Appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an example of

Appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an example of
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Appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an example of A. Adaptive radiation B. ... existing variating the population D. Divergent evolution
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How do antibiotic resistant bacteria resist antibiotics?

Description : How do antibiotic resistant bacteria resist antibiotics?

Last Answer : becomes resistant to antibiotics mostly by the misuse of antibiotics

What is break point concentration of an antibiotic ? (a) Concentration at which the antibiotic lyses the bacteria (b) Concentration of the antibiotic which demarks between sensitive and resistant bacteria (c) Concentration of the antibiotic which overcomes bacterial resistance (d) Concentration at which a bacteriostatic antibiotic becomes bactericidal

Description : What is break point concentration of an antibiotic ? (a) Concentration at which the antibiotic lyses the bacteria (b) Concentration of the antibiotic which demarks between sensitive ... which overcomes bacterial resistance (d) Concentration at which a bacteriostatic antibiotic becomes bactericidal

Last Answer : Ans: B

Widespread and prolonged used of an antibiotic leads to emergence of drug resistant strains because antibiotics (a) Induce mutation in the bacteria (b) Promote conjugation among bacteria (c) Allow resistant strains to propagate preferentially (d) All of the above

Description : Widespread and prolonged used of an antibiotic leads to emergence of drug resistant strains because antibiotics (a) Induce mutation in the bacteria (b) Promote conjugation among bacteria (c) Allow resistant strains to propagate preferentially (d) All of the above

Last Answer : Ans: C

A medium would involve the addition of the antibiotic methicillin to identify methicillin-resistant bacteria. a. differential b. selective c. thioglycollate d. VBNC

Description : A medium would involve the addition of the antibiotic methicillin to identify methicillin-resistant bacteria. a. differential b. selective c. thioglycollate d. VBNC

Last Answer : b. selective

What is break point concentration of an antibiotic: A. Concentration at which the antibiotic lyses the bacteria B. Concentration of the antibiotic which demarkates between sensitive and resistant bacteria C. Concentration of the antibiotic which overcomes bacterial resistance D. Concentration at which a bacteriostatic antibiotic becomes bactericida

Description : What is break point concentration of an antibiotic: A. Concentration at which the antibiotic lyses the bacteria B. Concentration of the antibiotic which demarkates between sensitive ... which overcomes bacterial resistance D. Concentration at which a bacteriostatic antibiotic becomes bactericida

Last Answer : . Concentration of the antibiotic which demarkates between sensitive and resistant bacteria

Widespread and prolonged use of an antibiotic leads to emergence of drug resistant strains because antibiotics: A. Induce mutation in the bacteria B. Promote conjugation among bacteria C. Allow resistant strains to propagate preferentially D. All of the above

Description : Widespread and prolonged use of an antibiotic leads to emergence of drug resistant strains because antibiotics: A. Induce mutation in the bacteria B. Promote conjugation among bacteria C. Allow resistant strains to propagate preferentially D. All of the above

Last Answer : C. Allow resistant strains to propagate preferentially

A premature neonate suffered respiratory distress and was given an antibiotic 100 mg/kg/day orally. Over the next two days his condition worsened, he become dull, stopped feeding, developed abdominal distention and an ashen gray appearance. Which is the most likely antibiotic given to him: A. Ampicillin B. Chloramphenicol C. Erythromycin D. Ciprofloxacin

Description : A premature neonate suffered respiratory distress and was given an antibiotic 100 mg/kg/day orally. Over the next two days his condition worsened, he become dull, stopped feeding, developed ... most likely antibiotic given to him: A. Ampicillin B. Chloramphenicol C. Erythromycin D. Ciprofloxacin

Last Answer : B. Chloramphenico

Can you please tell me more info into amyloid beta to be that could be used to treat antibiotic resistant super bugs?

Description : Can you please tell me more info into amyloid beta to be that could be used to treat antibiotic resistant super bugs?

Last Answer : December 11 11:pm was the episode. On CBC radio in the second half near the end of the episode.

Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside-like antibiotic indicated for the treatment of (a) Gram-negative bacillary septicemia (b) Tuberculosis (c) Penicillin-resistant gonococcal infections (d) Syphilis (e) Gram-negative meningitis due to susceptible organisms

Description : Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside-like antibiotic indicated for the treatment of (a) Gram-negative bacillary septicemia (b) Tuberculosis (c) Penicillin-resistant gonococcal infections (d) Syphilis (e) Gram-negative meningitis due to susceptible organisms

Last Answer : Ans: C

The Ames test is used toa. Identify Potential Human Carcinogens. b. Discover Auxotrophic Mutants. c. Find Pathogenic Bacterial Species. d. Identify Antibiotic Resistant Mutants.

Description : The Ames test is used to a. Identify Potential Human Carcinogens. b. Discover Auxotrophic Mutants. c. Find Pathogenic Bacterial Species. d. Identify Antibiotic Resistant Mutants.

Last Answer : a. Identify Potential Human Carcinogens.

The following strategy will promote rather than curb emergence of antibiotic resistant micro-organisms: A. Whenever possible use broad spectrum antibiotics B. Prefer a narrow spectrum antibiotic to a broad spectrum one if both are equally effective C. Prefer short and intensive courses of antibiotics D. Use antibiotic combinations for prolonged therapy

Description : The following strategy will promote rather than curb emergence of antibiotic resistant micro-organisms: A. Whenever possible use broad spectrum antibiotics B. Prefer a narrow spectrum ... Prefer short and intensive courses of antibiotics D. Use antibiotic combinations for prolonged therapy

Last Answer : A. Whenever possible use broad spectrum antibiotics

The first r- DNA was constructed by linking antibiotic resistant gene with

Description : 8. The first r- DNA was constructed by linking antibiotic resistant gene with the native plasmid of a) Escherihia coli b) Salmonella typhimurium c) Acetobacter aceti d) Bacillus thuringiensis

Last Answer : Salmonella typhimurium

Antibiotic resistance gene in bacteria -Biology

Description : Antibiotic resistance gene in bacteria -Biology

Last Answer : answer:

Gense representing traits of antibiotic resistance occur in bacteria over

Description : Gense representing traits of antibiotic resistance occur in bacteria over

Last Answer : Gense representing traits of antibiotic resistance occur in bacteria over A. Nucleoid B. Plasmid C. Mesosome D. Both B and C

The treatment of the following patient should include: a. Initial empiric therapy directed against both aerobes and anaerobes b. The addition of anti-fungal therapy in an elderly patient c. A minimum of two weeks of antibiotic therapy is indicated d. The addition of appropriate antibiotic therapy has made surgical therapy unnecessary in such cases e. Either a single agent or combination therapy is appropriate if the agents selected possess activity against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

Description : The treatment of the following patient should include: a. Initial empiric therapy directed against both aerobes and anaerobes b. The addition of anti-fungal therapy in an elderly patient ... therapy is appropriate if the agents selected possess activity against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

Last Answer : Answer: a, e The primary treatment for a perforated viscus is surgical, however antimicrobial therapy is an extremely important adjunct. Empiric antibiotic therapy for secondary ... whereas longer periods are indicated for immunosuppressed patients and with patients with extensive contamination

The following statement(s) is/are true concerning initial microbiologic diagnostic techniques. a. Appropriate expeditious transport of specimens to the microbiology laboratory is essential for obtaining accurate clinical information b. The use of potassium hydroxide in preparing a specimen slide for light microscopy will be useful in identification of anaerobic bacteria c. Antibiotic sensitivity is determined by exposing the specific microorganism to varying amounts of antibiotic with the concentration of the antibiotic inhibiting growth referred to as the MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) d. Serum levels of antimicrobial agents should achieve in excess of a 4-to 8-fold increase over the MIC to be considered clinically efficacious.

Description : The following statement(s) is/are true concerning initial microbiologic diagnostic techniques. a. Appropriate expeditious transport of specimens to the microbiology laboratory is essential for obtaining accurate ... a 4-to 8-fold increase over the MIC to be considered clinically efficacious.

