Anion gap is normal in (A) Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis (B) Diabetic ketoacidosis (C) Lactic acidosis (D) Uraemic acidosis

Anion gap is normal in (A) Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis (B) Diabetic ketoacidosis (C) Lactic acidosis (D) Uraemic acidosis
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Anion gap is increased in (A) Renal tubular acidosis (B) Metabolic acidosis resulting from diarrhoea (C) Metabolic acidosis resulting from intestinal obstruction (D) Diabetic ketoacidosis

Description : Anion gap is increased in (A) Renal tubular acidosis (B) Metabolic acidosis resulting from diarrhoea (C) Metabolic acidosis resulting from intestinal obstruction (D) Diabetic ketoacidosis

Last Answer : Answer : B

Which of the following statements are true of elevated–anion gap metabolic acidosis? A. Hypoperfusion from the shock state rarely produces an elevated anion gap. B. Retention of sulfuric and phosphoric acids may lead to this form of acidosis. C. Copious diarrhea does not produce this condition. D. Rapid volume expansion may produce this form of acidosis. E. Use of lactated Ringer's solution is inappropriate in the treatment of lactic acidosis.

Description : Which of the following statements are true of elevated-anion gap metabolic acidosis? A. Hypoperfusion from the shock state rarely produces an elevated anion gap. B. Retention of sulfuric and phosphoric ... E. Use of lactated Ringer's solution is inappropriate in the treatment of lactic acidosis.

Last Answer : Answer: BC DISCUSSION: An elevated anion gap may be produced by lactic acidosis from shock or by retention of inorganic acids from uremia. Lactated Ringer's solution rapidly corrects the ... . Bicarbonate loss from diarrhea and dilutional acidosis are non-anion gap types of metabolic acidosis

All the following features are found in blood chemistry in uncompensated lactic acidosis except (A) pH is decreased (B) Bicarbonate is decreased (C) pCO2 is normal (D) Anion gap is normal

Description : All the following features are found in blood chemistry in uncompensated lactic acidosis except (A) pH is decreased (B) Bicarbonate is decreased (C) pCO2 is normal (D) Anion gap is normal

Last Answer : Answer : D

Salicylate poisoning can cause (A) Respiratory acidosis (B) Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap (C) Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap (D) Metabolic alkalosis

Description : Salicylate poisoning can cause (A) Respiratory acidosis (B) Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap (C) Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap (D) Metabolic alkalosis

Last Answer : Answer : C

A 73 year old male presented with an acute attack of gout in his left knee. What is the most likely underlying metabolic cause? 1) decreased renal excretion of uric acid 2) endogenous overproduction of uric acid 3) excessive dietary purine intake 4) lactic acidosis 5) starvation

Description : A 73 year old male presented with an acute attack of gout in his left knee. What is the most likely underlying metabolic cause? 1) decreased renal excretion of uric acid 2) endogenous overproduction of uric acid 3) excessive dietary purine intake 4) lactic acidosis 5) starvation

Last Answer : Answers-1 The aetiology of gout can broadly be divided into cases where there is underexcretion of urate via the kidney (90%) or endogenous overproduction of uric acid (10%) although in practical ... diuretic use. Excessive dietary intake of purines is unlikely to be the main cause in this case.

All the following statements about renal tubular acidosis are correct except (A) Renal tubules may be unable to reabsorb bicarbonate (B) Renal tubules may be unable to secrete hydrogen ions (C) Plasma chloride is elevated (D) Anion gap is decreased

Description : All the following statements about renal tubular acidosis are correct except (A) Renal tubules may be unable to reabsorb bicarbonate (B) Renal tubules may be unable to secrete hydrogen ions (C) Plasma chloride is elevated (D) Anion gap is decreased

Last Answer : Answer : D

Normal anion gap in plasma is about (A) 5 meq/L (B) 15 meq/L (C) 25 meq/L (D) 40 meq/L

Description : Normal anion gap in plasma is about (A) 5 meq/L (B) 15 meq/L (C) 25 meq/L (D) 40 meq/L

