Describe simple maceration process.

Describe simple maceration process.
by

1 Answer

Answer :

Simple maceration is a maceration process for tinctures made from organised drugs. In this process, the drug is placed with the whole of the menstruum in a closed vessel for seven days. During this period, shaking is done occasionally. After seven days, the liquid is strained and marc is pressed. The expressed liquid is mixed with strained liquid. It is then filtered to make a clear liquid. The final volume is not adjusted. The tinctures made by simple maceration process are Tincture of Orange, Tincture of Lemon, Tincture of Squill, etc.
by

Related questions

Explain in detail about maceration with adjustment. How does it differ from simple maceration process?

Description : Explain in detail about maceration with adjustment. How does it differ from simple maceration process?

Last Answer : Maceration with adjustment: This process is carried out for unorganized drug. Method: i) Place unorganized drug with 4/5th of the menstruum in a close vessel for 2-7 days. ii) ... of Capsicum Examples of tinctures: Compound Tincture of Benzoin, Tincture of Tolu, Tincture of Myrrh

Differentiate between simple and modified maceration with example.

Description : Differentiate between simple and modified maceration with example.

Last Answer : Sr.No. Simple maceration  Modified maceration 1 Drug along with whole menstruum is used in maceration process  Drug along with 4/5th of menstruum is used in maceration process 2 ... made by this process are: a. Tincture of Tolu b. Tincture of Myrrh c. Tincture of Benzoin

Differentiate between maceration process for organised drugs and maceration for unorganised drugs.

Description : Differentiate between maceration process for organised drugs and maceration for unorganised drugs.

Last Answer : Sr. No. Organised Drugs  Unorganised drugs. 1 Drug along with whole menstrum is used in maceration process Drug along with 4/5th of menstrum is used in maceration process  2 The ... made by this process are: a. Tincture of Tolu b. Tincture of Myrrh c. Tincture of Benzoin

Discuss in brief about ‘Multiple Maceration’.

Description : Discuss in brief about ‘Multiple Maceration’. 

Last Answer : This is done to achieve maximum extraction of active constituents as well as complete exhaustion of drugs. Double maceration: It is carried in the same way as simple maceration. The menstruum ... the finished product. Adjust volume with water. Allow it to stand for 14 days and filter.

Differentiate Maceration for organized drug and Maceration for unorganized drug

Description : Differentiate Maceration for organized drug and Maceration for unorganized drug

Last Answer : Maceration for organized drug Maceration for unorganized drug 1 Drug along with whole of menstrum is used in maceration process  Drug along with 4/5th of the menstrum is used ... lemon Example of tincture: Tincture of tolu, Tincture of catechu, compound tincture of benzoin.

Give any two applications of simple distillation.Describe method of separation of two immiscible liquids.

Description : Give any two applications of simple distillation.Describe method of separation of two immiscible liquids.

Last Answer : Applications of simple distillation(0.5 2) 1) Preparation of distilled water and water for injection. 2)Recovery of alcohol in preparation of dry extracts 3)Many volatile oils and ... proportion The distillate can be collected in Florentine receiver for separation of oil & water.

Describe the process of manufacturing of hard gelatine capsules.

Description : Describe the process of manufacturing of hard gelatine capsules. 

Last Answer : Process of manufacturing of hard gelatine capsules.   i)Capsules are filled in the loading tray& placed over the filling bed. ii) Cam handle is operated to separate the capsule caps from their ... cleaned by wiping with clean cloth. This gives good shine to the capsules. Diagram

Give application of simple distillation. What is the principle of fractional distillation?

Description : Give application of simple distillation. What is the principle of fractional distillation?

Last Answer : Applications of simple distillation:  i. It is used for the preparation of distilled water and water for injection. ii. Preparation of many volatile oils and aromatic water. iii. Purification ... becomes richer with the liquid having the lower boiling point which gets condensed in a condenser. 