Last Answer : Answer: a, c, d Because most surgical infections are polymicrobial, specimens should be cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, as well as fungi. Although aerobic and aerotolerant ... fold increase over MIC during the peak serum level have been demonstrated to be clinically efficacious

Superinfections are more common with (a) Use of narrow spectrum antibiotics (b) Short courses of antibiotics (c) Use of antibiotics that are completely absorbed from the small intestines (d) Use of antibiotic combinations covering both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Description : Superinfections are more common with (a) Use of narrow spectrum antibiotics (b) Short courses of antibiotics (c) Use of antibiotics that are completely absorbed from the small intestines (d) Use of antibiotic combinations covering both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Last Answer : Ans: D

An antibiotic is - (1) achemical synthesized by a human cell against a microorganism (2) a chemical synthesised by amicro-organism against another micro-organisms (3) a substance produced by blood cells against bacteria (4) a substance produced by blood cells against infection.

Description : An antibiotic is - (1) achemical synthesized by a human cell against a microorganism (2) a chemical synthesised by amicro-organism against another micro-organisms (3) a substance produced by blood cells against bacteria (4) a substance produced by blood cells against infection.

Last Answer : (2) a chemical synthesised by amicro-organism against another microorganisms Explanation: An antibacterial is an agent that inhibits bacterial growth or kills bacteria. The term is often used ... by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution.

What is an antibiotic? (1) A chemical compound produced by a living organism that inhibits the growth of other organisms (2) Acompound synthesised by a living organism that inhibits the growth of microbes (3) Asynthetic compound inhibiting the growth of other organisms (4) Asynthetic compound inhibiting the growth of bacteria

Description : What is an antibiotic? (1) A chemical compound produced by a living organism that inhibits the growth of other organisms (2) Acompound synthesised by a living organism that inhibits the ... compound inhibiting the growth of other organisms (4) Asynthetic compound inhibiting the growth of bacteria

Last Answer : (4) Asynthetic compound inhibiting the growth of bacteria Explanation: Antibiotics, also known as antimicrobial drugs, are drugs that fight infections caused by bacteria. Alexander Fleming discovered the ... (not produced by microorganisms) that can also kill or inhibit the growth of microbes.

Which one of the following pairs is incorrectly matched as to antibiotic and use? a. Penicillin-gram-positive bacteria b. Nystatin-fungi c. Tetracycline-viruses d. Griseofulvin-fungi

Description : Which one of the following pairs is incorrectly matched as to antibiotic and use? a. Penicillin-gram-positive bacteria b. Nystatin-fungi c. Tetracycline-viruses d. Griseofulvin-fungi

Last Answer : c. Tetracycline-viruses

The term antibiotic was coined by _________to refer to antimicrobial substances naturally derived from _______. a. Waksman; bacteria and fungi b. Domagk; other living organisms c. Fleming; fungi and bacteria d. Ehrlich; bacteria

Description : The term antibiotic was coined by _________to refer to antimicrobial substances naturally derived from _______. a. Waksman; bacteria and fungi b. Domagk; other living organisms c. Fleming; fungi and bacteria d. Ehrlich; bacteria

Last Answer : c. Fleming; fungi and bacteria

Prophylaxis antibiotic for anthrax is given to people with symptoms who have been in a defined “hot zone” for a period of a) 60 days. Those with symptoms who have been in the hot zone should be given 60 days of prophylactic antibiotic. The aim of prophylaxis is to assure that if spores were inhaled, bacteria will be killed immediately upon release from spores. Those who have symptoms of fever, cough, headache, chills, and especially evidence of mediastinal lymph node involvement should be treated with intravenous antibiotics and respiratory support, if needed.

Description : Prophylaxis antibiotic for anthrax is given to people with symptoms who have been in a defined hot zone for a period of a) 60 days. Those with symptoms who have been in the hot zone should ... . Those with symptoms who have been in the hot zone should be given 60 days of prophylactic antibiotic

Last Answer : a) 60 days. Those with symptoms who have been in the hot zone should be given 60 days of prophylactic antibiotic. The aim of prophylaxis is to assure that if spores were ... of mediastinal lymph node involvement should be treated with intravenous antibiotics and respiratory support, if needed.