Last Answer : Answer : B

A 45-year-old solicitor had an onset of severe, crushing, substernal chest pain while attending a football match. He collapsed on his way to the car. Bystander Cardiorespiratory Resuscitation was begun immediately and continued until arrival in Casualty where an endotracheal tube was inserted and ventilation was maintained on 100% oxygen. Investigations revealed: pH 7.13 PaO2 560 mmHg PaCO2 18 mmHg Bicarbonate 5.8 SaO2 98% Based on these laboratory values, which of the following statements best describes his current pathophysiology? 1) He is demonstrating a primary respiratory alkalosis 2) He probably developed a large right to left intracardiac shunt 3) His anion gap is probably normal 4) His oxyhemoglobin curve is shifted to the left 5) His pulmonary artery pressure is probably elevated

Description : A 45-year-old solicitor had an onset of severe, crushing, substernal chest pain while attending a football match. He collapsed on his way to the car. Bystander Cardiorespiratory Resuscitation ... His oxyhemoglobin curve is shifted to the left 5) His pulmonary artery pressure is probably elevated

Last Answer : Answers-5 This young patient with severe central chest pain has probably arrested due to myocardial infarction and arrhythmia. His gases reveal high PO2 following 100% O2 but severe acidosis ... no left to right shunting and high pulmonary pressures would be expected after this arrest scenario.

A 16 year old male with a day history of malaise, weakness and vomiting. He was diagnosed with Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 3 years prviously. Which ONE of the following supports a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis: 1) Abdominal pain at onset 2) A serum bicarbonate of 10 mmol/l 3) A serum glucose 14 mmol/l 4) Decreased appetite in the past few days 5) Shallow respirations

Description : A 16 year old male with a day history of malaise, weakness and vomiting. He was diagnosed with Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 3 years prviously. Which ONE of the following supports a diagnosis of ... serum glucose 14 mmol/l 4) Decreased appetite in the past few days 5) Shallow respirations

Last Answer : Answers-2 a-An unusual but recognised feature particularly in children. However does not support a diagnosis of DKA. b-Suggests metabolic acidosis. c-'Normoglycaemic DKA' can occur and a glucose ... anorexia. e-Respiratory compensation leads to rapid deep (Kussmaul's) breathing. (Dr Mike Mulcahy)

Why excessive intake of alcohol produces lactic acidosis?

Description : Why excessive intake of alcohol produces lactic acidosis? 

Last Answer : During alcohol oxidation, NADH is generated, which converts pyruvate to lactate.

Hypercholremia is associated with (A) Hyponatremia (B) Hypernatremia (C) Metabolic alkalosis(D) Respiratory acidosis

Description : Hypercholremia is associated with (A) Hyponatremia (B) Hypernatremia (C) Metabolic alkalosis(D) Respiratory acidosis

Last Answer : Answer : B

Salicylate poisoning in early stages causes (A) Metabolic acidosis (B) Respiratory acidosis (C) Metabolic alkalosis (D) Respiratory alkalosis

Description : Salicylate poisoning in early stages causes (A) Metabolic acidosis (B) Respiratory acidosis (C) Metabolic alkalosis (D) Respiratory alkalosis

Last Answer : Answer : D

Morphine poisoning causes (A) Metabolic acidosis (B) Respiratory acidosis (C) Metabolic alkalosis (D) Respiratory alkalosis

Description : Morphine poisoning causes (A) Metabolic acidosis (B) Respiratory acidosis (C) Metabolic alkalosis (D) Respiratory alkalosis

Last Answer : Answer : B

Metabolic acidosis is caused in (A) Pneumonia (B) Prolonged starvation (C) Intestinal obstruction (D) Bulbar polio

Description : Metabolic acidosis is caused in (A) Pneumonia (B) Prolonged starvation (C) Intestinal obstruction (D) Bulbar polio

Last Answer : Answer : B

Metabolic acidosis is caused in (A) Uncontrolled diabetes with ketosis (B) Pneumonia (C) Intestinal Obstruction (D) Hepatic coma

Description : Metabolic acidosis is caused in (A) Uncontrolled diabetes with ketosis (B) Pneumonia (C) Intestinal Obstruction (D) Hepatic coma

