Description : Give principle, working and use of fluidized bed drier.
Last Answer : Principle: If a gas is allowed to flow upward through a bed of solid particle at a velocity greater than the settling velocity of the particle, particle partially suspended in the gas stream. The ... process for tablet preparation It is used in coating. Used for drying of filter cake.
Description : Write the applications of drying.
Last Answer : i. It is used in manufacturing of granules. ii. It reduces the bulk and weight of the material. iii. It helps in preservation of crude drug. iv. It helps in size reduction of crude drug. v. It is used in the drying of aluminium hydroxide. vi. It controls the moisture level in solids.
Description : Define ‘Viscosity’. Write the applications in Pharmacy.
Last Answer : Defination of Viscosity: It is the property of liquid to resistance to flow. Applications of Viscosity in Pharmacy: i.Viscosity plays an important role in the stability of emulsions ... certain liquid preparations is increased in order to improve pourability or to make preparation more palatable.
Description : Write the applications of simple distillation in pharmacy.
Last Answer : i.It is used for the preparation of distilled water and water for injection. ii. Preparation of many volatile oils and aromatic water. iii. Purification of organic solvent. iv. Preparation ... compound like spirit of aromatic spirit of ammonia. vi. To separate volatile and non-volatile solvents
Description : Write in brief about special applications of capsules.
Last Answer : Special applications of capsules: Applications of capsule: 1. Enteric coated capsule: These capsules do not disintegrate in stomach (Acidic Medium) but break up in intestine (Alkaline medium). ... gelatine commonly used Capsule punctured by using sterile needle and then instilled into the eyes
Description : Which of the following is not a continuous drier? (A) Drum drier (B) Spray drier (C) Tunnel drier (D) Tray drier
Last Answer : (D) Tray drier
Description : Give any two applications of simple distillation.Describe method of separation of two immiscible liquids.
Last Answer : Applications of simple distillation(0.5 2) 1) Preparation of distilled water and water for injection. 2)Recovery of alcohol in preparation of dry extracts 3)Many volatile oils and ... proportion The distillate can be collected in Florentine receiver for separation of oil & water.
Description : Give advantages, disadvantages and applications of sterilization by ionising radiation.
Last Answer : Advantages: The method is reliable and can be accurately controlled No degradation of media during sterilization, thus it can be used for thermally labile media Gamma rays have ... Bones and tissue transplant, plastic tubing, catheters and sutures. Sterilization of thermolabile medicaments.
Description : Write the official standards of powder.
Last Answer : i. Coarse powder: A powder of which all particles pass through sieve no 10 with nominal aperture size 1.7mm and not more than 40% pass through sieve no 44 with nominal aperture size 355um. ii. ... powder: A powder of which all particles pass through sieve no 120 with nominal aperture size 125 um.
Description : Write special application of capsule.
Last Answer : Applications of capsule: 1. Enteric coated capsule: These capsules do not disintegrate in stomach (Acidic Medium) but break up in intestine (Alkaline medium). On commercial scale, a coating ... gelatine commonly used Capsule punctured by using sterile needle and then instilled into the eye.
Description : Write the advantages and disadvantages of glass as a material for packaging. Merits of Glass container
Last Answer : Economical. Available in variety of sizes and shapes. Chemically inert, impermeable, strong and rigid. Does not deteriorate with age. Easy to label. Excellent barrier against light. ... easy to break. Heavy, Bulky to carry. Leaching and absorption of alkalis. Flak formation
Description : Write the working of filter press with well labelled diagram.
Last Answer : Working: 1. The slurry is pumped in under positive pressure up to 20 bar and fill each frame. 2. The filtrate passes through the cloths on opposite sides of the frame and runs down between the ... 6. Thickness of cake can be varied by using frame of different thickness. Diagram:
Description : Write the main objectives of mixing.
Last Answer : Objectives of mixing: i. To form uniform mixture. ii. To promote chemical reaction. iii. Dispersion of solid particles in liquid. iv. Dispersion of two immiscible liquids.
Description : Write advantages and disadvantages of plastic as a material for container and state its type.