The following is true of vancomycin except: A. It is a bactericidal antibiotic active primarily against gram positive bacteria B. It acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis C. It is an alternative to penicillin for enterococcal endocarditis D. It can cause deafness as a dose related toxicity

Description : The following is true of vancomycin except: A. It is a bactericidal antibiotic active primarily against gram positive bacteria B. It acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis C. It is an alternative to penicillin for enterococcal endocarditis D. It can cause deafness as a dose related toxicity

Last Answer : B. It acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis

The following antibiotic is highly active against anaerobic bacteria including Bacteroides fragilis: A. Ciprofloxacin B. Clarithromycin C. Clindamycin D. Tobramycin

Description : The following antibiotic is highly active against anaerobic bacteria including Bacteroides fragilis: A. Ciprofloxacin B. Clarithromycin C. Clindamycin D. Tobramycin

Last Answer : C. Clindamycin

Neomycin is widely used as a topical antibiotic because: A. It is active against a wide range of bacteria causing superfecial infections B. It rarely causes contact sensitization C. It is poorly absorbed from the topical sites of application D. All of the above are correct

Description : Neomycin is widely used as a topical antibiotic because: A. It is active against a wide range of bacteria causing superfecial infections B. It rarely causes contact sensitization C. It is poorly absorbed from the topical sites of application D. All of the above are correct

Last Answer : D. All of the above are correct

Superinfections are more common with: A. Use of narrow spectrum antibiotics B. Short courses of antibiotics C. Use of antibiotics that are completely absorbed from the small intestines D. Use of antibiotic combinations covering both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Description : Superinfections are more common with: A. Use of narrow spectrum antibiotics B. Short courses of antibiotics C. Use of antibiotics that are completely absorbed from the small intestines D. Use of antibiotic combinations covering both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Last Answer : D. Use of antibiotic combinations covering both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Acquisition of inducible energy dependent efflux proteins by bacteria serves to: A. Secrete exotoxins B. Enhance virulance C. Lyse host tissue D. Confer antibiotic resistance

Description : Acquisition of inducible energy dependent efflux proteins by bacteria serves to: A. Secrete exotoxins B. Enhance virulance C. Lyse host tissue D. Confer antibiotic resistance

Last Answer : D. Confer antibiotic resistance

An antibiotic is (1) a chemical synthesized by a human cell against a microorganism (2) a chemical synthesised by a micro-organism against another micro-organisms (3) a substance produced by blood cells against bacteria (4) a substance produced by blood cells against infection.

Description : An antibiotic is (1) a chemical synthesized by a human cell against a microorganism (2) a chemical synthesised by a micro-organism against another micro-organisms (3) a substance produced by blood cells against bacteria (4) a substance produced by blood cells against infection.

Last Answer : a chemical synthesised by a micro-organism against another micro-organisms

What is an antibiotic ? (1) A chemical compound produced by a living organism that inhibits the growth of other organisms (2) A compound synthesised by a living organism that inhibits the growth of microbes (3) A synthetic compound inhibiting the growth of other organisms (4) A synthetic compound inhibiting the growth of bacteria

Description : What is an antibiotic ? (1) A chemical compound produced by a living organism that inhibits the growth of other organisms (2) A compound synthesised by a living organism that inhibits the ... compound inhibiting the growth of other organisms (4) A synthetic compound inhibiting the growth of bacteria

Last Answer : A synthetic compound inhibiting the growth of bacteria

What are the best strategies to deal with the problem of multi-drug resistant bacteria?

Description : What are the best strategies to deal with the problem of multi-drug resistant bacteria?

Last Answer : Does keeping our levels of protein albumen at a certain level help?

Cyanide resistant respiration is characteristic of: (a) Viruses (b) Bacteria (c) Plants (d) Animals

Description : Cyanide resistant respiration is characteristic of: (a) Viruses (b) Bacteria (c) Plants (d) Animals

Last Answer : Ans. ((c))

If a necrotizing soft tissue infection is considered, therapy mandates: a. Empiric administration of antibiotics active against gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria b. Due to usually resistant species, penicillin is not indicated c. Immediate operative intervention and aggressive resection of all involved tissues is mandatory d. The use of hyperbaric oxygen has been demonstrated to be clearly advantageous

Description : If a necrotizing soft tissue infection is considered, therapy mandates: a. Empiric administration of antibiotics active against gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria b. Due to usually ... is mandatory d. The use of hyperbaric oxygen has been demonstrated to be clearly advantageous

Last Answer : Answer: a, c Identification of a necrotizing, soft tissue infection mandates immediate operative intervention with aggressive resection of all involved tissues and empiric ... remains without controlled trials demonstrating any additional benefits derived from hyperbaric oxygen therapy

The crops engineered for glyphosate are resistant/ tolerant to (a) insects (b) herbicides (c) fungi (d) bacteria.