Last Answer : Answer : A

Meningitis and encephalitis cause (A) Metabolic alkalosis (B) Respiratory alkalosis (C) Metabolic acidosis (D) Respiratory acidosis

Description : Meningitis and encephalitis cause (A) Metabolic alkalosis (B) Respiratory alkalosis (C) Metabolic acidosis (D) Respiratory acidosis

Last Answer : Answer : B

Total CO2 is increased in (A) Respiratory acidosis (B) Metabolic alkalosis (C) Both respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis (D) Respiratory alkalosis

Description : Total CO2 is increased in (A) Respiratory acidosis (B) Metabolic alkalosis (C) Both respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis (D) Respiratory alkalosis

Last Answer : Answer : C

Plasma bicarbonate is increased in (A) Respiratory alkalosis (B) Metabolic alkalosis (C) Respiratory acidosis (D) Metabolic acidosis

Description : Plasma bicarbonate is increased in (A) Respiratory alkalosis (B) Metabolic alkalosis (C) Respiratory acidosis (D) Metabolic acidosis

Last Answer : Answer : B

Plasma bicarbonate is decreased in (A) Respiratory alkalosis (B) Respiratory acidosis (C) Metabolic alkalosis (D) Metabolic acidosis

Description : Plasma bicarbonate is decreased in (A) Respiratory alkalosis (B) Respiratory acidosis (C) Metabolic alkalosis (D) Metabolic acidosis

Last Answer : Answer : D

Ammonia is excreted as ammonium salts during metabolic acidosis but the majority is excreted as (A) Phosphates (B) Creatine (C) Uric acid (D) Urea

Description : Ammonia is excreted as ammonium salts during metabolic acidosis but the majority is excreted as (A) Phosphates (B) Creatine (C) Uric acid (D) Urea

Last Answer : Answer : D

component of the management of moderately severe diabetic ketoacidosis: A. Insulin B. Intravenous fluids C. Potassium chloride D. Sodium bicarbonate

Description : component of the management of moderately severe diabetic ketoacidosis: A. Insulin B. Intravenous fluids C. Potassium chloride D. Sodium bicarbonate

Last Answer : D. Sodium bicarbonate

Insulin therapy is required for the following category/ categories of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A. Patients with ketoacidosis B. Patients undergoing surgery C. Pregnant diabetic D. All of the above

Description : Insulin therapy is required for the following category/ categories of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A. Patients with ketoacidosis B. Patients undergoing surgery C. Pregnant diabetic D. All of the above

Last Answer : D. All of the above

Which of the following measures is not an essential component of the management of moderately severe diabetic ketoacidosis: A. Insulin B. Intravenous fluids C. Potassium chloride D. Sodium bicarbonate

Description : Which of the following measures is not an essential component of the management of moderately severe diabetic ketoacidosis: A. Insulin B. Intravenous fluids C. Potassium chloride D. Sodium bicarbonate

Last Answer : . Sodium bicarbonate

Insulin therapy is required for the following category/ categories of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A. Patients with ketoacidosis B. Patients undergoing surgery C. Pregnant diabetic D. All of the above

Description : Insulin therapy is required for the following category/ categories of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A. Patients with ketoacidosis B. Patients undergoing surgery C. Pregnant diabetic D. All of the above

Last Answer : D. All of the above

Anion gap of plasma can be due to the presence of all the following except (A) Bicarbonate (B) Lactate (C) Pyruvate (D) Citrate

Description : Anion gap of plasma can be due to the presence of all the following except (A) Bicarbonate (B) Lactate (C) Pyruvate (D) Citrate

Last Answer : Answer : A

Anion gap in plasma is because (A) Of differential distribution of ions across cell membranes (B) Cations outnumber anions in plasma (C) Anions outnumber cations in plasma (D) Of unmeasured anions in plasma

Description : Anion gap in plasma is because (A) Of differential distribution of ions across cell membranes (B) Cations outnumber anions in plasma (C) Anions outnumber cations in plasma (D) Of unmeasured anions in plasma