State and explain the stages of simple Percolation

Description : State and explain the stages of simple Percolation

Last Answer : Stages of Percolation:- a) Imbibition b) Maceration c) Percolation a) Imbibition :-   1) Powders drug is moistened with a sufficient quantity of menstruum & allowed to stand for 4 hrs in ... constituents present in the drug by the slow passage of the menstruum through the column of the drug.

Differentiate between Evaporation and Distillation and explain the working and application of simple distillation.

Description : Differentiate between Evaporation and Distillation and explain the working and application of simple distillation.

Last Answer : Evaporation Distillation:  1. Free escape of vapors from the surface of liquid below its boiling point. Evaporation takes place even at room temperature 1) Process of ... Concentration of liquid and to separate non volatile solid from the volatile liquid such as alcohol and ether.

Write the applications of simple distillation in pharmacy.

Description : Write the applications of simple distillation in pharmacy.

Last Answer : i.It is used for the preparation of distilled water and water for injection. ii. Preparation of many volatile oils and aromatic water. iii. Purification of organic solvent. iv. Preparation ... compound like spirit of aromatic spirit of ammonia. vi. To separate volatile and non-volatile solvents 

Mention official and unofficial evaluation test for tablets. Describe weight variation test.

Description : Mention official and unofficial evaluation test for tablets. Describe weight variation test. 

Last Answer : Official test list: 1. Size and shape of tablet. 2. Appearance. 3. Content of active ingredient. 4. Uniformity of weight/weight variation test 5. Uniformity of content 6. ... the percentage deviation given in the table and none should deviate by more than twice that percentage.

Draw a well labelled diagram of Vacuum still and describe its theory.

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of Vacuum still and describe its theory.

Last Answer : Theory :-  Liquid boils at lower temperature when pressure on the surface of the liquid is reduced. Therefore, when distillation is carried out under reduced pressure the rate of distillation increases. ... boiling point 100 ºc, at atmospheric pressure (760 mm of Hg ). Diagram: 

Describe construction and working of double cone blender.

Description : Describe construction and working of double cone blender.

Last Answer : Diagram: Construction: Double cone blender is made up of stainless steel and is available in different capacity ranging from 5 kg to 200 kg or even more. The efficiency of ... to produce shearing action and design is useful for mixing powders of different densities in small quantities.

Describe construction and working of equipment used for moist heat sterilization.

Description : Describe construction and working of equipment used for moist heat sterilization. 

Last Answer : Moist heat sterilizer or Autoclave:  Diagram:  Construction:  It consists of a string metallic chamber usually made of stainless steel. It has a cover fitted with a steam vent, pressure gauze ... whole of the steam is removed, the lid is opened and the sterilized material is taken out.

Describe in detail various oral cavity tablet.

Description : Describe in detail various oral cavity tablet.

Last Answer : Oral cavity tablet:  i. Buccal Tablet. ii. Sublingual Tablet. iii. Lozenge tablet and tracheas. iv. Dental cones. 1] Buccal Tablet's - a. These tablets are to be placed in buccal pouch or ... Chloride or it may be amines acid. f. These cones generally get dissolved in 20 to 40 min time.

Describe the construction and working of evaporating pan with neat diagram.

Description : Describe the construction and working of evaporating pan with neat diagram.

Last Answer : Construction:  i. It consists of a hemispherical pan made from copper or stainless steel and surrounded by a steam jacket. ii. Hemispherical shape provides large surface area for evaporation. iii. ... . iv. After evaporation remove the product from product outlet. Diagram:

Describe various factors affecting size reduction.

Description : Describe various factors affecting size reduction.

Last Answer : i. Hardness: Soft material easy break than hard. ii. Toughness: Drug with fibrous nature or those having high moisture content are tough and hard to reduce in size. iii. Stickiness: Material ... of the size reduction of the material in a machine depends upon the bulk density of the substance.

Describe the principle, construction, working and uses of cyclone separator.

Description : Describe the principle, construction, working and uses of cyclone separator.