Last Answer : Advantages: 1. Light in weight and can be handled easily. 2. Poor conductor of heat. 3. Sufficient mechanical strength. 4. Transported easily. 5. Unbreakable. 6. Available in various shapes ... (PVC) Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Polyester (PES) etc.
Description : Write reasons and remedies for “ Capping”
Last Answer : Reasons: Excessive fine. Defective punch and die. High speed of machine. Granules too dried. Remedies: Setting the die and punch properly. Reduce % of fine. Punches ... Maintain the desire moisture in granules. Maintain the speed at optimum. Regulate the pressure of punches.
Description : Define The term Clarification. Write the working of filter candle with neat diagram.
Last Answer : Clarification:- When solids are present in a very small proportion i.e. not exceeding 1.0 % the process of its separation from liquid, is called clarification. Working :- 1) These are ... the candle & gets collected inside the candle from where it is removed. Diagram :
Description : Write short note on any one i. BCG Vaccine : ii. Silverson mixer homogenizer:
Last Answer : 1. BCG vaccine: It is freeze- dried preparation containing live culture of the bacillus Calmette and Guerin strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Method of preparation : The bacilli are grown on a ... Use: Useful for the preparation of fine emulsion and suspension. Diagram:
Description : Write the principle, construction, working and uses of the disintegrator.
Last Answer : Principle: The Disintegrator works on the principle of impact. Construction: The Disintegrator consists of steel drum having a shaft in the centre. The shaft contains a disc, on which four beaters are ... Use: This mill is used to powder all types of drugs including very hard drugs.
Description : Define ‘Homogenisation’. Write the principle of homogenisation. Write in detail about ‘Colloidal Mill’.
Last Answer : Homogenization is the process of preparing fine emulsion from a coarse emulsion by converting the large globules in to small globules. Principle: These work on the principal of braking large ... thus reduced to fine particle size The material is thrown outward due to centrifugal action
Description : Why plastic containers are more commonly used now a days? Write its demerits.
Last Answer : Plastic containers are more commonly used now a days for following advantages: 1.They are light in weight and can be handled easily 2.They are poor conductor of heat . 3.They have sufficient ... solution. 5.They are relatively expensive. 6.Special type of gum or adhesive required for labelling.
Description : Write in brief about Mantous test.
Last Answer : A dose of 5 tuberculin units of old tuberculin or an equivalent dose of PPD is injected intradermally. After 48 to 72 hours the reaction of the test is observed at the site of the injection. ... than 5 mm is interpreted as a negative. The presence of erythema without induration is not significant.
Description : Write in detail about moist heat method of sterilization
Last Answer : Principle: The steam has more penetration power than dry heat and thermal capacity of steam is more than thermal capacity of dry heat. The method is useful for killing of bacterial spores. ... for powder or oils. It is not suitable for sterilization of plastic which melt at 1150C.
Description : Write the advantages & disadvantages of an evaporating pan
Last Answer : Advantages: It is simple and cheap to construction. Easy to clean and maintain. Economical. Disadvantages: Poor coefficient of heat transfer. Heating surface is ... concentration of thermolabile material. Evaporating pan is open so vapour cause discomfort to the worker.
Description : Write advantages and disadvantages of tablets.
Last Answer : Advantages of tablets: 1. Easy to administered. 2. Easy to dispense. 3. More stable. 4. Accuracy in dose. 5. Bitter and nauseous substance can be easily dispensed. 6. ... remove bitter and unpleasant taste. v) Swallowing is difficult especially for children and ill (unconscious) patients.
Description : Write the importance of particle size reduction in pharmacy.
Last Answer : Can be listed as follows: i) Increase the rate of solution. ii) Increase the rate of penetration of solvent. iii) It helps in uniform mixing of drugs. iv) It increases the rate of absorption. v) Smaller the particles slower the rate of sedimentation. Thus stable the suspension.
Description : Define the term ‘Closures’. Write in detail about different types of closures commonly used in pharmaceutical industry.