Description : The crops engineered for glyphosate are resistant/ tolerant to (a) insects (b) herbicides (c) fungi (d) bacteria.

Last Answer : (b) herbicides

The main reason why antibodies could not solve all the problems of bacteria mediated disease is (a) decreased efficiency of the immune system (b) insensitivity of the individual following prolonged exposure to antibiotics (c) development of mutant strains resistant to antibodies (d) inactivation of antibiotics by bacterial enzymes.

Description : The main reason why antibodies could not solve all the problems of bacteria mediated disease is (a) decreased efficiency of the immune system (b) insensitivity of the individual ... development of mutant strains resistant to antibodies (d) inactivation of antibiotics by bacterial enzymes.

Last Answer : (c) development of mutant strains resistant to antibodies

Two major drawbacks to the use of ______ is allergies and beta- lactamases produced by resistant bacteria. a. Tetracyclineb. Penicillin c. Cephalosporin d. Bacitracin

Description : Two major drawbacks to the use of ______ is allergies and beta- lactamases produced by resistant bacteria. a. Tetracycline b. Penicillin c. Cephalosporin d. Bacitracin

Last Answer : b. Penicillin

The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans has been of interest to molecular biologists because a. it has the smallest known bacterial genome. b. it is a "living fossil" linking the Bacteria and Archaea. c. it has the largest known bacterial genome. d. it is very resistant to radiation damage.

Description : The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans has been of interest to molecular biologists because a. it has the smallest known bacterial genome. b. it is a "living fossil" linking the Bacteria and Archaea. c. it has the largest known bacterial genome. d. it is very resistant to radiation damage.

Last Answer : d. it is very resistant to radiation damage.

Which of the following bacteria lack a cell wall and are therefore resistant to penicillin? A- Cyanobacteria B- Mycoplasmas C- .Bdellovibrios D- .Spirochetes

Description : Which of the following bacteria lack a cell wall and are therefore resistant to penicillin? A- Cyanobacteria B- Mycoplasmas C- .Bdellovibrios D- .Spirochetes

Last Answer : Mycoplasmas

Which of the following bacteria lack a cell wall and are therefore resistant to penicillin? A- Cyanobacteria B- Mycoplasmas C- BdellovibriosD- Spirochetes

Description : Which of the following bacteria lack a cell wall and are therefore resistant to penicillin? A- Cyanobacteria B- Mycoplasmas C- Bdellovibrios D- Spirochetes

Last Answer : Mycoplasmas

Bacteria become erythromycin resistant by the following mechanisms except: A. Becoming less permeable to erythromycin B. Elaborating an erythromycin esterase enzyme C. Elaborating a ‘protection protein’ which blocks the erythromycin binding site D. Altering the ribosomal binding site through a methylase enzyme

Description : Bacteria become erythromycin resistant by the following mechanisms except: A. Becoming less permeable to erythromycin B. Elaborating an erythromycin esterase enzyme C. Elaborating a protection ... the erythromycin binding site D. Altering the ribosomal binding site through a methylase enzyme

Last Answer : C. Elaborating a ‘protection protein’ which blocks the erythromycin binding site

Choose the correct statement(s) about cefepime: A. It is a 4th generation cephalosporin B. It is active against many bacteria resistant to 3rd generation celphalosporins C. It is active by the oral route D. Both 'A' and 'B' are correct

Description : Choose the correct statement(s) about cefepime: A. It is a 4th generation cephalosporin B. It is active against many bacteria resistant to 3rd generation celphalosporins C. It is active by the oral route D. Both 'A' and 'B' are correct