Last Answer : Principle: Centrifugal force   Construction-  1) Cyclone separator is size separation device 2) It consists of a cylindrical vessel with a conical base. 3) The upper part of the vessel is fitted ... the suspension of a solid in gas 2. It can be used with liquid suspension of solid

Describe in brief about ” churnas”

Description : Describe in brief about ” churnas”

Last Answer : Churna: These are powdered mixture prepared by mixing dry mineral, animal or vegetable substance in a pestle and mortar in known as churna. The powdered mixture is then passed through cloth, linen or fine ... double the quantity of churna. They are generally taken with milk, hot water or cow urine.

Describe in brief about dissolution test for tablets.

Description : Describe in brief about dissolution test for tablets. 

Last Answer : Dissolution test: The test is done for measuring the amount of time required for a given percentage of drug substance in a tablet to go into solution under specified condition in vitro. The apparatus consists a ... ingredient in solution is not less than 70% of the stated amount.  Diagram.

Describe dry heat method of sterilization in detail.

Description : Describe dry heat method of sterilization in detail.

Last Answer : Principle: All the microorganism including spores are destroyed. Principle of killing is by dehydration and oxidation of essential metabolites. In hot air oven heating is done at 1600 C for 2 hours. ... off the oven. Allow to cool. Take out the material.  Diagram:

Describe the method of distillation for immiscible solution.

Description : Describe the method of distillation for immiscible solution.

Last Answer : Method of separation of two immiscible liquids. The apparatus consists of steam generator,still,condenser,and receiver. In steam distillation process, a current of steam is passed through a immiscible ... be collected in Florentine receiver for separation of oil & water. Diagram:

Describe the method of preparation of BCG vaccine with dose, storage and uses.

Description : Describe the method of preparation of BCG vaccine with dose, storage and uses.

Last Answer : Method of preparation of BCG vaccine: It is freeze- dried preparation containing live culture of the bacillus Calmette and Guerin strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  Preparation: The ... after its preparation. Uses: Immunising agent which provides protection against tuberculosis. 

Describe working of FBD with well labelled diagram.

Description : Describe working of FBD with well labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Working of FBD  Two types of FBD are used in pharmaceutical industry. There are: 1. Vertical FBD 2. Horizontal FBD The fluidising air stream is induced by a fan which is mounted in the upper part of ... from 5 kg to 200 kg with an average drying time of about 20- 40 min. Diagram:

Describe construction of autoclave with diagram.

Description : Describe construction of autoclave with diagram. 

Last Answer : Construction:   It consists of a string metallic chamber usually made of stainless steel. It has a cover fitted with a steam vent, pressure gauze and a safety valve. Rubber gasket is fitted on the inner side ... the stand. The material to be sterilized is loosely packed into it. Diagram:

Describe the factors which affect rate of the evaporation of liquid

Description : Describe the factors which affect rate of the evaporation of liquid

Last Answer : Factors affecting evaporation:  1)Temperature: The rate of evaporation is directly proportional to temp of liquid.  2)Temperature and time of evaporation: It has been observed that exposure to ... : The rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the vapour pressure of the evaporating liquid.

Describe the stages of percolations

Description : Describe the stages of percolations 

Last Answer : a. Imbibition: Drug is kept is moistened with sufficient quantity of menstruum. Allow to stand for 4 hr. Significance: i. It allow the swelling of tissue of drug before packing. ii. It ... and extraction. After collecting 3/4th volume of product then marc is pressed. Mix the liquids.

Describe aerosol container with labelled diagram

Description : Describe aerosol container with labelled diagram

Last Answer : PARTS OF AEROSOL PACKAGING: 1. Container: In pharmaceutical aerosol packaging, the containers are made from metal (tin-plated steel, aluminium and stainless steel), glass and plastic. These containers ... the propellant to come out without dispensing content of package. Aerosol container:

Describe various stages of sugar coating.

Description : Describe various stages of sugar coating. 

Last Answer : Steps of sugar coating of tablet:-  i) Sieving ii) Sealing iii) Sub-coating iv) Syrup coating v) Finishing vi) Polishing i) Sieving :- The tablets to be coated are shaken in a suitable ... so the wax coated tablets are rubbed on the canvas cloth. This gives a proper shining to the tablets

Discuss in brief the stepwise process of percolation used in preparation of tincture.