Last Answer : CLOSURES are devices by means of which containers can be opened and closed. TYPES OF CLOSURES WITH EXAMPLES: 1. Plug type - It is a push-fit into the neck of the container. E.g. cork ... and paper impregnated with a suitable resin, wax or plastic. E.g. Caps of pharmaceutical liquid dosage forms.
Description : Write the salient features of third edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia
Last Answer : Salient Features III Edition 1985: i. New analytical techniques such as flame photometry, Flurometry, have been introduced as official method for certain chemical analysis. ii. Dissolution test has ... the new drug which came into use after the publication of first addendum to third edition.
Description : Write importance of dosage form.
Last Answer : Transformation of drug into dosage forms is done for the following reasons: 1. To protect the drug substance from oxidation, hydrolysis and reduction. Eg. Coated tablets and sealed ampoules. ... . Many dosage forms can be easily identified from their distinct colour, shape or identifying markings.
Description : What are different types of vaccines? Write method of preparation of small pox vaccine.
Last Answer : There are 4 main types of vaccines: Live-attenuated vaccines Inactivated vaccines Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines Toxoid vaccines Small pox vaccine ... to produce homogenized suspension. ↓ Transfer to suitable sterile container and freeze dried
Description : Write the advantages and disadvantages of fluidised bed dryer.
Last Answer : Advantages: i. It give high drying rate. ii. Suitable for thermolabile material. iii. Drying takes place of individual particles. iv. Temperature can be controlled. v. Prevent the ... : i. Turbulence produces cause attrition of particles. ii. Movement can generate electrical charges.
Description : Write in detail about modified percolation process.
Last Answer : Modified Percolation: In percolation process for tinctures drug\ percolate (d/p) ratio is 1:4.The drug/percolate ratio is reduced to 1:3 by modifying percolation process. Thus saves lot of heat, ... evaporated and then mixed with main percolate. Final volume is made by adding more menstrum.
Description : Write the qualities of an ideal filter aids. Give examples of filter aid.
Last Answer : Ideal qualities of filter aid: i. It should be remain suspended in the liquid. ii. It should be free from impurities. iii. It should be inert. iv. It should have a particle size distribution ... ii. Cellulose. iii. Carbon. iv. Diatomaceous earth (silica). v.Perlite. vi.Activated Charcoal
Description : Write the advantages of microencapsulation and list different methods of microencapsulation.
Last Answer : Advantages of microencapsulation: 1. To mask the bitter taste of drugs like Paracetamol, Nitrofurantoin etc. 2. To reduce gastric and other gastro intestinal (G.I) tract irritations, ... 4) Electrostatic Deposition 5) Vacuum deposition 6) Polymerization 7) Multiorific Centrifugal Process.
Description : Define Menstrum and Marc. Write the advantages of alcohol as menstrum.
Last Answer : Menstrum :-Solvent used to extract the drug. Marc:-The drug residue which remains behind after extraction. Advantages of alcohol as menstrum i) The mould and bacteria cannot grow ... is required to concentrate the alcoholic preparations. v) It dissolves selective active ingredients of drugs.
Description : Write construction and disadvantages of short tube evaporator.
Last Answer : Construction: It consists of number of tubes which are from 1 to 2 meters in length and from 40- 80 mm in diameter. About 1000 tubes are fitted in a vessel upto 2.5 meter or ... It is quite complicated and expensive in construction. 2. Difficult to clean. 3. Maintenance is costly.
Description : Write the disadvantages of formaldehyde gas when used for sterilization.
Last Answer : i. Weak penetration power. ii. Difficult to maintain high conc. iii. Require high humidity for effectiveness. iv. Readily inactivated. v. Irritant to respiratory tract. vi. Difficult to remove adsorbed gas.
Description : Explain the method of hot percolation process with well labelled diagram and write its limitations.
Last Answer : Diagram: Procedure : 1) The menstrum is placed in a round bottom flask. 2) The drug to be extracted is packed in a filter paper and placed in the body ... is unsuitable for drugs having thermolabile active constituents such as enzymes, alkaloids, anthraquinone derivatives, esters, etc.
Description : Write the stages involved in sterilization of surgical dressing.