Last Answer : Answer : B

Anion gap is the difference in the plasma concentrations of (A) (Chloride) – (Bicarbonate) (B) (Sodium) – (Chloride) (C) (Sodium + Potassium) – (Chloride + Bicarbonate) (D) (Sum of cations) – (Sum of anions)

Description : Anion gap is the difference in the plasma concentrations of (A) (Chloride) – (Bicarbonate) (B) (Sodium) – (Chloride) (C) (Sodium + Potassium) – (Chloride + Bicarbonate) (D) (Sum of cations) – (Sum of anions)

Last Answer : Answer : C

Lactic acidosis?

Description : Lactic acidosis?

Last Answer : DefinitionLactic acidosis is when lactic acid builds ups in the blood stream faster than it can be removed. Lactic acid is produced when oxygen levels in the body drop.Causes, ... correcting the underlying medical problem that causes the condition.ReferencesOh MS. Evaluation of renal function,

A 54-year-old woman with severe hypercholesterolemia is to be treated with a combination of niacin and atorvastatin. With this drug combination, it is important that the patient be monitored closely for signs of (a) Agranulocytosis (b) Gallstones (c) Lactic acidosis (d) Myopathy (e) Thyrotoxicosis

Description : A 54-year-old woman with severe hypercholesterolemia is to be treated with a combination of niacin and atorvastatin. With this drug combination, it is important that the patient be monitored closely for signs of (a) Agranulocytosis (b) Gallstones (c) Lactic acidosis (d) Myopathy (e) Thyrotoxicosis

Last Answer : Ans: D

Metformin is preferred over phenformin because: A. It is more potent B. It is less liable to cause lactic acidosis C. It does not interfere with vitamin B12 absorption D. It is not contraindicated in patients with kidney disease

Description : Metformin is preferred over phenformin because: A. It is more potent B. It is less liable to cause lactic acidosis C. It does not interfere with vitamin B12 absorption D. It is not contraindicated in patients with kidney disease

Last Answer : B. It is less liable to cause lactic acidosis

The major limitation of the thiazolidinediones in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is: A. Frequent hypoglycaemic episodes B. Hyperinsulinemia C. Lactic acidosis D. Low hypoglycaemic efficacy in moderate to severe cases

Description : The major limitation of the thiazolidinediones in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is: A. Frequent hypoglycaemic episodes B. Hyperinsulinemia C. Lactic acidosis D. Low hypoglycaemic efficacy in moderate to severe cases

Last Answer : D. Low hypoglycaemic efficacy in moderate to severe cases

___________ drug can cause lactic acidosis. a) Metformin b) Pioglitazone c) Repaglinide d) Glibenclamide

Description : ___________ drug can cause lactic acidosis. a) Metformin b) Pioglitazone c) Repaglinide d) Glibenclamide

Last Answer : a) Metformin  

Which of the following may be responsible for a hypokalaemic hypertension 1) Non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia 2) Barter's syndrome 3) Diabetic nephropathy 4) Liddle's syndrome 5) Type IV renal tubular acidosis

Description : Which of the following may be responsible for a hypokalaemic hypertension 1) Non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia 2) Barter's syndrome 3) Diabetic nephropathy 4) Liddle's syndrome 5) Type IV renal tubular acidosis

Last Answer : Answers-4 Liddle's syndrome is typically asscoiated with hypokalaemic hypertension and low renin and aldosterone concentrations - the so called pseudo-hyperaldosteronism. Barter's syndrome is associated ... , which may also be produced with diabetic nephropathy. Hence hyperkalaemia is more typical.

Metabolic acidosis?

Description : Metabolic acidosis?