Description : Discuss in brief the stepwise process of percolation used in preparation of tincture.

Last Answer : Stages involved in preparation of tincture by percolation:  a. Imbibition: Drug is kept is moistened with sufficient quantity of menstruum. Allow to stand for 4 hr. Significance: o It allow ... extraction. After collecting 3/4th volume of product then marc is pressed. Mix the liquids.

Draw a well labelled diagram of ‘Soxhlet apparatus.’ Mention the various limitations of continuous hot percolation process.

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of ‘Soxhlet apparatus.’ Mention the various limitations of continuous hot percolation process. 

Last Answer : Limitation: 1. Physical character of the drug: If the drug would block the soxhlet apparatus then this process cannot be used for extraction. Eg opium. Gum, resin, ... for drugs having thermolabile active constituents such as enzymes, alkaloids, anthraquinone derivatives, esters, etc. 

Write in detail about modified percolation process.

Description : Write in detail about modified percolation process. 

Last Answer : Modified Percolation: In percolation process for tinctures drug\ percolate (d/p) ratio is 1:4.The drug/percolate ratio is reduced to 1:3 by modifying percolation process. Thus saves lot of heat, ... evaporated and then mixed with main percolate.  Final volume is made by adding more menstrum. 

Draw a labelled diagram of apparatus used for continuous hot extraction process. Mention limitations of the process.

Description : Draw a labelled diagram of apparatus used for continuous hot extraction process. Mention limitations of the process.

Last Answer : Diagram: Limitations: process cannot be used in following conditions.  Physical character of the drug: Drugs which may block the apparatus such as opium, gums, resins, etc cannot ... process. Chemical constituents: Unsuitable for thermolabile drugs, such as enzymes, alkaloids, etc

Define extraction and explain reserve percolation process.

Description : Define extraction and explain reserve percolation process.

Last Answer : Definition: Extraction may be defined as the treatment of the plant or animal tissues with solvent, whereby active constituents are dissolved, and most of the inert matter remains undissolved. Reserve ... in reserve portion of percolate and sufficient menstruum is added to make up the volume. 

Explain the method of hot percolation process with well labelled diagram and write its limitations.

Description : Explain the method of hot percolation process with well labelled diagram and write its limitations.

Last Answer : Diagram: Procedure :  1) The menstrum is placed in a round bottom flask. 2) The drug to be extracted is packed in a filter paper and placed in the body ... is unsuitable for drugs having thermolabile active constituents such as enzymes, alkaloids, anthraquinone derivatives, esters, etc.

List the steps involved in slugging process

Description : List the steps involved in slugging process

Last Answer : i) Sieving ii) Weighing iii) Blending iv) Slugging v) Screening vi) Blending vii) Compression Or. Drug + Excipients → Blending → Slugging(formation of big size tablet) → Screening → Blending → Compression.

Explain tyndallisation process

Description : Explain tyndallisation process

Last Answer : Tyndallization, also called fractional sterilization and discontinuous heating, is a form of sterilization.This method is relatively simple but somewhat time-consuming.  Process: This is a fractional sterilization ... the spores may germinate in the days to follow and will be killed subsequently. 

The method used for preparing tincture from the mucilaginous and gummy substances from vegetable or animal kingdom is Options: 1) Distillation 2) Sublimation 3) Maceration 4) Crystallisation

Description : The method used for preparing tincture from the mucilaginous and gummy substances from vegetable or animal kingdom is Options: 1) Distillation 2) Sublimation 3) Maceration 4) Crystallisation

Last Answer : Correct Answer: 3) Maceration

A patient complains of maceration of skin of the lids and conjunctiva redness at the inner and outer canthi. Conjunctival swab is expected to show: a. Slaphylococcus aureus. b. Streptococcus viridans. c. Streptococcus pneumonae d. Morax- Axenfeld diplobacilli

Description : A patient complains of maceration of skin of the lids and conjunctiva redness at the inner and outer canthi. Conjunctival swab is expected to show: a. Slaphylococcus aureus. b. Streptococcus viridans. c. Streptococcus pneumonae d. Morax- Axenfeld diplobacilli

Last Answer : ANSWER: D

Explain principle and working of fluid energy mill with a diagram.

