incidentally, all of the models of the used cars ... last one mentioned, the Watercar panther, is an amphibious automobile which started to be produced in 2013.

What were the main reasons for imposing barriers in india? -SST 10th

Description : What were the main reasons for imposing barriers in india? -SST 10th

Last Answer : It was necessary to protect the producers from foreign competitions. India allowed imports only of essential items in order to give protection to domestic producers. To maintain or improve the quality of goods after independence

What were the major barriers to economic growth in Vietnam according to Bernard ? -SST 10th

Description : What were the major barriers to economic growth in Vietnam according to Bernard ? -SST 10th

Last Answer : (i) High population level. (ii) Low agricultural productivity. (iv) Extensive indebtedness amongst the peasants.

Why are trade barriers imposed on the foreign trade and investment in a country? -SST 10th

Description : Why are trade barriers imposed on the foreign trade and investment in a country? -SST 10th

Last Answer : Trade barriers are used by the governments - . To increase, decrease or regulate foreign trade. . To decide what kinds of goods and how much of each, should come into the country. . To protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.