Last Answer : DefinitionMetabolic acidosis is a condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids.Alternative NamesAcidosis - metabolicCauses, incidence, and risk factorsMetabolic acidosis ... AlcoholCancerExercising for a very long timeLiver failureLow blood sugar (hypoglycemia)Medications such a

Which of the following complications of TPN are appropriately managed with the listed treatment? a. Air embolism—place patient in reverse Trendelenburg and the left lateral decubitus position and aspirate venous air b. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis—give sodium and potassium as acetate salts c. Carbon dioxide retention—decrease glucose calories and replace with fat d. Line sepsis—intravenous antibiotics

Description : Which of the following complications of TPN are appropriately managed with the listed treatment? a. Air embolism-place patient in reverse Trendelenburg and the left lateral decubitus position ... dioxide retention-decrease glucose calories and replace with fat d. Line sepsis-intravenous antibiotics

Last Answer : Answer: b, c A number of complications of TPN can occur which can be divided into three types: mechanical, metabolic, and infectious

Accidental poisonings are common with both aspirin and ibuprofen, two OC drugs available in tasty chewable tablets. In cases of overdose, aspirin is more likely than ibuprofen to cause (a) Autonomic Instability (b) Hepatic necrosis (c) Metabolic acidosis (d) Thrombocytopenia (e) Ventricular arrhythmias

Description : Accidental poisonings are common with both aspirin and ibuprofen, two OC drugs available in tasty chewable tablets. In cases of overdose, aspirin is more likely than ibuprofen to cause (a) ... Instability (b) Hepatic necrosis (c) Metabolic acidosis (d) Thrombocytopenia (e) Ventricular arrhythmias

Last Answer : Ans: C

The toxicity spectrum of aspirin does not include (a) Increased risk of encephalopathy in children with viral infections (b) Increased risk of peptic ulcers (c) Hyperprothrombinemia (d) Metabolic acidosis (e) Respiratory alkalosis

Description : The toxicity spectrum of aspirin does not include (a) Increased risk of encephalopathy in children with viral infections (b) Increased risk of peptic ulcers (c) Hyperprothrombinemia (d) Metabolic acidosis (e) Respiratory alkalosis

Last Answer : Ans: C

Which one of the following effects does not occur in salicylate intoxication ? (a) Hyperventilation (b) Hypothemia (c) Metabolic acidosis (d) Respiratory alkalosis (e) Tinnitus

Description : Which one of the following effects does not occur in salicylate intoxication ? (a) Hyperventilation (b) Hypothemia (c) Metabolic acidosis (d) Respiratory alkalosis (e) Tinnitus

Last Answer : Ans: B

metabolic acidosis b. hyperkalaemia c. hypernatraemia d. renal calculi e. hypercalcaemia

Description : metabolic acidosis b. hyperkalaemia c. hypernatraemia d. renal calculi e. hypercalcaemia

Last Answer : metabolic acidosis

Metabolic effects that generally attend antiinflammatory doses of aspirin include the following except: A. Increased CO2 production B. Hepatic glycogen depletion C. Metabolic acidosis D. Compensated respiratory alkalosis

Description : Metabolic effects that generally attend antiinflammatory doses of aspirin include the following except: A. Increased CO2 production B. Hepatic glycogen depletion C. Metabolic acidosis D. Compensated respiratory alkalosis

Last Answer : C. Metabolic acidosis

Which of the following is true concerning a 68 year old male with type 2 diabetes diagnosed with type IV renal tubal acidosis? 1) Aminoaciduria would be expected. 2) Fludrocortisone treatment is effective 3) Increased Glomerular filtration rate is expected. 4) Increased urinary bicarbonate would be expected. 5) Normal renal handling of K+ and H+

Description : Which of the following is true concerning a 68 year old male with type 2 diabetes diagnosed with type IV renal tubal acidosis? 1) Aminoaciduria would be expected. 2) Fludrocortisone treatment is effective ... 4) Increased urinary bicarbonate would be expected. 5) Normal renal handling of K+ and H+

Last Answer : Answers-2 H+ secretion, sodium reabsorption and ammonia production diminishes. RTA 4 is in effect hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism or failure of aldosterone action and thus helped treated with ... particularly. Aminoaciduria and increased urine bicarbonate are features of RTA types 1 and 2.