Description : Explain principle and working of fluid energy mill with a diagram.

Last Answer : Principle  It works on the principle of impact and attrition. Working: The air or inert gas is introduced with a very high pressure through nozzles. Solids are introduced into air stream through inlet. ... 100 mesh and then passed through fluid energy mill. Diagram of fluid energy mill :

Draw a well labelled diagram of aerosol container and give its advantages and disadvantages.

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of aerosol container and give its advantages and disadvantages.

Last Answer : Diagram of aerosol container Advantages:   1. Medicament can be delivered directly to affected areas. 2. Absence of air prevents oxidation. 3. Hydrolysis of medicament prevented ... on injured skin. 4. Difficulties occurred during formulation when drug not soluble in propellants.

Discuss working of ball mill with neat diagram.

Description : Discuss working of ball mill with neat diagram. 

Last Answer : Working: The drug to be ground is put into the cylinder of the mill and is rotated. The speed of the rotation is very different. At low speed, the mass of balls will slide or roll over each other and ... and passed through a sieve to get powder of the required size. Ball mill diagram:   

Define pharmaceutical container. Give qualities of an ideal container.

Description : Define pharmaceutical container. Give qualities of an ideal container.

Last Answer : Definition: Pharmaceutical container  A device that holds the drug and it may or may not be in direct contact with the pharmaceutical dosage form or preparations. Qualities of an ideal container:  1 ... and temperature. 7. Labelled easily 8. Non-toxic. 9. Closure easily removable/replaceable.

Write the official standards of powder.

Description : Write the official standards of powder.

Last Answer : i. Coarse powder: A powder of which all particles pass through sieve no 10 with nominal aperture size 1.7mm and not more than 40% pass through sieve no 44 with nominal aperture size 355um.  ii. ... powder: A powder of which all particles pass through sieve no 120 with nominal aperture size 125 um.

Write special application of capsule.

Description : Write special application of capsule. 

Last Answer : Applications of capsule:  1. Enteric coated capsule: These capsules do not disintegrate in stomach (Acidic Medium) but break up in intestine (Alkaline medium). On commercial scale, a coating ... gelatine commonly used Capsule punctured by using sterile needle and then instilled into the eye.

Give the principle and working of Fluidised bed dryer.

Description : Give the principle and working of Fluidised bed dryer.

Last Answer : Principle: In FBD, good contact between hot air and particles to be dried is obtained which cause rapid drying. Working of Fluidised bed dryer: Two types of FBD are used in pharmaceutical industry. There are ... ranging from 5 kg to 200 kg with an average drying time of about 20-40 min.

Define aseptic techniques. What are the various sources of contamination?

Description : Define aseptic techniques. What are the various sources of contamination?

Last Answer : Definition: Aseptic technique  The method which is used to prevent the access of microorganism during the preparation of parenteral product and their testing are called Aseptic Technique Sources of ... are also a source of contamination. A handkerchief is the richest source of contamination. 

Give principal and working of silverson homogenizer with labelled diagram.

Description : Give principal and working of silverson homogenizer with labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Principal:   These work on the principal of braking large globules in to small globules by passing them under pressure through a narrow orifice. Working:   The emulsified head is placed in the vessel ... blades. So a fine emulsion is produced which is then expelled out. Diagram :

Define drying. Give application of drying in pharmacy.

Description : Define drying. Give application of drying in pharmacy.

Last Answer : Definition:  Drying: It is defined as final removal of liquid from solid by vaporization with aid of heat. Application:  1) In pharmaceutical industry it is used as a unit process in the ... of product, when powder is dried it gets solublised fast. 7) Drying ensures free flowing of powders.