Last Answer : Stages of sterilisation are: 1) Pack or wrap the unsterilized surgical dressing into a suitable device/perforated container or any packaging material i.e parchment paper. 2) Load this container ... the sterilizer. 5) Containers are labelled with date of sterilization to prevent overload storage.
Description : Write any three qualities of packaging material and any three disadvantages of glass as a material for packaging.
Last Answer : Qualities of packaging material i. Neutral ii. No interaction. iii. Stability against environmental factor. iv. Withstand wear and tear during handling. v. Withstand changes in pressure and ... aqueous preparations, 4) Flaking and weathering of glass are two serious issues related to glass.
Description : Write the salient features of fourth edition of I.P.
Last Answer : 1. It contains 1149 monographs and 123 appendices and available in two volumes. 2. Introduction of computer generated formula 3. Some titles have been changed to include more commonly accepted ... for vaccines, hormones, blood products. 10. ORS-Citrate formula recommended by WHO introduced.
Description : Write the precautions to be taken while placing the material in hot air oven
Last Answer : 1. It should be filled to its capacity only should not be overloaded. 2. Glass apparatus and equipment should be wrapped individually. 3. Articles should be placed in such a way that ... Proper biological indicators should be used 7. Thermolabile substance should not be sterilized in hot air oven
Description : Write advantages of water as solvent for extraction
Last Answer : • It is cheap & easily available. • Non –toxic • Non inflammable. • It has wide solvent action
Description : Write difference between Hard and Soft gelatin capsules
Last Answer : Sr. No. Hard gelatin capsules Soft gelatin capsules 1 The hard gelatin capsule shell consists of two parts: Body and cap The soft gelatin capsule shell becomes a single unit. ... These capsules cannot be adulterated 8 Eg: Amoxycillin Capsule Eg: Pudin Hara Capsule
Description : Explain principle and working of fluid energy mill with a diagram.
Last Answer : Principle It works on the principle of impact and attrition. Working: The air or inert gas is introduced with a very high pressure through nozzles. Solids are introduced into air stream through inlet. ... 100 mesh and then passed through fluid energy mill. Diagram of fluid energy mill :
Description : Give application of simple distillation. What is the principle of fractional distillation?
Last Answer : Applications of simple distillation: i. It is used for the preparation of distilled water and water for injection. ii. Preparation of many volatile oils and aromatic water. iii. Purification ... becomes richer with the liquid having the lower boiling point which gets condensed in a condenser.
Description : Mention official and unofficial evaluation test for tablets. Describe weight variation test.
Last Answer : Official test list: 1. Size and shape of tablet. 2. Appearance. 3. Content of active ingredient. 4. Uniformity of weight/weight variation test 5. Uniformity of content 6. ... the percentage deviation given in the table and none should deviate by more than twice that percentage.
Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of aerosol container and give its advantages and disadvantages.
Last Answer : Diagram of aerosol container Advantages: 1. Medicament can be delivered directly to affected areas. 2. Absence of air prevents oxidation. 3. Hydrolysis of medicament prevented ... on injured skin. 4. Difficulties occurred during formulation when drug not soluble in propellants.
Description : Discuss working of ball mill with neat diagram.
Last Answer : Working: The drug to be ground is put into the cylinder of the mill and is rotated. The speed of the rotation is very different. At low speed, the mass of balls will slide or roll over each other and ... and passed through a sieve to get powder of the required size. Ball mill diagram:
Description : Define pharmaceutical container. Give qualities of an ideal container.
Last Answer : Definition: Pharmaceutical container A device that holds the drug and it may or may not be in direct contact with the pharmaceutical dosage form or preparations. Qualities of an ideal container: 1 ... and temperature. 7. Labelled easily 8. Non-toxic. 9. Closure easily removable/replaceable.
Description : Give the principle and working of Fluidised bed dryer.
Last Answer : Principle: In FBD, good contact between hot air and particles to be dried is obtained which cause rapid drying. Working of Fluidised bed dryer: Two types of FBD are used in pharmaceutical industry. There are ... ranging from 5 kg to 200 kg with an average drying time of about 20-40 min.