Which of the following features are present in blood chemistry in uncompensated metabolic alkalosis except? (A) Increased pH (B) Increased bicarbonate (C) Normal chloride (D) Normal pCO2

Description : Which of the following features are present in blood chemistry in uncompensated metabolic alkalosis except? (A) Increased pH (B) Increased bicarbonate (C) Normal chloride (D) Normal pCO2

Last Answer : Answer : D

The ability of liver to remove a dye like BSP from the blood suggests a normal (A) Excretory function (B) Detoxification function (C) Metabolic function (D) Circulatory function

Description : The ability of liver to remove a dye like BSP from the blood suggests a normal (A) Excretory function (B) Detoxification function (C) Metabolic function (D) Circulatory function

Last Answer : Answer : A

Alcoholic ketoacidosis?

Description : Alcoholic ketoacidosis?

Last Answer : DefinitionAlcoholic ketoacidosis is the build up of ketones in the blood. Ketones are a type of acid that form when the body breaks down fat for energy.The condition is ... of dehydration, such as dizziness and light-headednessSigns and testsArterial blood gasesBlood alcohol levelBlood chemistrie

Antiinflammatory dose of aspirin given to diabetics is prone to cause: A. Hyperglycaemia B. Hypoglycaemia C. Ketoacidosis D. Alkalosis

Description :  Antiinflammatory dose of aspirin given to diabetics is prone to cause: A. Hyperglycaemia B. Hypoglycaemia C. Ketoacidosis D. Alkalosis

Last Answer : B. Hypoglycaemia

Which of the following statements about the preparation and storage of blood components is/are true? A. Solutions containing citrate prevent coagulation by binding calcium. B. The shelf life of packed red blood cells preserved with CPDA-1 is approximately 35 days at 1؛ to 6؛ C. C. There are normal numbers of platelets in packed red blood cells stored at 1؛ to 6؛ C for more than 2 days. D. The storage lesion affecting refrigerated packed red blood cells includes development of acidosis, hyperkalemia, and decreased intracellular 2,3DPG (diphosphoglycerate).

Description : Which of the following statements about the preparation and storage of blood components is/are true? A. Solutions containing citrate prevent coagulation by binding calcium. B. The ... cells includes development of acidosis, hyperkalemia, and decreased intracellular 2,3DPG (diphosphoglycerate).

Last Answer : Answer: ABD DISCUSSION: After blood has been collected from a donor, it is anticoagulated with a solution containing citrate, which acts by binding calcium. Blood is then separated into its ... transfusion or produce effects other than those predicted based on the content of the unit of blood

Which of the following statements about respiratory acidosis are true? A. Compensation occurs by a shift of chloride out of the red blood cells. B. Renal compensation occurs rapidly. C. Retention of bicarbonate and increased ammonia formation are normal compensatory mechanisms. D. Narcotic administration is an unusual cause of respiratory acidosis. E. The ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid is less than 20:1.

Description : Which of the following statements about respiratory acidosis are true? A. Compensation occurs by a shift of chloride out of the red blood cells. B. Renal compensation occurs rapidly. C. Retention of ... of respiratory acidosis. E. The ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid is less than 20:1.

Last Answer : Answer: CE DISCUSSION: Renal compensation for acute hypoventilation is relatively slow. Depression of the respiratory center by morphine can lead to respiratory acidosis. Renal retention of bicarbonate, ... into red cells combine to increase the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid to 20:1

Acidosis is the condition in which the blood pH is abnormally low. Alkalosis is the condition in which the blood pH is abnormally high. Normal pH levels for the human blood are between 7.35 and 7.45 - slightly alkaline.

Description : Acidosis is the condition in which the blood pH is abnormally low. Alkalosis is the condition in which the blood pH is abnormally high. Normal pH levels for the human blood are between 7.35 and 7.45 - slightly alkaline.

Last Answer : How does the breathing process correct acidosis?

Blood chemistry shows the following changes in compensated respiratory acidosis: (A) Increased pCO2 (B) Increased bicarbonate (C) Decreased chloride (D) All of these

Description : Blood chemistry shows the following changes in compensated respiratory acidosis: (A) Increased pCO2 (B) Increased bicarbonate (C) Decreased chloride (D) All of these

Last Answer : Answer : D