What are the causes of failure of boiler tubes ?

What are the causes of failure of boiler tubes ?
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1 Answer

Answer :

Boiler tubes, usually are made from carbon steel and are subject to (a) high rates of heat transfer,( b ).
bending stresses due to uneven heating, especially at expanded or welded joints into headers or drums,
(c) external erosion from burners and flue gas, (d) possible corrosion on the boiler side, and (e)
occasional manufacturing defects.
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