Last Answer : D. Both 'A' and 'B' are correct

Ressmblance in the appearance of Monarch butterfly and Viceroy butterfly is an example of :

Description : Ressmblance in the appearance of Monarch butterfly and Viceroy butterfly is an example of :

Last Answer : Ressmblance in the appearance of Monarch butterfly and Viceroy butterfly is an example of : ... mimicry C. Camouflage D. Protective colouration

Close resemblance in appearance of Monarch butterfly and Queen butterfly is an example of :

Description : Close resemblance in appearance of Monarch butterfly and Queen butterfly is an example of :

Last Answer : Close resemblance in appearance of Monarch butterfly and Queen butterfly is an example of : ... mimicary C. Comouflage D. Protective colouration

In the case of peppered moth (Biston betularia) the black-coloured form became dominant over the light-coloured form in England during industrial revolution. This is an example of (a) appearance of the darker coloured individuals due to very poor sunlight (b) protective mimicry (c) inheritance of darker colour character acquired due to the darker environment (d) natural selection whereby the darker forms were selected.

Description : In the case of peppered moth (Biston betularia) the black-coloured form became dominant over the light-coloured form in England during industrial revolution. This is an example of (a) ... acquired due to the darker environment (d) natural selection whereby the darker forms were selected.

Last Answer : (d) natural selection whereby the darker forms were selected.

In your study of the fossil record of early mammals, you notice a changing environment is followed by the initial appearance of a tree-climbing species, which is then followed by many later tree-climbing species. This is an example of A) anagenesis. B) gradualism. C) species selection. D) adaptive radiation.

Description : In your study of the fossil record of early mammals, you notice a changing environment is followed by the initial appearance of a tree-climbing species, which is then followed by many later tree-climbing ... is an example of A) anagenesis. B) gradualism. C) species selection. D) adaptive radiation.

Last Answer : D) adaptive radiation.

The phosphorylation of an antibiotic is an example of which mechanism of resistance? a. Target modificationb. Reduced permeability c. Antibiotic inactivation d. Altered metabolic pathway

Description : The phosphorylation of an antibiotic is an example of which mechanism of resistance? a. Target modification b. Reduced permeability c. Antibiotic inactivation d. Altered metabolic pathway

Last Answer : c. Antibiotic inactivation

The given antibiotic is an example of ansamycins : (A) Roxythromycin (B) Adriamycin (C) Aureomycin (D) Rifamycin

Description : The given antibiotic is an example of ansamycins : (A) Roxythromycin (B) Adriamycin (C) Aureomycin (D) Rifamycin

Last Answer : (D) Rifamycin

A patient presents complaining of a stomach upset 48 hours after starting a course of antibiotic for oral infection, this is an example of, A. Type I allergic reaction B. Nervous disorder C. Side effect of the drug D. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction E. Pyloric stenosis

Description : A patient presents complaining of a stomach upset 48 hours after starting a course of antibiotic for oral infection, this is an example of, A. Type I allergic reaction B. Nervous disorder C. Side effect of the drug D. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction E. Pyloric stenosis

Last Answer : C. Side effect of the drug

___________ is an example of latent adverse drug reactions. a) Antibiotic-associated diarrhea b) Tardive dyskinesia c) Serum sickness d) Severe bronchoconstriction

Description : ___________ is an example of latent adverse drug reactions. a) Antibiotic-associated diarrhea b) Tardive dyskinesia c) Serum sickness d) Severe bronchoconstriction

Last Answer : D

Which of the following refer to correct example(s) of organisms which have evolved due to changes in environment brought about by anthropogenic action? (1) Darwin’s Finches of Galapagos islands. (2) Herbicide resistant weeds. (3) Drug resistant eukaryotes. (4) Man-created breeds of domesticated animals like dogs. (a) only (1) (b) (1) and (3) (c) (2), (3) and (4) (d) only (4)

Description : Which of the following refer to correct example(s) of organisms which have evolved due to changes in environment brought about by anthropogenic action? (1) Darwin's Finches of Galapagos islands. (2) Herbicide resistant weeds. (3) Drug ... ) (b) (1) and (3) (c) (2), (3) and (4) (d) only (4)

Last Answer : (c) (2), (3) and (4)